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Unit 2 The United Kingdom李仕才一、阅读理解ASeveral companies in Europe, the US and Asia have decided to change one of the processes of making chocolate and no longer roast the cacao beans. They insist that growers in Africa and South America leave them outdoors to dry naturally instead. The resulting product is called “raw” chocolate. Producers claim that avoiding exposure to oven temperatures allows the preservation of nutrients such as iron, zinc, copper and vitamin CIts also claimed that uncooked cacao contains higher levels of antioxidants(抗氧化物) than roasted cacao used in most chocolate. “Over the last 10 years, consumers have become more involved in their food and drink，” says Kris McGowan, who runs the Raw Chocolate Company. “They care a lot more about its healthy qualities and chocolate is no exception.” But Martin Schweizer, professor of biochemistry at HeriotWatt University, urges caution on describing raw chocolate as a super food until more research is carried out. “We have to look at this in more depth. The research is at a fairly early stage.”There are concerns that not heating them to about 150 could mean an increase in bacteria. However, producers insist that, as no animal products are involved, there is no greater risk than when dealing with vegetables such as carrots or lettuces. Jennifer Earle, a writer on chocolate, is unconvinced by it on taste grounds. “Its the quality of the cacao that makes a difference, not whether the chocolate is raw or not，” she says. “And if youre talking about health, Id rather eat some topquality ordinary chocolate and have a plate of vegetables afterwards.”【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。许多生产商在制作巧克力时不再对可可豆进行加热烘干，并宣称这样做可以保护可可豆中的营养物质，但是一些研究人员对此有不同的看法。【长难句分析】However, producers insist that, as no animal products are involved, there is no greater risk than when dealing with vegetables such as carrots or lettuces.(第五段第二句)分析：本句是一个主从复合句。that引导的是宾语从句，作insist的宾语；在宾语从句中含有as引导的原因状语从句。译文：然而，生产者坚持认为，因为没有涉及动物制品，所以不加热到150 时的风险与处理胡萝卜和生菜这类蔬菜时存在的风险一样小。1Chocolate bean growers in Africa _.Adry the beans outdoors naturallyBroast the beans at a low temperatureCcook the beans in pots instead of in ovensDstore the beans with uncooked vegetables答案与解析：A考查细节理解。【关键句】They insist that growers in Africa and South America leave them outdoors to dry naturally instead.(第一段第二句)译文：他们坚称非洲和南美的种植者是将可可豆放在户外自然晾干。【解题思路】根据关键句可知，非洲的可可豆种植者是将可可豆放在户外自然晾干。故选A。2Producers of raw chocolate claim that _.Ait can fight bacteriaBit is very ecofriendlyCit preserves more nutrients Dit contains less antioxidants答案与解析：C考查细节理解。【关键句】Producers claim that avoiding exposure to oven temperatures allows the preservation of nutrients such as iron, zinc, copper and vitamin C(第二段第一句)译文：生产商称不在烤炉上烘焙可可豆可以让可可豆保持其原有的营养，例如铁、锌、铜和维生素C。【解题思路】根据关键句可知，生巧克力的生产商声称不烘焙可可豆所生产出的生巧克力可以保留更多营养物质。故选C。3Jennifer Earle, the writer on chocolate, thinks that _.Aroasted cacao is cleanerBraw chocolate is healthierCraw chocolate tastes better Dcacao quality matters more答案与解析：D考查细节理解。【关键句】“Its the quality of the cacao that makes a difference, not whether the chocolate is raw or not，” she says.(最后一段第二句)译文：她说：“重要的是可可豆的质量，而不是巧克力是生的还是不生的。”【解题思路】根据关键句可知，Jennifer Earle认为可可豆的质量更重要。故选D。4We can infer from the text that _.Anot much research has been done on raw chocolateBraw chocolate has become the most popular varietyCchildren face the risks from bacteria when eating raw chocolateDall consumers have turned to raw chocolate for health concerns答案与解析：A考查推理判断。【关键句】“We have to look at this in more depth. The research is at a fairly early stage.”(第四段第二、三句)译文：“我们还需要对此做更深入的研究。这个研究还处于一个相当初级的阶段。”【解题思路】根据关键句可知，对生巧克力的研究还处于初级阶段，由此可推断，针对生巧克力的研究还没有做。故选A。