考研考博-考博英语-中国传媒大学考前自测提分卷26(含答案详解）

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-中国传媒大学考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题The young employee has a (n) （）qualityhe is totally honest.问题1选项A.respectableB.admirableC.decentD.approachable【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项respectable“值得尊敬的人；相当数量的”；B选项admirable“令人钦佩的；极好的；值得赞扬的”；C选项decent“正派的；得体的；相当好的”；D选项approachable“亲切友善的；易理解的；可接近的”。句意：这个年轻的雇员有一个品质他完全诚实。虽然respectable和 admirable都是褒义词，但均带有仰视的含义，而本题提及的是一个young employee具有的品质，不需要仰视，就用C选项decent修饰足以。2.单选题I was not surprised at all hearing him shouting at the meeting, the outburst was （）of his bad temper.问题1选项A.expositoryB.explanatoryC.illustrativeD.revealing【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项expository“说明的；解释的；评注的”；B选项explanatory“解释的；说明的”；C选项illustrative“说明的；作例证的；解说的”；D选项revealing“透露真情的；有启迪作用的；坦胸露肩的”。句意：听到他在会上大喊大叫，我一点也不惊讶，他的爆发他的坏脾气。此处在于指出他大喊大叫与他的坏脾气之间的关系。A选项过于正式，B选项用来说明原因，而大喊大叫与坏脾气之间是“表现与被表现”的例证关系，因此C选项正确。3.单选题It is（）that women should be paid less than men for doing the same kind of work.问题1选项A.allergicB.amateurC.annualD.absurd【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。allergic“对极讨厌”；amateur“业余的，外行的”；annual“每年的，年度的”；absurd “荒谬的，可笑的”。根据后面提到的“做同样的工作，女性获得的报酬比男性的少”，可知这种做法是荒谬的，因此选项D符合题意。句意：做同样的工作，女性获得的报酬比男性的少，这是很荒谬的。4.单选题We can begin our discussion of “population as global issue” with what most persons mean when they discuss “the population problem”: too many people on earth and a too rapid increase in the number added each year. The facts are not in dispute. It was quite right to employ the analogy that likened demographic growth to “a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes.”To understand the current situation, which is characterized by rapid increases in population, it is necessary to understand the history of population trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history, we find that populations have been virtually stable or growing very slightly for most of human history. For most of our ancestors, life was hard, often nasty, and very short. There was high fertility in most places, but this was usually balanced by high mortality. For most of human history, it was seldom the case that one in ten persons would live past forty, while infancy and childhood were especially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus, the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinction of the human race.This pattern is important to notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective, but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in population in recent years is not a sudden enthusiasm for more children, but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused high mortality.Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growth which extended from about 8,000 BC. till approximately AD. 1650. In the first period of some 9600 years, the population increased from some 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and the present, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 2000 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world. One way to appreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more manageable. Between 8000 BC and 1650, an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the worlds population each year. At present, this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80,000,000 persons annually.1. Which of the following demographic growth pattern is most suitable for the long, thin powder fuse analogy?2. During the first period of demographic history, societies were often in danger of extinction because （）.3. Which statement is true about population increase?4. The author of the passage intends to（）.5. The word “demographic”, in the first paragraph means（）.问题1选项A.A virtually stable or slightly decreasing period and then a sudden explosion of population.B.A slow growth for a long time and then a period of rapid, dramatic increase.C.Too many people on earth and a few rapid increase in the number added each year.D.A long period when death rates exceeds birthrates and then a short period with higher fertility and lower mortality.问题2选项A.only one in ten persons could live past 40B.there was higher mortality than fertility in most placesC.it was too dangerous to have babies due to the poor conditionsD.our ancestors had little enthusiasm for more children问题3选项A.There might be an increase of 2.2 billion persons from now to the year 2000.B.About 50,000 babies are born every six hours at present.C.Between 8000 BC and the present, the population increase is about 80,000,000 persons each year.D.The population increased faster between 8000 BC and 1650 than between 1650 and the present.