2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷23

2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题How we look and how we appear to others probably worries us more when are in our teens or early twenties than at any other time in our life. Few of us are content to accept ourselves as we are, and few are brave enough to ignore the trends of fashion.Most fashion magazines or TV advertisements try to persuade us that we should dress in a certain way or behave in a certain manner. If we do, they tell us, we will be able to meet newpeople with confidence and deal with every situation confidently and without embarrassment.Changing fashion, of course, does not apply just to dress. A barber today does not cut a boy s hair in the same way as he used to, and girls do not make up in the same way as their mothers and grandmothers did. The advertisers show us the latest fashionable styles and we are constantly under pressure to follow the fashion in case our friends think we are odd or dull.What causes fashions to change? Sometimes convenience or practical necessity or just the fancy of an influential person can establish a fashion. Take hats for example. In cow climates, early buildings were cold inside, so people wore hats indoors as well as outside. In recent times, the late President Kennedy caused a depression in the American hat industry by not wearing hats: a cyclical pattern in fashion. In the 1920s in Europe and America, short skirts became fashionable. After Word War Two, they dropped to ankle length. Then they got shorter and shorter until the miniskirt was in fashion. After a few more years, skirts became longer again.Today, society is much freer and easier than it used to be. It is no longer necessary to dress like everyone else Within reason, you can dress as you like or do your hair the way you like instead of the way you should because it is the fashion. The popularity of jeans and the “untidy” look seems to be a reaction against the increasingly expensive fashion of me top fashion houses.At the same time, appearance is still important in certain circumstances and then we must choose our clothes carefully. It would be foolish to go to an interview for a job in a law firm wearing jeans and a sweater; and it would be discourteous to visit some distinguished scholar looking as if we were going to the beach or a night club.However, you need never feel depressed if you dont look like the latest fashion photo. Look around you and youll see that no one else does either!1.The author thinks that people are （ ）.2.Fashion magazines and TV advertisements seem to link fashion to（ ）.3.Causes of fashions are（ ）.4.Present-day society is much freer and easier because it emphasizes（ ）.5.Which is the main idea of the last paragraph?问题1选项A.satisfied with their appearanceB.concerned about appearance in old ageC.far from neglecting what is in fashionD.reluctant to follow the trends in fashion问题2选项A.confidence in lifeB.personal dressC.individual hair styleD.personal future问题3选项A.uniformB.variedC.unknownD.inexplicable问题4选项A.uniformityB.formalityC.informalityD.individuality问题5选项A.Care about appearance in formal situationsB.Fashion in formal and informal situationsC.Ignoring appearance in informal situationsD.Ignoring appearance in all situations【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段指出: How we look and how we appear to others probably worries us more when we are in our teens or early twenties than at any other time in our life. Few of us are content to accept ourselves as we are, and few are brave enough to ignore the trends of fashion(十多岁或二十出头的时候，会比一生当中任何其他时期都关注自己的外表。极少人满意自己的本来面貌，少数人足够勇敢忽视时尚潮流), 故选C(完全不忽视时尚潮流)。2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词 magazine and TV定位至第二段: Most fashion magazines or TV advertisements try to persuade us that we should dress in a certain way or behave in a certain manner. If we do, they tell us, we will be able to meet new people with confidence and deal with every situation confidently and without embarrassment (大多数时尚杂志或 电视广告总是告诉我们应该穿什么或者应该有什么行为。如果我们照做了，他们会告诉我们，我们可以有信心的交新朋友，充满信心的处理事情，不会尴尬)。故选A。3.判断推理题。根据关键词cause定位至第三段: What cause fashions to change?Sometimes convenience or practical necessity or just the fancy of an influential person can establish a fashion(什么导致了时尚变化呢？有时候便利，实用必须，或是一个有影响力的人的爱好都可以造就时尚)。故选B。4.细节事实题。由关键词freer and easier定位至第五段: Today, society is much freer and easier than it used to be. Within reason, you can dress as you like or do our hair the way you like or do your hair the way you like instead of the way you should because it is the fashion (当今社会比曾经更为自由和舒适。只要合情合理，或者做你喜欢的发型，而不是你应该按照时尚去穿去做)。因此选D(个性)5.主旨大意题。文章最后一段主要讲的是在某些场合，尤其是正式场合，外观是很重要的。故选A(关注正式场合的外观)。2. 单选题Reporters and photographers alike took great （ ）at the rude way the actor behaved during the interview.问题1选项A.annoyanceB.offenceC.resentmentD.irritation【答案】B【解析】句意: 记者和摄像师们都因为这个演员在采访中的无礼行为而感到被冒犯。名词辨析。