考研考博-考博英语-中南大学考前自测提分卷71(含答案详解）

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-中南大学考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题The French and the Americans have a very different relationship to money, （ ）and ostentation.问题1选项A.obnoxiousB.obfuscateC.optimumD.opulence【答案】D【解析】考查形近词辨析。 obnoxious讨厌的； obfuscate使模糊； optimum最佳效果； opulence富裕。句意：法国人和美国人在对待金钱，奢华，以及炫富的关系上大不相同。空格处应填入一个和money并列的名词。2.单选题Archaeology as a profession faces two major problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry sums are available for excavating and even less is available for publishing the results and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific archeological expeditions and governmental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for the excavation and preservation of archaeological sites and the publication of results. At the same time, they would break the illegal excavators grip on the market, thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal activities.You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage, which should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply everything that comes out of the ground has scientific value. Here we part company. Theoretically, you may be correct in claiming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong.I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard, Even precious royal seal impressions known as Lmelekh Handles have been found in abundancemore than 4,000 examples so far.The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to catalogue the finds; as a result, they cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be photographed and the list of the purchasers could be maintained on the computer. A purchaser could even be required to agree to return the piece if it should become needed for scientific purposesIt would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal digging would stop if artifacts were sold on the open market. But the demand for the clandestine product would be substantially reduced. Who would want an unmarked pot when another was available whose provenance was known, and that was dated stratigraphically by the professional archaeologist who excavated it ?1.Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum basements?2.The author mentions the excavation in Cyprus to emphasize which of the following points?3.The authors argument concerning the effect of the official sale of duplicate artifacts on illegal excavation is based on which of the following assumptions?4.The author anticipates which of the following initial objections to the adoption of his proposal?5.The author implies that all of the following statements about duplicate artifacts are true EXCEPT （ ）.问题1选项A.Museum officials rarely allow scholars access to such artifacts.B.Space that could be better used for display is taken up for storage.C.Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated from each other.D.Such artifacts often remain uncatalogued and thus cannot be located once they are put in storage.问题2选项A.Ancient lamps and pottery vessels are less valuable, although more rare, than royal seal impressions.B.Artifacts that are very similar to each other present cataloguing difficulties to archaeologists.C.Artifacts that are not uniquely valuable, and therefore could be sold, are available in large quantities.D.Cyprus is the most important location for unearthing large quantities of salable artifacts.问题3选项A.Prospective purchasers would prefer to buy authenticated artifacts.B.The price of illegally excavated artifacts would rise.C.Money gained from selling authenticated artifacts could be used to investigate and prosecute illegal excavators.D.Illegal excavators would be forced to sell only duplicate artifacts.问题4选项A.An oversupply of salable artifacts will result and the demand for them will fall.B.Artifacts that would have been displayed in public places will be sold to private collectors.C.Illegal excavators will have an even larger supply of artifacts for resale.D.Counterfeiting of artifacts will become more commonplace.问题5选项A.A market for such artifacts already existsB.Such artifacts seldom have scientific valueC.Such artifacts frequently exceed in quality those already catalogued in museum collectionsD.Museums are well supplied with examples of such artifacts【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。