2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷70

2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题It being not only possible but even easy to predict which ten-year-old boys are at greatest risk of growing up to be persistent offenders. What are we doing with the information? Just about the last thing that we should do is to wait until their troubles have escalated in adolescence and then attack them with the provisions of the new Criminal Justice Bill.If this bill becomes law, magistrates will have the power to impose residential care orders. More young people will be drawn into institutional life when all the evidence shows that this worsens rather than improves their prospects. The introduction of short sharp shocks in detention centers will simply give more young people a taste of something else the dont need; the whole regime of detention centers is one of toughening delinquents, and if you want to train someone to be anti-establishment. I cant think of a better way to do it, says the writer of this report.The Cambridge Institute of Criminology comes up with five key factors that are likely to make for delinquency: a low income family a large family, parents deemed by social workers to be bad at raising children, parents who themselves have a criminal record, and low intelligence in the child. Not surprising, the factors tend to overlap. Of the 63 boys in the sample who had at least three of them when they were ten, half became juvenile delinquentscompared with only fifth of the sample as a whole.Three more factors make the prediction more accurate: being judged troublesome by teachers at the age of ten, having a father with at least two criminal convictions and having another member of the family with a criminal record. Of the 35 men who had at least two of these factors in their background, 18 became persistent delinquents and 8 more were in trouble with the law.Among those key factors, far and away the most important was having a parent with a criminal record, even if that had been acquired in the distant past, even though very few parents did other than condemn delinquent behavior in their children.The role of the schools emerges as extremely important. The most reliable prediction of all on the futures of boys came from teachers ratings of how troublesome they were at the age of ten. If the information is there in the classroom there must be a response that brings more attention to those troublesome children: a search for things to give them credit for other than academic achievement, a refusal to allow them to go on playing truant, and a fostering of ambition and opportunity which should start early in their school careers.1.According to the author, delinquency should be tackled （ ）.2.The number of young offenders could be reduced by the way of（ ）.3.What is the outcome result of putting young offenders into detention centers?4.Ten-year-old children likely to become offenders are usually（ ）.5.The writer concludes that potential offenders could be helped by（ ）.问题1选项A.before adolescenceB.during institutional treatmentC.during adolescenceD.when the problem becomes acute问题2选项A.new legal measuresB.better residential careC.brief periods of harsh punishmentD.examination of their backgrounds问题3选项A.They become more violentB.They receive useful trainingC.They become used to institutionsD.They turn against society问题4选项A.spoilt children from small familiesB.bright children in a poor familyC.dull children with many brothers and sistersD.children whose parents have acquired wealth dishonestly问题5选项A.spending more time at schoolB.more encouragement at schoolC.more activities outside schoolD.stricter treatment from teachers【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.判断推理题。文章开头提出现在对于不良行为, 都只能被动地等待问题出现, 并且提出要在儿童时期就加强教育的解决办法。故选A。2.判断推理题。根据第二段可知,作者不建议通过法律制裁、居住处监管以及严厉的惩罚等措施来处理青少年不良行为。在第三段指出了导致不良行为的五个关键因素，接着在第四段从少年犯的家庭和社会背景分析了使预言更为准确的三个因素。故选D。3.细节事实题。根据题干关键词putting young offenders into detention centers定位至第二段, 根据第二段信息 “train someone to be anti-establishment (培养反社会情绪)”推测答案为D。4.细节事实题。第三段分析了导致青少年不良行为的五个关键因素:低收入家庭、大家庭、父母被社会工作者认为虐待孩子，父母有犯罪记录，儿童中的低智商者。因此此题选C。5.细节事实题。最后一段指出, 学校对于青少年不良行为的问题起着至关重要的作用。具体包括鼓励他们更早树立理想, 抓住机会。故选B。2. 单选题Ever since the presidents sexual scandal was made public, there has been a （ ）fall in hispopularity.问题1选项A.domesticB.imaginaryC.drasticD.numerous【答案】C【解析】句意: 自从总统的性丑闻公开以来，他的声誉持续急剧下降。形容词辨析。domestic 国内的,家庭的; imaginary想象中的，幻想的; drastic急剧的，严厉的; numerous众多的，许多的。故C符合句意。3. 