恼怒, 生气; offence冒犯; 常用于短语take offence at sth.表示“因为某事而感到被伤害、被冒犯”； resentment怨恨; irritation愤怒。因此根据句意及搭配推断B项正确。3. 单选题It is absolutely essential that William （ ）his study in spite of some learning difficulties.问题1选项A.will continueB.continuedC.continueD.continues【答案】C【解析】句意:尽管有着一些学习困难，但是威廉却完全有必要继续自己的学习。语法题。考查虚拟语气。Its+形容词（essential, necessary, important等）+从句（谓语是should do,其中should可以省略）。由句中关键词“It is absolutely essential that完全有必要”可知C项“continue”正确。4. 单选题Two years ago, Rupert Murdochs daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market. But “its us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit”.Driving her point home, she continued: “Its increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This saga still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defense was that she knew nothing.In todays world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions nor received traceable, recorded answers.1.According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by （ ）.2.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that（ ）.3.The author believes that Rebekah Brookss defense（ ）.4.The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows（ ）.5.Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?问题1选项A.the consequences of the current sorting mechanismB.companies, financial loss due to immoral practicesC.governmental ineffectiveness on moral issuesD.the wide misuse of integrity among institutions问题2选项A.Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crimeB.more journalists may be found guilty of phone hackingC.Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the chargeD.phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions问题3选项A.revealed a cunning personalityB.centered on trivial issuesC.was hardly convincingD.was part of a conspiracy问题4选项A.generally distorted valuesB.unfair wealth distributionC.a marginalized lifestyleD.a rigid moral code问题5选项A.The quality of writings is of primary importance.B.Common humanity is central to news reporting.C.Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaperD.Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段指出: Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting meclianisni” in society should be profit and the market (她（即Elisabeth）声称，由于我们集体性地接受社会中唯一的分类机制应该是利润和市场，所以诚实己经瓦解)。因此可知A 项“现在的分类机制的后果”正确。2.判断推理题。由第三段中“Others await trial. This saga still unfolds.其它的记者窃听电话案件等候着审判。这类传说仍然在发生。”的对应可推知B项“更多的记者可能被判电话窃听罪”正确。A项“Glenn Mulcaire可能否定电话窃听是一种犯罪”；C项“对 于该指控（即电话窃听），Andy Coulson应该被认为是无罪的”；D项“电话窃听在 某些情况下将会被接受”。3.推理判断题。最后一段指出: Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions nor received traceable, recorded answers (虽然布鲁克斯（Brooks）女士可能或可能没有怀疑她的记者们如何获取他们的新闻故事，但是她没有问任何问题、给出任何指示 一 也没有得到可追踪的有记录的答案)。由此可推知C项“几乎是不令人信服的” 正确。4.判断推理题。由题干关键词collective doctrine 定位至倒数第二段: For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation (对这一代人而言，集体信条是社会的分类机制应该是利润。重要的言语是效率、灵活性、股东利益、有利营商的财富产生、销售额、影响，而在报社方面就是发行量)与最后一段: The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact (编辑世界新闻的目的不是去促进读者了解、在所撰写的新闻方面保持公正或显露任何共同的人性，而是为了追求发行量和影响而毁掉生活), 由此可推知A项“通常被扭曲的价值观”正确。5.判断推理题。最后一段指出: The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. 编辑世界新闻的目的不是去促进读者了解、在所撰写的新闻方面保持公正或显露任何共同的人性，而是为了追求发行量和影响而毁掉生活), 由此可知C项“在报纸编辑中道德意识是重要的”正确。5. 单选题The student said there were a few points in the essay he （ ）impossible to comprehend.问题1选项A.had foundB.findsC.has foundD.would find【答案】A【解析】句意:这位学生称自己觉得这篇文章中有几点难以理解。语法题。考查过去完成吋态。句中 “said”表示一般过去时,句中后面的动作发生在过去的过去，故使用过去完成时态的A项“had found”正确。6. 单选题When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. Its Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Marylands laws against secret telephone taping. Its our banks, not the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms.Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will.As an example of whats going on, consider U.S. Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called Member Works with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits.With these customer lists in hand, Member Works started dialing for dollars-selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a “free trial offer” had, 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged automatically through their bank or credit-card accounts. U.S. Bancorp collected a share of the revenues.Customers were doubly deceived, the lawsuit claims. They didnt know that the bank was giving account numbers to Member Works. And if customers asked, they were led to think the answer was no.The state sued Member Works separately for deceptive selling. The company denies that it did anything wrong. For its part, U.S. Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes. But it agreed to stop exposing its customers to no financial products sold by outside firms. A few top banks decided to do the same. Many other banks will still do business with Member Works and similar firms.And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products, including things of little value, such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plants.You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit. For example, no federal law shields “transaction and experience” information-mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts. Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms. Theyve generally agreed not to sell to the public. But to businesses, the numbers are an open book. Self-regulation doesnt work. A firm might publish a privacy-protection policy, but who enforces it?Take U.S. Bancorp again. Customers were told, in writing, that “all personal information you supply to us will be considered confidential.” Then it sold your data to Member Works. The bank even claims that it doesnt “sell” your data at all. It merely “shares” it and reaps a profit. Now you know.1.Contrary to popular belief, the author finds that spying on peoples privacy（ ）.2.We know from the passage that（ ）.3.When the “free trial” deadline is over, youll be charged without notice for a product orservice if（ ）.4.Businesses do not regard information concerning personal bank accounts as private because（ ）.5.We can infer from the passage that（ ）.问题1选项A.is practiced exclusively by the FBIB.is more prevalent in business circlesC.has been intensified with the help of the IRSD.is mainly carried out by means of secret taping问题2选项A.the state of Minnesota is considering drawing up laws to protect private informationB.most states are turning a blind eye to the deceptive practices of private businessesC.legislators are acting to pass a law to provide better privacy protectionD.lawmakers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses to inquire into customers buying habits问题3选项A.you happen to reveal your credit card numberB.you fail to cancel it within the specified periodC.you fail to apply for extension of the deadlineD.you find the product or service unsatisfactory问题4选项A.it is considered “transaction and experience” information unprotected by lawB.it has always been considered an open secret by the general publicC.its sale can be brought under control through self-regulationD.its revelation will do no harm to consumers under the current protection policy问题5选项A.banks will have to change their ways of doing businessB.“free trial” practice will eventually be bannedC.privacy protection laws will soon be enforcedD.consumers privacy will continue to be invaded【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。第一段指出:当我们担心谁可能在监视我们的私生活时，我们通常会想到联邦特工。但私营部门每次都比政府过分。琳达特里普(而不是联邦调查局)正被马里兰州法律指控窥探私人电话录音。是银行(而不是国税局（IRS）)，把我们的私人财务数据传递给电话营销公司。由此推断,窥探私人隐私的往往不是我们以为的政府,而主要是商业领域。故选B“在商界更盛行”。2.判断推理题。各选项为:A：明尼苏达州正在考虑制定有关私人信息的法律。文章并未提及。B: 大多数州都对私营企业的欺骗行为视而不见。此说法过于绝对。C:立法者正采取行动通过一项法律以提供更好的隐私保护。第二段指出: 消费者维权组正在向国会施压，要求制定更好的隐私法，但迄今为止还没有取得任何成果。因此C错误。故选D项“立法者倾向于放手让企业调查顾客的购买习惯”。3.细节事实题。第四段指出: Customers who accepted a “free trial offer” had, 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged automatically through their bank or credit-card accounts(接受“免费试用”的客户有30天的时间可以取消。如果截止日期过了，他们会通过银行或信用卡账户自动收取费用)。因此选B“未在指定期限内取消服务”。4.细节事实题。倒数第二段指出：no federal law shield transaction and experience information, mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts (没有一部联邦法律保护“交易往来”信息，即银行和信用卡帐户的信息),故选A项“它被认为是不受法律保护的“交易和历史”信息。5.判断推理题。四个选项为:A:银行将不得不改变经营方式。文章指出交易信息并不受法律保护,因此银行未必会改变。B:“免费试用”终将会被禁止。文章并未提及。C:隐私保护法很快会执行。第二段说: 消费者维权组正在向国会施压，要求制定更好的隐私法，但迄今为止还没有取得任何成果。C项错误。故选D“消费者隐私将继续受到侵犯”。7. 单选题“You must always obey your leaders. Oh, I must,（ ）问题1选项A.mustnt IB.must IC.shouldnt ID.should I【答案】B【解析】句意: “你必须服从领导”。“噢，难道必须吗？”语法题。考查反义疑问句。反问用法(情态动词+主语)表示对说话对象的质疑,反对,惊讶或反 驳。8. 单选题At some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you dont act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time. Topics such as death, for example were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject.One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is topic that Americans talk about constantly. Its not taboo to talk about fat; its taboo to be fat. The “in” look is thin, not fat. In the work world most companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their image as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self-discipline, and self-respect. In an image-conscious society like the U.S., thin is in, fat is out.Its not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying slim and in shape. The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for Americas fascination with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal-health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life-style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modem machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do by hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, peoples bodies can easily become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising.1.From the passage we can infer taboo is （ ）.2.Based on the ideas presented in the p