BIt has always been thought that alcohol causes people to put on weight because it contains a lot of sugar, but new research suggests a glass a day cold form part of a diet. Looking at past studies they found that, while heavy drinkers do put on weight; those who drink in moderation can actually lose weight.A spokesman for the research team at Navarro University in Spain says, Light to moderate alcohol intake, especially of wine, may be more likely to protect against, rather than promote, weight gain. The International Scientific Forum on Alcohol research reviewed the findings and agreed with most of the conclusions, particularly that data do not clearly indicate if moderate drinking increases weight.Boston Universitys Dr. Harvey Finkel found that the biologic mechanisms(生物学机制) relating alcohol to changes in body weight are not properly understood. His team pointed out the strong protective effects of moderate drinking on the risk of getting conditions like diabetes(糖尿病), which relate to increasing obesity. Some studies suggest that even very obese people may be at lower risk of diabetes if they are moderate drinkers.The group says alcohol provides calories that are quickly absorbed into the body and are not stored in fat, and that this process could explain the differences in its effects from those of other foods. They agree that future research should be directed towards assessing the roles of different types of alcoholic drinks, taking into consideration drinking patterns and including the past tendency of participants to gain weight.For now there is little evidence that consuming small to moderate amounts of alcohol on a regular basis increases ones risk of becoming obese. Whats more, a study three years ago suggested that resveratrol, a compound present in grapes and red wine destroys fat cells.1.The passage is mainly for those_.A. who produce wineB. who have a drinking habitC. who go on a dietD. who are eager to lose weight2.The underlined phrase in moderation in the first paragraph means _.A. excitedlyB. carefullyC. frequentlyD. properly3.What can we learn from the passage?A. Current data clearly show that moderate drinking increases weight.B. Resveratrol is proved to increase the risk of becoming fat.C. The research found moderate drinking has a strong protective effect.D. The specific roles of different types of alcoholic drinks are very clear.4.What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?A. How to do some easy experiments.B. How to reduce the calories contained in wine.C. How to prove the finding mentioned above.D. How to make wine in a healthy way.【文章大意】文章讲述了饮酒和健康的关系，告诉我们适量葡萄酒还会减肥。1.B【解析】推理判断题。文章讲述了饮酒和健康的关系，比如和肥胖、疾病等的关系。所以说是写给有喝酒习惯的人的，故选B。2.D【解析】猜测词义题。与上句形成对比，此处指适量饮酒的人事实上能减肥，moderation适度与D项同义，故选D。4.C【解析】推理判断题。文章最后讲到葡萄酒和红酒混合会破坏肥胖细胞，所以下文会证明这一观点，故选C。二、七选五(2018郑州第一次质量预测)Do People Need Small Talk to Be Happy? Psychologists (心理学家) have long said that connecting with others is an important part of happiness, but just how much conversation we require is under examination. In one study, researchers found that small talk made up only 10% of their conversation related to happiness. _1_ Scientists believe that small talk could promote bonding Late last year, Princeton researchers reported that small talk keeps closeness with loved ones, and isnt merely the stuff of awkward exchanges with strangers.Still, chatting with strangers could brighten your morning. In a series of experiments, psychologists gave Chicago passengers different directions about whether to talk with fellow passengerssomething they typically avoided. _2_ None of the chatters reported being rejected.Small talk can also help us feel connected with our surroundings. People who smiled at, made eye contact with, and briefly spoke with their Starbucks baristas(服务员) reported a greater sense of belonging than those who rushed through the transaction(交易). _3_ One report found that when volunteers broke the silence to chat with gallery goers, the visitors felt happier and more connected with the exhibit than those who were not approached. _4_ In one study, people who were rated “less curious” by researchers had trouble getting a conversation rolling on their own, and had greater luck building closeness with others when they were supplied with questions that encouraged personal disclosure(透露). But people who were considered “curious” needed no help when transforming conversations about ordinary things into personal exchanges. _5_.AThe same is true of gallery goers.BBut dont play down small talk just yet.CThey found that small talk is related to happiness.DThose told to chat with others reported a more pleasant journey.EMaking small talk is an important skill for all the social situations.FA “curious mindset”， the author concluded, can lead to “positive social interactions” .GOf course, some people are better than others at turning small talk into something bigger.