2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前模拟强化练习题63（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Such questions should be approached honestly and in full awareness that （ ）loan agreements will cost money due to cancellation or other charges.问题1选项A.compressingB.terminatingC.conformingD.contending【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。句意: 这些问题应该认真的探讨，要充分意识到终止贷款协议及其他事项是要花成本的。compress (被)压紧;精简;浓缩;压缩;压缩(文件等) 。terminate (使)停止，结束，终止;到达终点站。conform顺从，顺应(大多数人或社会);随潮流;遵守。contend (尤指在争论中)声称，主张，认为;竞争;争夺。2. 单选题Although he has become rich, he is still very （ ）of his money.问题1选项A.economicB.thriftyC.frugalD.careful【答案】C【解析】固定搭配。句意: 虽然他已经很富有了，但是他仍十分节俭。economic 经济的；thrifty 节俭的，通常与with连用，例如be thrifty with money 节约用钱；frugal节俭，通常与of连用，例如be frugal of ones money 节约用钱;careful 小心的。故选C。3. 填空题Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists（1）research the relation between actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain （2）rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence（3） approval and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks （4）in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, （5）to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.“If kids know theyre working for a （6） and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity，says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark.“But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for（7）performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with discouraged students, Eisenberger holds （8） an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing （9）.In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in （10）students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.【答案】（1）who（2）that（3）on（4）creativity（5）according（6）reward（7）poor（8）As（9）grades（10）which【解析】（1）语法题。考查定语从句。此空后的句子为定语从句，先行词为“Behaviorists”，所以应填关系代词who，引导修饰人的定语从句。（2）语法题。考查宾语从句。空后的内容为maintain的宾语，应填一个可引导宾语从句的词。而且上文的宾语从句“argue that.”也可以推断出本空填that。（3）固定搭配。固定短语depend on意为“依赖，依靠”，其名词形式dependence也需要跟介词 on。（4）语义连接。本文是在讲述奖励、表扬与创造性的关系，此句意为“但是小心地使用小量的金钱报酬能激起分级学校孩子们的 ”第一段中提到“destroy creativity”, 因此该空格处应填“creativity”。（5）固定搭配。According填在空格处, 句意为：根据一项个性与社会心理学的六月杂志的研究。（6）语义连接。本文讲奖励与创造性的关系，此句意为“如果孩子们知道他们在 为 工作。”显然，此空处应填“reward”(奖励) 。（7）语义连接。推测此句意为“但是如果奖励表现不好的, 或者制造过高的对创造力的奖励期望值,这很容易扼杀创造性。因此此处填poor比较合适。（8）语义连接。此句意为作为后一种观点的例子”。（9）语义连接。前句句意: 给平常成绩的学生打高分的老师，最终会使学生泄气。此句句意: 他指出，各大学在严格控制评分标准和恢复不及格成绩方面做出越来越多的努力。此处应填grade的复数形式。（10）语法题。考查定语从句。此空后的句子应为定语从句，先行词为“token economies”，故此空应填一个可引导定语从句的关系词，而且空格前面有介词in,故只能填“which”。4. 单选题He practiced （ ）on her and managed to get $2 000.问题1选项A.linenB.deceptionC.longitudeD.paradise【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。句意: 他骗了她，设法骗了2000美元。linen 亚麻布;亚麻织品 。deception 欺骗，欺诈；骗术。Longitude 地理经度；经线paradise天堂。5. 单选题The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” period from birth to three may scar a childs personality and (predispose) to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlbys work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, we saw earlier that among the Ngoni the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alonefar from it. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not so widespread today if parents, caretakers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial.Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on childrens development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.But Bowlbys analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.1.This passage primarily argues that（ ） .2.The phrase “predispose to” (Para. 1, line 3) most probably means （ ）.3.According to Bowlbys analysis, it is quite possible that（ ） .4.It is implied but not stated in the second paragraph that .5.The writer concludes that （ ）.问题1选项A.infants under the age of three should not be sent to nursery schoolsB.whether children under the age of three should be sent to nursery schoolsC.there is not negative long-term effect on infants who are sent to school before they are threeD.there is some negative effect on children when they are sent to school after the age of three问题2选项A.lead toB.dispose toC.get intoD.tend to suffer问题3选项A.childrens personalities will be changed to some extent through separation from their parentsB.early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in childrenC.children will be exposed to many negative effects from early day care later onD.some long-term effects can hardly be reduced from childrens development问题4选项A.traditional societies separate the child from the parent at an early ageB.Children in modem societies cause more troubles than those in traditional societiesC.A child did not live together with his parents among the NgoniD.Children in some societies did not have emotional problems when separated from the parents问题5选项A.it is difficult to make clear what is the right age for nursery schoolB.It is not settled now whether early care is reasonable for childrenC.It is not beneficial for children to be sent to nursery schoolD.It is reasonable to subject a child above three to nursery school【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。