定位到倒数第二段 “There is not enough money even to catalogue the finds: as a result, they cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered. 甚至没有足够的钱来对这些发现进行分类：结果是，它们再也找不到了，变得像从未被发现过一样难以接近。”可知D项“这些艺术品经常没有被分类，所以一旦它们被存储起来就找不到了”正确。2.细节事实题。由第四段中的“In one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard, Even precious royal seal impressions known as Lmelekh Handles have been found in abundancemore than 4,000 examples so far. 在塞浦路斯的一个小发掘中，考古学家最近在一个院子里发现了2000个几乎无法分辨的小罐子，甚至还发现了珍贵的皇家印章印记，被称为L melekh手柄迄今为止有4000多个例子。”以及第三段末句“you may be correct in claiming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong. 你可能认为您声称每个工件都有潜在的科学价值这一观点是正确的。实际上，你错了。”可知C项“工艺品不是唯一有价值的，因此可以出售的工件，可以大量获得。”符合题意。3.细节事实题。定位到末段最后一句“Who would want an unmarked pot when another was available whose provenance was known当另一个罐子的来源已经知道了的时候，谁会想要一个没有标记的罐子。”可知项A项“潜在的购买者更愿意购买经过认证的产品。”符合题意。4.推理判断题 由“scientific archaeological expeditions and governmental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market科学考古探险队和政府当局在公开市场上出售出土文物。”以及You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, not money你可能会反对专业人士挖掘是为了获取知识，而不是金钱”，可知作者建议在公开市场上出售出土文物。故B项“本应在公共场所展出的文物将出售给私人收藏家。”与作者建议相反。5.判断推理题。AB两项的内容“已经有复制品的市场存在，比如非法交易市场，而且这些复制品的科学价值不是很高。”在第二段的末尾和第三段的开头有提及。C项“这类文物的质量常常超过那些已经列入博物馆收藏目录的文物”文中没有提及。3.单选题A man who cannot win honor in his own age will have a very small chance of winning it from（ ）.问题1选项A.posterityB.immigrantsC.criticsD.improvisation【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项posterity“子孙；后裔”；B选项immigrant“移民”；C选项critics“评论家；批评者”；D选项improvisation“即兴创作；即席演奏”。句意：一个在他这个年龄不能赢得荣誉的人，从 获得荣誉的机会很小。前半句提到“他这个年龄”，因此空格处出词语应与“时间、年龄相关”。综合句意可知，A选项符合句意。4.单选题Why does the Foundation concentrate its support on basic rather than applied research? Basic research is the very heart of science, and its cumulative product is the capital of scientific progress, a capital that must be constantly increased as the demands upon it rise. The goal of basic research is understanding for its own sake. Understanding of the structure of the atom or the nerve cell, the explosion of a spiral nebula or the distribution of cosmic dust, the causes of earthquakes and droughts, or of man as a behaving creature and of the social forces that are created whenever two or more human beings come into contact with one anotherthe scope is staggering, but the commitment to truth is the same. If the commitment were to a particular result, conflicting evidence might be overlooked or, with the best will in the world, simply not appreciated. Moreover, the practical applications of basic research frequently cannot be anticipated. When Roentgen, the physicist, discovered X-rays, he had no idea of their usefulness to medicine.Applied research, undertaken to solve specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed. For practical reasons, the sums spent on applied research in any country always far exceed those for basic research, and the proportions are more unequal in the less developed countries. Leaving aside the funds devoted to research by industry which is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects because these increase profits quickly the funds the U.S. Government allots to basic research currently amount to about 7 percent of its overall research and development funds. Unless adequate safeguards are provided, applied research invariably tends to drive out basic research. Then, as Dr. Waterman has pointed out,“Developments will inevitably be undertaken prematurely, career incentives will gravitate strongly toward applied science, and the opportunities for making major scientific discoveries will be lost. Unfortunately, pressures to emphasize new developments, without corresponding emphasis upon pure science, tend to degrade the quality of the nations technology in the long run rather than to improve it.”1.The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is （ ）.2.Industry is primarily interested in applied research because it（ ）.3.The federal government（ ）.4.Less developed countries （ ）.问题1选项A.Roentgens Ignorance of X-raysB.The Attractiveness of Applied ResearchC.The Importance of Basic ResearchD.Basic Research vs. Applied Research问题2选项A.provides better understandingB.is frowned upon by the FoundationC.offers immediate profitD.solves practical problems问题3选项A.devotes more than 90% of its research and development funds to applied researchB.spends far more on applied research than military problemsC.opposes the Foundations grants to basic searchD.is not concerned about the nature of the search being done by the scientists it employs问题4选项A.devote a large portion of their budget to applied researchB.realize that progress depends on basic researchC.encourage their career scientists to experimentD.devote less than 7% of their scientific budget to basic research【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。