问题4选项A.warn people against the population explosion in the near futureB.compare the demographic growth pattern in the past with that after 1650C.find out the cause for rapid increase in population in recent yearsD.present us a clear and complete picture of the demographic growth问题5选项A.statistics of humanB.surroundings studyC.accumulation of humanD.development of human【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】第1题:1.推理判断题。第一段如此描述“the long, thin powder fuse(细长的火药引线)”： burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes，“它一直断断续续地燃烧，直到最后爆发”。第二段中说到人类在以前的时期增长并不高，有时出生率还低于死亡率，到了近期才出现快速增长，对应A选项“一段几乎稳定或略微减少的时期，然后人口突然暴增”。第2题:2.细节事实题。文章第二段说到“Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birthrates”可知通常，社会处于灭绝的明显危险之中的原因是死亡率可能超过出生率，B选项“大多数地方的死亡率都比出生率要高”符合文意。第3题:3.推理判断题。A选项“从现在到2000年可能会增加22亿人”对应最后一段第三句与第四句“Between 1650 and the present, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 2000 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world”，从1650年到现在，人口从5亿增长到40多亿。据估计，到2000年，全世界将有62亿人。通过数字相减可得A选项正确；B选项“目前，每6个小时大约有5万个婴儿出生”，文中说到“Between 8000 BC and 1650, an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the worlds population each year. At present, this number is added every six hours”，在公元前8000年到1650年之间，世界人口每年平均只增加5万人。目前，这个数字每六个小时增加一次。但本句中只是说population人口增加，并不是婴儿出生多少；C选项“从公元前8000年到现在，人口每年大约增加8000万人”对应最后一句，但句中指的是新增人口8000万，而不是每年会增加8000万；D选项“公元前8000年到1650年之间的人口增长速度比1650年到现在的人口增长速度快”属于反向干扰，现在的人口增长速度显然更快。第4题:4.作者意图题。本文从历史的角度出发，讲解了各个历史时期人口增长的变化，并列出了详细数据，因此D选项“向我们展示一幅清晰而完整的人口增长图景”符合文意。第5题:5.词义推测题。第一段第一句说到“population problem（人口问题）”即“too many people on earth and a too rapid increase in the number added each year”, increase 即对应growth，因此demographic就是指the number of population，A选项正确。5.翻译题Generation JoblessThe number of young people out of work globally is nearly as big as the population of the United StatesYOUNG people ought not to be idle. It is very bad for them, said Margaret Thatcher in 1984. She was right: there are few worse things that society can do to its young than to leave them in limbo.1. Those who start their careers on the dole are more likely to have lower wages and more spells of joblessness later in life, because they lose out on the chance to acquire skills and self-confidence in their formative years.Yet more young people are idle than ever. OECD figures suggest that 26m 15- to 24-year-oids in developed countries are not in employment, education or training; the number of young people without a job has risen by 30% since 2007. The International Labour Organisation reports that 75m young people globally are looking for a job. World Bank surveys suggest that 262m young people in emerging markets are economically inactive. Depending on how you measure them, the number of young people without a job is nearly as large as the population of America (311m).2. Two factors play a big part. First, the long slowdown in the West has reduced demand for labour, and it is easier to put off hiring young people than it is to fire older workers. Second, in emerging economies population growth is fastest in countries with dysfunctional labour markets, such as India and Egypt.The result is an are of unemployment, from southern Europe through north Africa and the Middle East to South Asia, where the rich worlds recession meets the poor worlds youth quake. The anger of the young jobless has already burst onto the streets in the Middle East. Violent crime, generally in decline in the rich world, is rising in Spain, Italy and Portugalcountries with startlingly high youth unemployment.Will growth give them a job?The most obvious way to tackle this problem is to reignite growth. That is easier said than done in a world plagued by debt, and is anyway only a partial answer. The countries where the problem is worst (such as Spain and Egypt) suffered from high youth unemployment even when their economies were growing.3. Throughout the recession companies have continued to complain that they cannot find young people with the fight skills. This underlines the importance of two other solutions: reforming labour markets and improving education. These are familiar prescriptions, but ones that need to be delivered with both a new vigour and a new twist.Youth unemployment is often at its worst in countries with rigid labour markets. Cartelised industries, high taxes on hiring, strict rules about firing, high minimum wages: all these help condemn young people to the street comer. South Africa has some of the highest unemployment south of the Sahara, in part because it has powerful trade unions and rigid rules about hiring and firing. Many countries in the are of youth unemployment have high minimum wages and heavy taxes on labour. India has around 200 laws on work and pay.Deregulating labour markets is thus central to