单选题“You （ ）borrow my notes provided you take care of them,” I told my friend问题1选项A.couldB.shouldC.mustD.can【答案】A【解析】句意: 我对我的朋友说“假如你好好保管，你就可以借用我的笔记。”。语法题。考查情态动词。由句中关键词“borrow my notes用我的笔记”与“provided you take care of them假如你照顾他们”的对应知这里表示一种“现实可能性”，故A “could”正确。此外，虽然“can”也可用来表示现在的可能性，但是它一般用在问句或否定句中。should “应该”；must “必须；一定”。4. 单选题（ ） for a long time, the fields are all dried up.问题1选项A.There has been no rainB.Having no rainC.There having been no rainD.There being no rain【答案】C【解析】句意: 由于长时间没下雨，所有的农田都干涸了。语法题。考查there be的非限定性形式。题干后半部分已经是完整句子,因此前半部分应该为独立主格结构,即there be的非限定形式在做状语there being形式。而由题干关键词for a long time判断此处应该用现在完成时。5. 单选题（ ） quantities of water are being used nowadays with the rapid development of industry and agriculture.问题1选项A.ExcessiveB.ExtensiveC.ExtremeD.Exclusive【答案】B【解析】句意: 如今，随着工农业快速发展水的消耗很大。形容词辨析。Excessive过多的，过分的; Extensive广泛的，大量的; Extreme极端的; exclusive独有的，排外的。因此B符合句意。6. 单选题The manager is so much under the influence of his secretary that she is the （ ）head of the department.问题1选项A.potentialB.virtualC.probableD.natural【答案】B【解析】句意: 老板受到了他秘书的极大影响以至于她是实质上的老板了。形容词辨析。Potential有潜力的; virtual实质上的; probable可能的; natural自然的。因此B符合句意。7. 单选题Once it was possible to define male and female roles easily by the division of labor. Men worked outside the home and earned the income to support their families, while women cooked the meals and took care of the home and the children. These roles were firmly fixed for most people, and there was not much opportunity for women to exchange their roles. But by the middle of this century, mens and womens roles were becoming less firmly fixed.In the 1950s, economic and social success was the goal of the typical American. But in the 1960s a new force developed called the counterculture. The people involved in this movement did not value the middle-class American goals. The counterculture presented men and women with new role choices. Taking more interest in childcare, men began to share child-raising tasks with their wives. In fact, some young men and women moved to communal homes or farms where the economic and childcare responsibilities were shared equally by both sexes. In addition, many Americans did not value the traditional male role of soldier. Some young men refused to be drafted as soldiers to fight in the war in Vietnam.In terms of numbers, the counterculture was not a very large group of people. But its influence spread to many parts of American society. Working men of all classes began to change their economic and social patterns. Industrial workers and business executives alike cut down on “overtime” work so that they could spend more leisure time with their families. Some doctors, lawyers, and teachers turned away from high paying situations to practice their professions in poorer neighborhoods.In the 1970s, the feminist movement, or womens liberation, produced additional economic and social changes. Women of all ages and at all levels of society were entering the work force in greater numbers. Most of them still took traditional womens jobs as public school teaching, nursing, and secretarial work. But some women began to enter traditionally male occupations: police work, banking, dentistry, and construction work. Women were asking for equal work, and equal opportunities for promotion.Today the experts generally agree that important changes are taking place in the roles of men and women. Naturally, there are difficulties in adjusting to these transformations.1.Which of the following best express the main idea of Paragraph 1?2.Which sentence best expresses the main idea of Paragraph 2?3.In the passage the author proposes that the counterculture （ ）.4.It could be inferred from the passage that（ ）.5.The best title for the passage may be（ ）.问题1选项A.Women usually worked outside the home for wages.B.Men and womens roles were easily exchanged in the past.C.Mens roles at home were more firmly fixed than womens.D.Men and womens roles were usually quite separated in the past.问题2选项A.The first sentence.B.The second and the third sentences.C.The fourth sentence.D.The last sentence.问题3选项A.destroyed the United StatesB.transformed some American valuesC.was not important in the United StatesD.brought people more leisure time with their families问题4选项A.men and women will never share the same goalsB.some men will be willing to exchange their traditional male rolesC.most men will be happy to share some of the household responsibilities with their wivesD.more American households are headed by women than ever before问题5选项A.Results of Feminist Movements B.New influence in American LifeC.Counterculture and Its consequenceD.Traditional Division of Male and Female Roles【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。