由文章首句Why does the Foundation concentrate its support on basic rather than applied research? 为什么基金会把它的支持集中在基础研究而不是应用研究?以及第二段Applied research, undertaken to solve specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed. 为解决具体的实际问题而进行的应用研究具有直接的吸引力，因为其结果是可以看到和享受的。可知本文主要讲基础研究和应用研究的对比。2.细节事实题。由题干关键词定位到第二段中 “Leaving aside the funds devoted to research by industry which is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects because these increase profits quickly. 撇开工业研究的经费不谈工业研究自然更关心应用方面，因为这些能迅速增加利润 可知C项正确。3.判断推理题。由第二段中 “ .the funds the U.S. Government allots to basic researchcurrently amount to about 7 percent of its overall research and development funds.目前美国政府分配基础研究基金金额约7%的整体研发基金。”可知基础研究的投资额才7%，其他都用于应用研究。故A项正确。4.判断推理题。由题干中的Less developed countries 定位到第二段中的For practical reasons, the sums spent on applied research in any country always far exceed those for basic research, and the proportions are more unequal in the less developed countries. Leaving aside the funds devoted to research by industry which is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects because these increase profits quickly the funds the U.S. Government allots to basic research currently amount to about 7 percent of its overall research and development funds. “由于现实原因，任何国家在应用研究上的投入总是远远超过在基础研究上的投入，而在欠发达国家，这一比例更加不平等。撇开工业上的研究经费不谈，工业上的研究经费自然更关心应用方面的问题，因为这能迅速增加利润。美国政府目前拨给基础研究的经费大约占其全部研究和发展经费的7%。”可知美国在基础应用上的投资尚且才7%，再由欠发达国家比例更不平衡可知欠发达国家在基础应用上的投资更少。故D项正确。5.单选题Despite a tendency to be overtly （ ）, the poetry of the Middle Ages often sparks the imagination and provides lively entertainment, as well as pious sentiments.问题1选项A.divertingB.whimsicalC.didacticD.deceitful【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。diverting有趣的，令人快乐的；whimsical古怪的，异想天开的；didactic 说教的，教诲的；deceitful欺诈的。 句意：尽管趋势是明显的说教，但是中世纪的诗歌经常激发人们想象力，提供生动的乐趣以及虔诚的感情。由despite及下文可知空格处所填的单词与后文意思相反。6.单选题Paradoxically, Robinsons excessive denials of the worth of early works of science fiction suggest that she has become quite （ ）them.问题1选项A.reflective aboutB.skeptical ofC.enamored ofD.offended by【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。reflective反射的；沉思的；become skeptical of开始非常怀疑 ； enamored of迷恋；become offended by 感到被冒犯。句意：自相矛盾的是，罗宾逊对早期科幻作品价值的过度否认表明她已经开始非常怀疑它们。由Paradoxically和Robinsons excessive denials of the worth of early works of science fiction suggest that可知B符合语境。7.单选题The publishing world would be badly hit if politicians did not （ ）their diaries from time to time showing just how they reacted at the time to particular world events.问题1选项A.part withB.bring forthC.lay outD.turn to【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项part with“与 分开；舍弃”；B选项bring forth“产生；发表”；C选项lay out“展示；安排”；D选项turn to“转向；求助于；致力于”。句意：如果政客们没有不时 当时对世界大事的反应，那么出版界将受到严重打击。由句意可知，出版界的新闻来源之一与“政客对世界大事的反应”有关，“发表意见”符合语境。因此B选项正确。8.单选题You （ ）the class to tell me that: you could have come up to me afterwards.问题1选项A.neednt have interruptedB.neednt to be interruptedC.neednt to interruptD.neednt interrupt【答案】A【解析】考查虚拟语气。由you could have come up to me afterwards可知这里表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，故空格处所填单词表示的动作已经发生了，A项表示已经发生完成的动作。故A项符合题意。句意：你本可以课后再过来告诉我那件事情，不必在上课时打断我。9.单选题Because he is （ ）, we cannot predict what course he will follow at any moment.问题1选项A.incoherentB.capriciousC.sedateD.deleterious【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项incoherent“语无伦次的；不连贯的；不合逻辑的”；B选项capricious“反复无常的；任性的”；C选项sedate“安静的；沉着的”；D选项deleterious“有毒的；有害的”。句意：因为他 ，所以我们无法预测他将在任何时候采取什么行动。“无法预测”与B选项“反复无常”相符合。因此B选项正确。10.单选题Although she gives badly（ ）titles to her musical compositions, they incorporate unusual combinations of materials including Gregorian chant, Asian scale patterns and rhythms, electronic sounds, and bird songs.问题1选项A.exoticB.eccentricC.imaginativeD.conventional【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。exotic异国的，外来的eccentric古怪的，反常的；imaginative虚构的，富于想象的；conventional符合习俗的，日常的。 句意：尽管她糟糕地给她的音乐作品赋以寻常的（传统的）题目，但是这些作品却体现出对一些材料的不寻常整合，比如罗马教的圣歌、亚洲的音阶风格节奏、 古怪的声响和鸟鸣。由although 及unusual可知 空格处所填单词应与unusual相反，故答案为D。