tackling youth unemployment. But it will not be enough on its own. Britain has a flexible labour market and high youth unemployment. In countries with better records, governments tend to take a more active role in finding jobs for those who are struggling. Germany, which has the second-lowest level of youth unemployment in the rich world, pays a proportion of the wages of the long term unemployed for the first two years. The Nordic countries provide young people with personalised plans to get them into employment or training. But these policies are too expensive to reproduce in southern Europe, with their millions of unemployed, let alone the emerging world.4. A cheaper approach is to reform labour-hungry bits of the economvfor example, by making it easier for small businesses to get licences, or construction companies to get approval for projects, or shops to stay open in the evening.The graduate glutAcross the OECD, people who left school at the earliest opportunity are twice as likely to be unemployed as university graduates. But it is unwise to conclude that governments should simply continue with the established policy of boosting the number of people who graduate from university. In both Britain and the United States many people with expensive liberal-arts degrees are finding it impossible to get decent jobs. In north Africa university graduates are twice as likely to be unemployed as non-graduates.5. What matters is not just number of years of education people get, but its content. This means expanding the study of science and technology and closing the gap between the world of education and the world of workfor example by upgrading vocational and technical education and by forging closer relations between companies and schools. Germanys long-established system of vocational schooling and apprenticeships does just that. Other countries are following suit: South Korea has introduced “meister” schools, Singapore has boosted technical colleges, and Britain is expanding apprenticeships and trying to improve technical education.Closing the gap will also require a change of attitude from business. Some companies, ranging from IBM and Rolls-Royce to McDonalds and Premier Inn, are revamping their training programmes, but the fear that employees will be poached discourages firms from investing in the young. There are ways of getting around the problem: groups of employers can co-operate with colleges to design training courses, for example.6. Technology is also reducing the cost of training: programmes designed around computer games can give youngsters some virtual experience, and online courses can help apprentices combine on-the-job training with academic instruction.The problem of youth unemployment has been getting worse for several years. But there are at last some reasons for hope.7. Governments are trying to address the mismatch between education and the labour market. Companies are beginning to take more responsibility for investing in the young. And technology is helping democratise education and training. The world has a real chance of introducing an education-and-training revolution worthy of the scale of the problem.【答案】1.那些靠救济金过活的人工资更低，人生后期也会经历更多次的失业，因为他们在性格形成期已经失去了获得技能和自信的机会。2.有两个因素起了很大作用。首先，西方的长期放缓生产速度减少了对劳动力的需求，年轻人比老员工更容易被解雇。其次，在新兴经济体中，劳动力市场功能失调的国家，如印度和埃及，人口增长却最快。3. 有些公司经历了衰退的整个过程，却仍然抱怨找不到合适的年轻技术工人。这强调了另外两个解决方案的重要性：改革劳动力市场和改善教育。这些措施广为人知，但是要做出这些改革，还需要新的勇气和新策略。4.更廉价的方法是改革经济中急需劳动力的企业例如，简化小型企业的注册程序，简化建筑公司招标的审批程序，让商店更容易地在晚上照常营业等等。5.重要的不仅是人们受教育的年限，还有教育的内容。这意味着扩大科技研究，缩小理论教育和实际用工之间的差距。比如，可以通过升级职业教育和技术教育，将学校和公司更紧密地联系起来等等方式加以实现。6.应用技术也可以减少培训成本：可将培训设计成电脑游戏，从而让年轻人得到虚拟体验。同时，在线课程可以帮助学徒把在职培训内容与大学课程融合起来。7.政府正努力解决教育和劳动力市场之间的不匹配问题。公司开始在投资年轻人方面承担起更多的责任。应用某些技术也有助于推行教育和培训的民主化。6.单选题It is a（）_truth that man is the only animal that has the power to speak and reason.问题1选项A.corporateB.virtualC.universalD.indefinite【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项corporate“法人的，共同的”。B选项virtual“虚拟的”。C选项universal“普遍的，全世界的”。D选项indefinite“不确定的，无限的”。句意：人类是唯一具有说话和推理能力的动物，这是一个公认的事实。本句表示“人类是仅有的具有说话和推理能力的动物，这是一个普遍公认的事实。”因此C选项符合题意。7.