本文讨论的是孩子三岁前是否应该去托管所的争议。2.词义题。第一段中predispose to emotional problems in later life, 根据句意可判断predispose的意思是 “易受到”, D项(tend to suffer)正确。3.细节题。根据题干定位至第一段: that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” period from birth to three may scar a childs personality and (predispose) to emotional problems in later life (在从出生到三岁这段敏感的“依恋”时期与父母的分离可能会伤及孩子的人格，并在以后的生活中（倾向于）情感问题)。因此C项正确。4.推断题。定位至第二段: Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies.这句话表明传统社会的父母不会在孩子很小时候和孩子分开，所以 A 选项错误，而第二句:For example, we saw earlier that among the Ngoni the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alonefar from it. 说 明Ngoni父母不会独自抚养他们的孩子，即可推出C选项是正确的。而B项和D项文中没有提到，可以排除。5.细节题。最后一段: At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy (在三岁或三岁半的时候，几乎所有的孩子都能轻松地过渡到托儿所), 说明作者认为等孩子过了三岁再送去托儿所更合理。6. 单选题Corporations and labor unions have（ ） great benefits upon their employees and members as well as upon the general public.问题1选项A.conferredB.grantedC.flungD.submitted【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意:公司和工会已经给它们的员工、会员以及大众 了许多的福利。confer:授予（称号、学位、权力等），赋予;grant:同意，承认，准予;flungifling的过去分词，挥动，猛冲; submit提交，服从，呈递。7. 单选题Share prices on the Stock Exchange plunged sharply in the morning but（ ）lightly in the afternoon.问题1选项A.regainedB.recoveredC.restoredD.revived【答案】B【解析】同义词辨析。句意: 证券交易所今早股价大跌，下午略有回升。Regain重新获得(所有权); recover恢复; restore恢复.存在或使用; revive恢复；复兴, 多指某国或某一区域经济萧条后振兴。因此这里选B合适。8. 翻译题Joint ventures, in a number of cases, dont work out because the “people” relationships become unglued and/or the business cant be made profitable. With this in mind,international joint ventures should be structured to anticipate the worst contingencies. If this is done even though the contingencies dont occur, you can feel that your companys interests have been protected. Here, I would add an additional observation, namely, that a joint venture that did not work out may be profitable for the partners when broken up if the right decisions were made on the purchase of real estate or the acquisition of the right equipment. These assets may well be worth more when sold than when they were purchased by the joint venture when formed. This has been particularly true in Japan. If the breakup is profitable, then youll want to make sure that you get your share of these profits.【答案】在不少情况下，合资企业之所以不成功，不是因为人际关系不和，就是 因为企业不盈利，或是两者兼而有之。出于这一考虑，国际合资企业应该建立预测突发 事件机制。即便是没有出现突发性事件，这一机制也能发挥保护企业利益的作用。在此， 我想给出另一个观察报告，即：如果能够收购面临破产的合作企业的不动产或完好的设 备，不盈利的合资企业有望扭亏为盈。收购的资产再次被抛售时，其价值将远远高于收 购时的成本。这一做法在日本很受欢迎。如果破产是为了盈利，那么破产者也会从这一 过程中获利。9. 单选题During the 19th century, Jews in most European countries achieved some equality of status with non-Jews, at times Jews were harassed by anti-Semitic groups.问题1选项A.annoyedB.opposedC.exploitedD.despised【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意: 在19世纪的时候，大多数欧洲国家的犹太人获得了与非犹太人的平等地位，但是有时他们还会受到反犹太人群体的讨厌。annoy:烦恼，惹恼。oppose:反对，反抗。exploit:开发，开拓。despise:轻视，蔑视。harass:困扰，烦恼。故选A。10. 单选题The river is already（ ）its banks because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood.问题1选项A.parallel toB.level inC.flat onD.flush with【答案】D【解析】短语辨析。句意: 由于降雨过多，河水己经 （ ）到河床，整座城市有可能受到洪水威胁。parallel to:与 平行; level in:相等; flat on:平躺; flush with:与齐平。因此D项符合句意。11. 写作题Write an essay on the Answer Sheet in about 200 words with the title “Open Mind”【答案】Open mindNowadays, having an open mind is very indispensable. If somebody is open-minded, that means he/she is willing to accept different ideas or new things. In our society, new things keep pumping out, which requires us to have an open mind. Only in this way, we can follow the step of the time and benefit from development. If we are confined ourselves in a small world and refuse to accept different ideas, then one day, we will became very stubborn and hard to communicate with. And also, if we cant be open-minded, we will never have creative thinking, which serves as the key of our development. As an employee, only if we have an open mind, on one hand, we can make achievements and progress by realizing our own week points and appreciating others strong ones. On the other hand, with an open mind, we can work with other colleagues wonderfully through mutual understanding and appreciation. As a boss, an open mind is equally essential, for having it, we are willing to listen to some different opinions and encourage our employees to present their new ideas, which can bring huge sometimes. To sum up, an open mind is to life what broth is to soup.12. 