第一段指出: Men worked outside the home and earned the income to support their families, while women cooked the meals and took care of the home and the children. These roles were firmly fixed for most people, and there was not much opportunity for women to exchange their roles(曾经由社会分工来定义男女性别角色。男性在外工作，赚钱养家，女性则在家做饭，照顾孩子。这些角色相对固定，并且不容易转变)。因此D(过去男女角色通常是完全分开的)能概括第一段大意。2.主旨大意题。第二段介绍反主流文化转变了 男性和女性的传统社会分工定位, 故选C(反主流文化为男性和女性提供新的角色选择)。3.判断推理题。第二段第三段主要讲了反主流文化的价值观以及带给美国社会的改变, 故选B(转变了一些美国人的价值观)。4.判断推理题。第二段指出: Taking more interest in childcare, men began to share child-raising tasks with their wives. In fact, some young men and women moved to communal homes or farms where the economic and childcare responsibilities were shared equally by both sexes(因为对抚育孩子有了更大的兴趣，所以男性开始和妻子共同承担抚养孩子的任务。实际上，一些年轻的男性和女性搬去了公共房屋或者农场，在那儿双方共同承担经济贵任和孩子抚养贵任), 故选C (大部分男性很愿意和妻子分担些家庭责任)。5.主旨大意题。A: 女权运动结果;B: 美国生活的新影响; C: 反主流文化及其影响; D: 女性和男性角色的传统划分。结合文章内容可知B项最适合做文章标题。8. 单选题He would have finished his college education, but he （ ）to quit and find a job to support his family.问题1选项A.had hadB.hasC.hadD.would have【答案】C【解析】句意: 他本来会完成自己的大学教育，但是他却不得不放弃，然后找一份工作来养家。语法题考查一般过去吋态。由句中关键词“would have finished本来会完成”表示对过去事情的假设,因此这里表示对过去情况的描述，故C项“had （其为动词have 的过去时态）”正确。9. 单选题Visitors to England sometimes find the lack of public activities in the evenings （ ）.问题1选项A.depressedB.depressionC.depressingD.depressingly【答案】C【解析】句意: 前往英格兰的游客有时会因为缺乏晚上的公共活动而感到沮丧。语法题。考查宾语补语。空格处应填入形容词作宾语 “缺乏晚上的公共活动”的补语, 排除B,D。depressed 沮丧的; depressing 令人沮丧的。故C符合句意。10. 单选题We left the meeting, there obviously（ ）no point in staying.问题1选项A.wereB.to beC.beingD.having【答案】C【解析】句意: 我们离开了会议，因为留下来显然没有什么意义。语法题。考查there be句型。there is no point in doing sth.表示 “做某事没有用或没有意义”, 因此排除D。前半句已经是完整句子,因此后半句可以是非谓语充当原因状语。因此C项being正确。11. 单选题Human relations have commanded peoples attention from early times. The ways of people have been recorded in innumerable myths, folktales, novels, plays, and popular or philosophical essays. Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences. “Intuitive” knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior, whereas in the physical sciences such commonsense knowledge is relatively primitive. If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our modem word, not only would we not have cars and television set, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys and levers. On the other hand if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before. We would still “know” how to avoid doing something asked of us and how to get someone to agree with us; we would still “know” when someone was angry and when someone was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanations for the “whys of much of the selfs behavior and feelings. In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of other people which, though unformulated or only vaguely conceived, enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways. Kohler, in referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that “people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology”.Paradoxically, with all this natural, intuitive, commonsense capacity to grasp human, relations, the science of human relations has been one of the last to develop. Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested. One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves; but we might ask why people have always loved to read pessimistic, debunking writings, from Ecclesiastes to Freud. It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically; why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious? In any case, the field of human relations, with its vast literary, documentation but meager scientific treatment, is in great contrast to the field of physic in which there are relatively few nonscientific books.1.According to the passage, it has been suggested that the science of human relations was slow to develop because（ ）.2.Which of the following claims supports the authors statement that “Psychology holds a unique position among the sciences，？3.According to the passage, an understanding of the self can be（ ）.4.The author implies that attempts to treat human relations scientifically have thus far been relatively（ ）.5.It can be inferred that the author assumes that common sense knowledge of human relations is（ ）.