2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷17

2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Many young people involved in forced marriages have to face a（ ）, that is, they love their parents but they also want to pursue true love.问题1选项A.dilemmaB.confrontationC.doctrineD.conflict【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项dilemma“进退两难”，B选项confrontation “争执，对抗”，C选项doctrine“教义，学说，信条”，D选项conflict“争执，分歧”，句意:许多卷入逼婚的年轻人不得不面对一个两难的境地，即他们爱父母，但也想追求真爱。因此，A选项符合句意。2. 单选题He wrote an article criticizing the Greek poet and won（ ）and a scholarship.问题1选项A.faithB.statusC.fameD.courage【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项faith“信念”；B选项status“地位”；C选项fame“名声”；D选项courage“勇气”。句意：他写了一篇批评希腊诗人的文章，从而赢得了名声和奖学金。本句表示获得了名气，因此C选项正确。3. 单选题While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New Yorks Veterans Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affects the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “Its not necessarily that women dont cope as well. Its just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens,” she observes, “its just that theyre dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family numbers, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarezs experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.1. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs？2.Dr. Yehudas research suggests that women（ ）3.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be（ ）4.The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 4, Para. 5) shows that（ ）5.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?问题1选项A.Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.B.Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.C.Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.D.Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.问题2选项A.have limited capacity for tolerating stress.B.need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.C.are exposed to more stress.D.are more capable of avoiding stress.问题3选项A.domestic and temporary.B.durable and frequent.C.irregular and violent.D.trivial and random.问题4选项A.Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.B.Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.C.Alvarezs salary barely covered her household expenses.D.Alvarez paid practically everything by check.问题5选项A.Strain of Stress: No Way Out?B.Responses to Stress: Gender DifferenceC.Stress Analysis: What Chemicals SayD.Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。题目问的是：根据前两段的内容，下列哪一项是正确的？根据原文第一段的第二句Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men（与男性相比，女性在面对压力时特别容易患上抑郁症和焦虑症）以及第二段第一句Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.（对动物和人类的研究表明，性激素会以某种方式影响应激反应，使处于压力下的女性比处于相同条件下的男性产生更多的触发化学物质。）由此可知，C选项“从生理上来看，女性更容易受到压力的影响”表述正确。故本题正确答案为C选项。2.判断推理题。题目问的是：Dr. Yehuda的研究表明女性。根据原文第三段第一句Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress.（女性压力大的原因除了是因为激素增加导致压力大外，还因为增加了造成压力的“机会”。）由此可知，C选项“会承受更多的压力”正确。因此本题正确答案为C选项。3.细节事实题。题目问的是：根据第四段的内容，女性面临的压力往往是？根据第四段第二句women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.（女性所面临的压力更多是慢性或重复性的性质。）由此可知，B选项的“持久的，频繁的”符合原文表述。A选项“家庭内部的，暂时性的”；C选项“不规律的，暴力的”；D选项“琐碎的，偶然的”均不正确。4.语义推断题。题目问的是：“我生活在不停的支票支付中”是什么意思？根据原文第五段的内容可知，Alvarez作为单身母亲，有很大的生活压力，她要照顾十几岁的孩子，还要工作，付房租，付汽车费用，还要还债务。由此可见，她的工资早已捉襟见肘，难以支撑家庭开支。选项C与原文表述一致，所以正确。5.主旨大意题。题目问的是：这篇文章最恰当的标题是？本文通过讲述两性在生理以及实际生活中的差异，描述了女性在压力面前的表现，侧重分析了女性压力大的主要原因。A选项没有集中于体现男女之间的差异，因此A选项错误；B选项只是表明男女之间在压力方面存在差异，并未侧重表现女性要面对更多压力；C选项表示只是属于造成压力的其中一个因素，不能概括文章全部内容。因此本题正确答案为D选项。4. 