【文章大意】本文主要讲述了聊天会让人开心。1答案与解析：B根据上文的“In one study，researchers found that small talk made up only 10% of their conversation related to happiness”和下文的“Scientists believe that small talk could promote bonding”可知，此处表示转折关系，所以选B项“但是，不要贬低聊天的重要性”。2答案与解析：D根据下文的“None of the chatters reported being rejected”可推知，应选D项。那些被要求去和陌生人聊天的乘客说旅途更加愉快。3答案与解析：A根据下文的“chat with gallery goers”可知，应选A项。参观美术馆的人也有同样的感受。4答案与解析：G根据本段中对两类人的介绍可推知，有些人更擅长把聊天话题扩大，所以选G项。5答案与解析：F根据上文的“But people who were considered curious needed no help when transforming conversations about ordinary things into personal exchanges”可推知，具有好奇心的人会与他人进行积极的社交互动，所以选F项。三、短文改错Friendship is very important to everyone, especially to me.Now, I would like to describe one of my best friends whose name are Petou.The first reason why I consider him as my best friend is because he has a very warm personality.He always smile politely at me, make me absolutely delighted when I meet him.Whats more, honest is his good manner he never lies me.In addition, he is the caring and compassionate friend.Hes willing to help me whenever I have in trouble.The second reason is that Petou is really excellently.He excels at every subject, which makes me admire him very much.To summarize, Petou has a very good personality.Besides, he has a great ability to help other friends and him.I really like him.答案：第二句：areis第三句：becausethat第四句：smilesmiles; makemaking第五句：honesthonesty; lies后加to第六句：thea第七句：去掉in第八句：excellentlyexcellent第十一句：himme四、语法填空(2018江西名校联盟检测)Traditional Chinese culture is beginning to capture the attention of the world. Kung fu，_1_ (especial), has had a great effect_2_ the millions of people who first learned about China through it. From that, they may come to China and learn about some other_3_ (aspect) of this culture. Other Asian nations have long known about the_4_ (great) of ancient Chinese culture. Their own cultures are_5_ mix of native ones and those Chinese characteristics. Korea and Japan long ago adopted Confucianism, something that continues today even as it_6_ (challenge) by pop culture. This strength comes from the ideas_7_ (give) in the Four Books of Confucianism, which built upon the ideas of an even_8_ (much) ancient period codified (编纂) in the Five Classics. From them, the West learns_9_ is uniquely Chinese, for example, feng shui. So far China has taken steps_10_ (further) this spread of its culture by establishing Chinese Cultural Centers in such places as the United States and Europe.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国文化对世界的影响。1答案与解析：especially考查副词。尤其是中国功夫，对于那些通过功夫初次了解中国的成千上万的人来讲，有着非常大的影响。especially“尤其是”，用于强调突出的人或者事情。2答案与解析：on考查介词。have aeffect on sb“对某人有影响”为固定搭配，故填on。3答案与解析：aspects考查名词单复数。他们可能会来到中国，学习了解中国文化的一些其他方面。根据空前的“some other”及aspect作“方面，层面”讲时是可数名词可知，此处应用aspect的复数形式aspects。4答案与解析：greatness考查名词。其他亚洲国家很早以前就知道古代中国文化的博大。根据空前的“the”及空后的“of”可知，此处应填名词greatness。5答案与解析：a考查冠词。这些国家自身的文化是本土文化和中国特色(文化)的混合。mix在此作名词，意为“混合，结合”，是可数名词，且此处表示泛指，故用a。6答案与解析：is challenged考查动词的时态和语态。根据本文的基本时态为一般现在时可知，此处亦用一般现在时；it在此指代上文中的“Confucianism”，和challenge之间为被动关系，应用被动语态。故填is challenged。7答案与解析：given考查过去分词。这种力量来自“四书”中所提供的观念。the ideas与give之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，应用过去分词作后置定语。8答案与解析：more考查比较级。“四书”是依照“五经”的编纂中所体现的更为早期的思想而著成的。根据句意及空前的“even”可知，此处应用比较级形式，故填more。9答案与解析：what考查名词性从句。分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导宾语从句，作learns的宾语，空处在句中作主语，且此处表示“所的事物”，故用what。10答案与解析：to further考查不定式。目前，中国已经采取措施进一步推广中国文化。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作目的状语，故应用不定式形式。further在此用作动词，意为“促进，增进”。 8
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