单选题Babies soon began to take an active（ ） the world around them.问题1选项A.contempt forB.fondness forC.interest inD.part in【答案】D【解析】短语辨析。句意:婴儿很快就会积极地加入他们周围的世界。take part in 参加,加入。13. 单选题Producing elastic through chemical synthesis is a tedious process consuming three months.问题1选项A.the better half ofB.for the better ofC.all the better forD.the better part of【答案】D【解析】短语辨析。句意: 通过化学合成生产弹性是很烦的一个过程，会花费大约三个月的时间（三个月大部分的时间）。the better part of大多数。14. 单选题Beneath its myriad rules, the fundamental purpose of （ ）is to make the world a pleasanter place to live in and you a more pleasant person to live with.问题1选项A.elitismB.eloquenceC.eminenceD.etiquette【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。句意: 在无数的规则下，雄辩最根本的目的是为了让这个世界成为更美好的地方，你成为更好相处的人。elitism精英主义；杰出人物统治论。eloquence 口才；雄辩；雄辩术；修辞。eminence显赫；卓越；高处。etiquette 显赫；卓越；尚处。15. 单选题The painting he bought at the street market the other day was a （ ）forgery.问题1选项A.man-madeB.naturalC.crudeD.real【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。句意:他那天在街上买的那幅画实际上是副赝品。man-made 人造的; natural自然的; crude粗略的; real 实际上。16. 单选题During the reading lesson, the teacher asked students to read a few（ ）from the novel.问题1选项A.piecesB.essaysC.fragmentsD.extracts【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。句意: 上阅读课时，老师要求学生阅读小说中的几个 。pieces (完整的)作品; essay 论文,文章; fragment 片段, 一般指文艺作品中的残存部分；extract 书本中的 摘录，选段等。故选D。17. 单选题If innovators are not financially rewarded for their innovations, the incentive for path-breaking innovation will eventually dry up.问题1选项A.investmentB.resourceC.inspirationD.stimulus【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。句意: 如果创新者不能从改革创新中获取经济回报，那么他们的创新 最终就会减弱。investment:投资，投入; resource:资源，财力; inspiration: 灵感，鼓舞; stimulus刺激。incentive:动机，刺激。故选D。18. 单选题The noise of his loud voice （ ）what the girl was trying to tell us.问题1选项A.coveredB.suppressedC.drownedD.deadened【答案】C【解析】动词辨析。句意: 他大声喧哗使得我们无法听清楚女孩设法告诉我们什么。covert:隐藏的, 隐蔽的。suppress:抑制，镇压,控制。drown:淹没,盖没。deaden: 减弱，缓和。故C项符合句意。19. 单选题Biological wizardry of a different sort is responsible for the ruggedness of sea-ear shells, which under high-powered microscopes resemble（ ）constructed stone walls.问题1选项A.reversiblyB.elaboratelyC.spontaneouslyD.concurrently【答案】B【解析】副词辨析。句意: 另一种生物的神奇力量在于石决明的坚实，在高倍显微镜下，它像精心建造的石头墙。reversibly可逆地。elaborately精巧地；苦心经营地。spontaneously自发地；自然地；不由自主地。Concurrently同时发生地。20. 翻译题从我1992年第一次到中国访问至今，中国经历了巨大的变化。中国经济的发展和 开放可以被视为20世纪末至21世纪初最令人激动和振奋的事。在这期间，中国接受了 与其自身经济发展状况相适应的条件后成功地加入了世界贸易组织，并根据入世协议的 规定逐步地开放市场。家乐福集团曾一直在欧盟内坚决支持中国加入世界贸易组织。中 国不仅已成为跨国公司全球业务发展的重要组成部分，而且越来越成为众多国际性大企业业务发展的首选。中国正在逐步发展成为新的世界制造业基地。同时中国也迅速地由 一个潜在的巨大消费市场变成一个真正的快速发展的大市场。随着中国制造业领域成功 地引进大量外资，如何进一步开放和发展服务业，以配合经济发展，特别是充分满足收入日益增长的广大消费者和多样化的世界消费市场的需要，已成为确保中国经济能够保持持续快速稳定发展的关键。不仅如此，面对农业规模化和集约化的不断发展以及人口增长所带来的巨大就业压力，如何促进服务业的发展，正成为中国政府制定和实施宏观经济政策的一个重要课题。【答案】Since I first visited to China in 1992, great changes have taken place here. Since China adopted the reform and opening up policy in 1978, the international community witnessed Chinese economic growth which has been recognized as the most inspiring matter from the end of 20th century to the early of 21st century. Boosting economic growth on basis of its national conditions, China was entitled to enter into the World Trade Organization，and gradually opened its markets under Chinas accession agreement with the WTO. Carrefour has always been supporting China to join WTO. Now more and more multi-national enterprises describe China as a priority in their foreign investment policies. So China will emerge as new manufacturing base in the world and is undergoing the transformation from tremendously potential consumer market into rapidly grown, big one. As manufacturing industry successfully attracted a large number of foreign capital, it has become the crucial factor for China to maintain sustained, rapid and healthy economic growth by accelerating service industry development, which will keep up with the rate of economic growth, particularly which will meet the peoples multifarious material and cultural needs and demands of diversified worlds consumer market. At the same time, while formulating and implementing macroeconomic policy, Chinese government must take into consideration the major issue how to promote services industry advancement in face of huge pressure from expansion of scale and intensification of agriculture as well as overpopulation.