单选题Modern technology has put men on the moon and deciphered the human genome. But when it comes to brewing up flu to make vaccines, science still turns to the incredible edible egg. Ever since the 1940s, vaccine makers have grown large batches of virus inside chicken eggs. But given that some 36,000 Americans die of flu each year, its remarkable that our first line of defense is still what Secretary of Health and Human Services Tommy Thompson calls the cumbersome and archaic egg-based production. New cell-based technologies are in the pipeline, however, and may finally get the support they need now that the United States is faced with a critical shortage of flu vaccine. Although experts disagree on whether new ways of producing vaccine could have prevented a shortage like the one happening today, there is no doubt that the existing system has serious flaws.Each year, vaccine manufacturers place advance orders for millions of specially grown chicken eggs. Meanwhile, public-health officials monitor circulating strains of flu, and each March they recommend three strainstwo influenza A strains and one B strainfor manufacturers to include in vaccines. In the late spring and summer, automated machines inject virus into eggs and later suck out the influenza-rich goop. Virus from the eggs innards gets killed and processed to remove egg proteins and other contaminants before being packaged into vials for fall shipment.Why has this egg method persisted for six decades? The main reason is that its reliable. But even though the eggs are reliable, they have serious drawbacks. One is the long lead time needed to order the eggs. That means its hard to make more vaccine in a hurry, in case of a shortage or unexpected outbreak. And eggs may simply be too cumbersome to keep up with the hundreds of millions of doses required to handle the demand for flu vaccine.Whats more, some flu strains dont grow well in eggs. Last year, scientists were unable to include the Fujian strain in the vaccine formulation. It was a relatively new strain, and manufacturers simply couldnt find a quick way to adapt it so that it grew well in eggs. “We knew the strain was out there,” recalls Theodore Eickhoff of the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, “but public-health officials were left without a vaccine - and, consequently, a more severe flu season.”Worse, the viruses that pose the greatest threat might be hardest to grow in eggs. Thats because global pandemics like the one that killed over 50 million people between 1918 and 1920 are thought to occur when a bird influenza changes in a way that lets it cross the species barrier and infect humans. Since humans havent encountered the new virus before, they have little protective immunity. The deadly bird flu circulating in Asia in 1997 and 1998, for example, worried public-health officials because it spread to some people who handled birds and killed themalthough the bug never circulated among humans. But when scientists tried to make vaccine the old-fashioned way, the bird flu quickly killed the eggs.1. The moon-landing is mentioned in the first paragraph to illustrate（）.2. What step is essential to the traditional production of flu vaccine?3. The foremost reason why the egg-based method is defective lies in（）.4. Which of the following is true according to the passage?5. In the authors view, the new vaccine production method seems to be（）.问题1选项A.technology cannot solve all of our human problemsB.progress in vaccine research for influenza has lagged behindC.great achievements have been made by men in exploring the unknownD.the development of vaccine production methods can not be stopped问题2选项A.Manufacturers implant the vaccine into ordered chicken eggs.B.Scientists identify the exact strain soon after a flu pandemic starts.C.Public health measures are taken as an important pandemic-fighting tool.D.Viruses are deadened and made clean before being put into vaccine use.问题3选项A.the complex process of vaccine productionB.its potential threat to human beingC.the low survival rate for new flu vaccinesD.its contribution to the flu vaccine shortage问题4选项A.Flu vaccines now mainly use egg-based technology.B.A bird influenza has once circulated among humans.C.Safety can be greatly improved with cell-culture vaccines.D.Modern vaccine production methods are to replace egg-based methods.问题5选项A.remarkableB.criticizedC.efficientD.accepted【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】第1题:1.作者意图题。由题干关键词the moon landing定位到文章第一段第一句“Modern technology has put men on the moon and deciphered the human genome”，现代技术已经把人类送上了月球，并破译了人类基因组。紧接着第二句出现了转折词but，说到涉及培养流感病毒生产疫苗时，科学家们居然还在使用可食用鸡蛋。全文主要讲述的是“鸡蛋培育流感疫苗的方法”，因此此处提到“the moon landing”只是以某方面的发达科技为下文论述做铺垫，因此B选项“流感疫苗研究进展滞后”符合题意。第2题:2.推理判断题。文章第二段介绍了本题说到的the traditional production of flu vaccine传统的流感疫苗生产过程。A选项“制造商将疫苗植入订购的鸡蛋中”错在是“automated machines inject virus”而不是制造商；B选项“科学家在流感大流行开始后不久就确定了确切的毒株”在文中未提及确定毒株的速度；C选项“公共卫生措施是抗击疫情的重要手段”也未在本文提及；D选项“在投入疫苗使用之前，病毒被杀死并净化”对应第二段最后一句“Virus from the eggs innards gets killed and processed to remove egg proteins and other contaminants before being packaged into vials for fall shipment”，鸡蛋内部的病毒被杀死，经过处理去除鸡蛋蛋白和其他污染物，然后包装成小瓶，准备秋季装运。因此D选项正确。第3题:3.细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段第一句Whats more, some flu strains dont grow well in eggs.（更重要的是，有些流感病毒在鸡蛋里生长不好）。C选项“新流感疫苗的低存活率”，文中说流感病毒在鸡蛋中生长得不好，由此可推断，流感疫苗的存活率低。A选项“疫苗生产的复杂过程”，不符合题意，可排除。B选项“它对人类的潜在威胁