问题1选项A.intuitive knowledge of human relations is derived from philosophyB.early scientists were more interested in the physical worldC.scientific studies of human relations appear to investigate the obvious.D.the scientific method is difficult to apply to the study of human relations问题2选项A.The full meaning of a human relationship may not be obvious.B.Commonsense understanding of human relations can be incisive.C.Intuitive knowledge in the physical sciences in relatively advanced.D.Subjective bias is difficult to control in psychological research.问题3选项A.highly biased due to unconscious factorsB.improved by specialized trainingC.profound even when vaguely conceivedD.irrelevant for understanding human relations问题4选项A.unilluminatingB.paradoxicalC.pessimisticD.encouraging问题5选项A.equally well developed among all adults within a given societyB.biased insofar as it is based on myths and folktalesC.typically unrelated on an individuals interactions with other peopleD.usually sufficiently accurate to facilitate interactions with others【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。最后一段指出: Paradoxically, with all this natural, intuitive, commonsense capacity to grasp human, relations, the science of human relations has been one of the last to develop (矛盾的是，人类拥有如此本能来经营人际关系，而有关人际关系处理的技巧却在最后才得到发展)。接着后面指出: why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious?( 人们为何要为一个明白的事实去系统进行观测，再建立起一套理论呢？)。故选C。2.细节事实题。第一段开头主要介绍了心理学能在众科学中占有独特位罝的原因: Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences (虽然人际关系的全部意义并非一目了然，但是要是能一眼瞥去就能明白那些复杂感情和动作的意思，自然妙不可言。这也是心理学能在众科学中占有独特位置的原因)。因此B正确。3.细节事实题。根据题干关键词understanding of the self定位至第一段: In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of other people which, though unfonnulated or only vaguely conceived.( 换句话说，人们对于自身和他人其实有一个很深刻和全面的了解，即 使只是在模糊的意识层面)。因此选C “虽然只是在模糊的意识层面，但是是深刻的”。4.判断推理题。最后一段: why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious? (人们为何要为一个明白的事实去系统进行观测，再建立起一套理论呢？), 因此推断A项 “无启发性的”正确。5.判断推理题。第一段指出: On the other hand if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before (反过来讲，假设我们将全部的心理学科学知识移除我们的世界，可能人际关系上的问题依然能够很顺利地得到解决)。因此可知, 人们对于人际关系的常识最够可以解决人际交往中的问题, 故选D。12. 单选题It is not uncommon for there （ ）problems of communication between the old and the young.问题1选项A.beingB.would beC.beD.to be【答案】D【解析】句意:老人与年轻人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。固定搭配。it is+形容词+for there to be.。13. 单选题“Congratulations, Mr. Jones, its a girl.”Fatherhood is going to have a different meaning and bring forth a different response from every man who hears these words. Some feel pride when they receive the news, while others worry, wondering whether they will be good fathers. Although there are some men who like children and may have had considerable experience with them, others do not particularly care for children and spend little time with them. Many fathers and mothers have been planning and looking forward to children for some time. For other couples, pregnancy was an accident that both husband and wife have accepted willingly or unwillingly.Whatever the reaction to the birth of a child, it is obvious that the shift from the role of husband to that of father is a difficult task. Yet, unfortunately, few attempts have been made to educate fathers in this reconciliation process. Although numerous books have been written about American mothers, only recently has literature focused on the role of fathers.It is argued by some writers that the change to the fathers role, although difficult, is not nearly as great as the change the wife must take to the mothers role. The mothers role seems to require a complete transformation in daily routine and highly innovative adaptation. On the other hand, the fathers role is less demanding and immediate. However, even though we mentioned the fact that growing numbers of women are working outside the home, the father is still thought by many as the breadwinner in the household.1. From the passage, we learn that fatherhood （ ）.2.What does the passage say about the shift from the role of husband to that of father?3.The passage indicates that（ ）.4.Which of the following will the author most probably disagree with?5.The authors purpose in writing this passage is to（ ）.问题1选项A.brings a feeling of excitement to most menB.makes some men feel proud and others uneasyC.has a different meaning for men who have daughtersD.means a responsibility that men accept unwillingly问题2选项A.Numerous books have been wri