非谓语动词用法对比讲解

非谓语动词用法对比讲解4概念理解：在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）非谓语动词句法功能一览表主语宾语表语定语状语补语不定式动名词分 词知识要点：一、不定式与动名词做主语：1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。例如：Collecting information about childrens health is his job. 收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。Its necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。2、常用不定式做主语的句型有：（1）Its difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do（2）Its kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.3、常用动名词做主语的句型有：Its no good (use, fun) doing.Its (a) waste of time doing.Its worth while doing.二、不定式、动名词、分词做表语：1、不定式做表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的动作。His teaching aim of this class is to train the students speaking ability. 他这节课的教学目的是要训练学生说的能力。2、动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释，这时主语与表语位置可以互换，动名词常用于口语中。Its full-time job is laying eggs. 它的（指蚁后）的专职工作是产卵。3、现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与特征；进行时表示正在进行的动作。The task of this class is practising the idioms. （现在分词做表语）With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms. （现在进行时）4、常用作表语的现在分词有：interesting, amusing, disappointing, missing, puzzling, exciting, inspiring, following, challenging, convincing等。现在分词表示进行与主动。The joke is amusing .这笑话很逗人。The problem is puzzling. 这个问题令人不解。5、过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。而被动语态表示主语所承受的动作。The village is surrounded by high mountains.（过去分词做表语）The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.（被动语态）He is well educated.（过去分词做表语）He has been educated in this college for three years.（被动语态）常用在句中做表语的过去分词有：used, closed, covered, interested, satisfied, prepared, completed, crowded, dressed, broken, married, gone, gifted, qualified, determined, developed, convinced, devoted, absorbed, seated, be lost in thought等。6、注意如下动词的现在分词与过去分词用法不同：interest（使感兴趣），surprise（使吃惊），frighten（使害怕），excite（使兴奋），tire（使疲劳），please（使满意），puzzle（使迷惑不解），satisfy（使满意），amuse（使娱乐），disappoint（使失望），inspire（使欢欣鼓舞），worry（使忧虑）它们的现在分词常修饰物（有时修饰人），表示主动，过去分词常修饰人，表示被动（包括某人的look、voice等）。例如：Climbing is tiring. 爬山很累人。They are very tired. 他们很疲劳After hearing the exciting news, he gave a speech in an excited voice.三、不定式与动名词做宾语：1、下列动词跟不定式做宾语：ask, want, wish, hope, expect, pretend, care, decide, happen, long, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, cause, afford, beg, manage, agree, promise, demand等。2、在下列动词或动词短语后用动名词做宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, escapte, appreciate, admit, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from), keepfrom, stop(from), protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, devote oneself to, pay attention to, object to, insist on等。3、在forget, remember, stop, try, regret, mean, consider等动词后跟不定式与动名词意义不同，要特别注意。forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事forget doing sth. 忘记已经做过某事remember to do sth. 记住去做某事remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事regret to do sth. 遗憾（通知等）regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事stop doing sth. 停止做一件事情try to do sth. 努力做某事try doing sth. 尝试着做某事mean to do sth. 意欲/想/企图做某事mean doing sth. 意味着做某事consider doing 考虑做某事consider sb to do 认为go on to do sth. (做完某事)接着做另一件事 go on doing sth.继续做同一件事(=go on with sth.)cant help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事 cant help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事4、动名词作need, want, require, be worth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired）这台洗衣机需要修理。The point wants referring to. 这一点要提到。This English novel is worth reading. 这本英文小说值得一读。The situation in Russian required studying. 俄国形式需要研究。四、不定式与分词在句中做宾语补足语：1、以下动词后跟不定式做宾语补足语：ask, tell, beg, allow, want, like, hate, force, invite, persuade, advise, order, cause, encourage, wait for, call on, permit, forbid例如：The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. 医生嘱咐他再卧床休息几天。We wish him to remain and accept the post. 我们希望他留下来接受这个职位。（注意hope后不跟不定式做宾补。）2、有些动词后的复合宾语用不带“to“的不定式，这些动词有：see, watch, notice, hear, feel, make, let, have等。例如：We noticed him enter the house. 我们留意到他进了那所房子。The boss made them work twelve hours a day. 老板让他们一天干12小时工作。注意当make、have不做“迫使、让”讲，而做“制造、有”解时，跟带有to的不定式做状语。Mother made a cake to celebrate his birthday. 妈妈做了一个蛋糕给他庆贺生日。He had a meeting to attend. 他有个会要开。3、下列动词后的复合宾语用分词做宾补：see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, make, set, have, leave, keep, find等。用现在分词还是用过去分词做宾补，要看分词与宾语的关系。例：We heard him singing the song when we came in. 当我们进来的时候，听见他正唱那首歌。We have heard the song sung twice. 我们听过这首歌唱过两遍了。五、不定式、动名词、分词做定语：1、不定式作定语 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.There is nothing to worry about. 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：Have you anything to send ? 你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式to send 的动作执行者是“你”）Have you anything to be sent ? 你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？（不定式to be sent 的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”） 用不定式作定语的几种情况：不定式表将来：I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any 等限定的中心词。如：He was the best man to do the job.She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.2、分词作定语 过去分词做定语表示完成、被动的动作或状态，现在分词做定语表示主动或进行的动作。例如：The boy praised by the teacher was my friend.The boy seated by the door is my friend.The boy playing football over there is my friend,The boy coming from Beijing is my friend. 不及物动词作定语。现在分词表示正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成。如：falling leaves 正落的叶子fallen leaves 落下的叶子boiling water 正沸腾的水boiled water 沸腾过的水（白开水） 动名词与现在分词做定语的区别：动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途；现在分词做定语，表示所修饰名词进行的动作。a walking stick 拐杖（动名词做定语，意为a stick for walking）a sleeping car 卧铺车厢（动名词做定语，意为a car for sleeping）the rising sun 正在升起的太阳（现在分词做定语，意为the sun which was rising）the changing world 变化中的世界（现在分词做定语，意为the world which is changing） 不定式、过去分词和现在分词被动式作定语的区别这三种形式作定语即done, being done, to be done，主要是体现在动作的发生时间上。过去分词表示行为的完成；现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生；不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。例如：Have you read the novel written by Dickens ?Listen ! The song being sung is very popular with the students.The question to be discussed at the tomorrows meeting is a very important one.六、不定式与分词做状语：1、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因：He hurried home only to find his money stolen. 他匆忙赶到家中，发现钱被盗了。（结果状语）To make himself heard, he raised his voice. 为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。（目的状语）All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. 看到他的进步，我们都很吃惊。(原因状语)2、分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while 或when 引出。如：Hearing the news, they got excited. (时间)Be careful while / when crossing the street. (时间)Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it. (原因)Given a chance, I can surprise the world. (条件)The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. (结果)Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (让步)The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (伴随状况)注意：分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。现在分词与句子的主语构成主动关系，过去分词与句子的主语构成被动关系3、独立成分作状语有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：Generally speaking 一般说来Judging from 根据来判断Considering 考虑到To tell you the truth 说实话To make matters worse 更糟糕的是Believe it or not 信不信由你七、非谓语动词中的时态、语态1、非谓语动词的时态一般说来，如果非谓语动词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，就用不定式的一般式；如果与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行，我们就用现在分词的一般式或不定式的进行式；如果在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，就用现在分词、不定式或动名词的完成式。如：When I came in, he pretended to be reading. 我进来时，他假装在看书。He seems to have studied English before. 他好像以前在英国读过书。Having been there many times, she knows the place quite well. 由于他去过那里几次了，她非常熟悉那个地方。Im sorry for having kept her waiting. 对不起让你久等了。注：不定式完成式还可以表示过去没有实现的打算或愿望。如：I intended to have come to see you, but I was too busy then. 我本打算来看你的，可我当时太忙了。I was to have started work last week, but I caught a bad cold. 我本来打算上星期就开始工作的，可我患了重感冒。2、非谓语动词的语态当非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动关系，用主动式；是被动关系，用被动式。The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important. 明天举行的会议非常重要。The house being built there will be our new library. 那边在建的房子将是我们的新图书馆。Having been asked to stay, I couldnt very well leave. 已经要求我留下来，所以我就不好离开了He came her without being invited. 他没有被邀请就来了。Being praised by the teacher made her very happy. 被老师表扬让她很开心。八、非谓语动词的否定式非谓语动词的否定式通常是就在非谓语动词之前加 not 或 never。如:Try not to make a noise. 尽量别弄出声来。He told the children not to play in the street. 他叫孩子们不要在街上玩耍。He apologized for his not being able to arrive on time. 他因没能按时到来而道歉。Not having finished his work, he could not leave the office. 由于工作没干完他不能离开办公室。Not having received his letter, she decided to write to him again. 她没收到他的们，就决定再给他写一封。考点专练：1. We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketball, _ that all children like these things.A. thinking B. think C. to think D. thoughtThere have been several new events _ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.A. add B. to addC. adding D. added2. I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _ talking while she works.A. working; stoppingB. to work; stoppingC. working; to stop D. to work; to stop3. A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left _.A. unsatisfied B. unsatisfyingC. to be satisfying D. being satisfied4. No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.A. performed B. performing C. to be performed D. being performed5. _ this cake, youll need 2 eggs,175g sugar and 175g flour.A. Having made B. MakeC. To make D. Making6. If you think that treating a woman well means always _ her permission for things, think again.A. gets B. got C. to get D. getting7. The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games _ in Beijing in 2008.A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held8. _ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.A. Faced B. FaceC. Facing D. To face9. AIDS is said _ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.A. that it is B. to be C. that it has been D. to have been10. Dont sit there _ nothing. Come and help me with this table.A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing11. Faced with a bill for $10,000, _.A. John has taken an extra job B. the boss has given John an extra jobC. an extra job has been takenD. an extra job has been given to John12. He hurried to the booking office only _ that all the tickets had been sold out.A. to tell B. to be toldC. telling D. told13. Five people won the “Chinas Green Figure” award, a title_ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.A. being given B. is givenC. given D. was given14. Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to _ since the flood hit the area last Friday.A. have been missing B. have got lostC. be missing D. get lost15. The bird flu _ through Asia has jumped from birds to humans at least 20 times so far,_ 16.A. sweeps; killed B. swept; killingC. sweeping; to kill D. sweeping; killing16. The man _ of shooting 6 school children was caught by Beijing police, the Xinhua News Agency reported on Friday.A. being suspected B. suspectingC. suspected D. to be suspected17. The students entered the classroom, smiling and _ , and _ down to have their lessons.A. talked; sat B. talking; sittingC. talking; sat D. talked; sitting18. Have you ever heard of an American president called Chester A. Arhur?No , and hes not mentioned in my history book at all. He seems _A. to have been completely forgotten B. having completely forgottenC. to have completely forgotten D. completely forgetting19. With the magazine An Express Way to English _ us , we will improved our language skills a lot.A. helping B. helpedC. has helped D. to help20. A communicative satellite _ as much as 3.5 tons was sent up into space last week.A. weighing B. weighed C. to be weighed D. being weighed