翻译题I dont recall French civilization feeling so important in my lifetime. There will be ugly arguments over the coming weeks, once the first shock passes, over who was responsible, how this disaster happened, what negligence was involved. But in those silent, reverent, hymn-singing crowds on the streets of Paris, I also saw the possibility of a French coming-together in the determination to rebuild not only the Notre-Dame cathedral, but also a nation shaken by the violence of the Yellow Vest movement and the social divisions it reflects. The story of Notre-Dame is a story of endurance and rebirth.【答案】在我的一生中，法国文明从未有过如此重要的感觉。在接下来的几周内，一旦第一波冲击过去，谁应该对此负责，这场灾难是如何发生的，哪些过失牵涉其中，将会有令人不快的争论。但在那些沉默的,虔诚的,只需人群在巴黎街头,我也看到了一个法国相遇了的可能性的决心重建不仅圣母院大教堂,也是一个国家遭受的暴力黄色背心运动和社会部门反映。巴黎圣母院的故事是一个关于忍耐和重生的故事。5. 单选题In todays competitive job market, people, especially young men are required to be aggressive and industrious.问题1选项A.invasiveB.belligerentC.progressiveD.enterprising【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项invasive “侵入的”；B选项belligerent“好战的”；C选项progressive“进步的”；D选项enterprising“有进取心的”。句意：在当今竞争激烈的就业市场上，人们，尤其是年轻人需要有进取心和勤奋。划线部分aggressive是有进取心的意思。因此D选项正确。6. 单选题We object to the idea that it is military force that should be（ ）in settling international disputes.问题1选项A.applied toB.resorted toC.fallen back onD.restrained from【答案】B【解析】考查动词词组辨析。A选项applied to“向申请”；B选项resorted to“依靠、求助于”；C选项fallen back on“没有其他办法时救助”；D选项restrained from“克制”。句意：我们反对用军事力量来解决国际争端的观点。本句表示依靠军事力量，因此B选项正确。7. 单选题In the light of the current situation, I have to review my plans.问题1选项A.Throwing light onB.In line withC.In accordance withD.In terms of【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项Throwing light on“阐明”；B选项In line with“符合”；C选项In accordance with“依照”；D选项In terms of“在方面”。句意：鉴于目前的形势，我得重新考虑我的计划。划线部分In the light of是根据、按照的意思。因此C选项正确。8. 单选题Some educators try to put students of similar abilities into the same class because they believe this kind of（ ）grouping is advisable.问题1选项A.homogeneousB.instantaneousC.spontaneousD.anonymous【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项homogeneous“同性质的”；B选项instantaneous“瞬间的”；C选项spontaneous“无意识的”；D选项anonymous“匿名的”。句意：有些教育工作者试图把能力相似的学生分到同一个班级，因为他们认为这种同质的分组是可取的。本句表示把能力相似的学生分到一个班是一种同质性的分组。因此A选项正确。9. 单选题Our civilization cannot be thought of as（ ）in a short period of time.问题1选项A.to have been createdB.to be createdC.having been createdD.being created【答案】C【解析】考查被动语态。as在这里是介词，后面应接名词性质的词，排除A、B，create的动作是过去发生的，应该用过去时态，排除D。句意：不应把我们的文明看作是短期内创造出来的。因此C选项正确。10. 单选题These goods are（ ）for export, though a few of them may be sold on the home market.问题1选项A.essentiallyB.completelyC.necessarilyD.remarkably【答案】A【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项essentially“基本地”；B选项completely“完全地”；C选项necessarily“必要地”；D选项remarkably“显著地”。句意：这些货物主要用于出口，但也有一些可能在国内市场销售。本句表示货物基本上用于出口，部分在国内销售。因此A选项正确。11. 单选题Its time you（ ）some reading or the other students will leave you behind.问题1选项A.got down toB.adapted toC.held on toD.attended to【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项got down to“开始认真”；B选项adapted to“适应于”；C选项held on to“坚持”；D选项attended to“注意”。句意：你该认真读书了，否则其他学生就会把你甩在后面。本句表示开始认真读书。因此A选项正确。12. 单选题Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could（ ）.问题1选项A.descendB.declineC.deteriorateD.depress【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项descend“下降”，多指从高处落向低处；B选项decline“衰退”，多指数量，质量或价值的下降；C选项deteriorate“恶化，变坏”；D选项depress“压抑，使沮丧”。根据句意：总有一天，软件可以很好地翻译书面语和口语，以至于对通用第二语言的需求可能会减少。这里是指需求减少，所以选项B最恰当。13. 单选题The wooden cases must be secured by overall metal strapping so that they can be strong enough to stand rough handling during（ ）.问题1选项A.transitB.motionC.shiftD.traffic【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项transit“搬运”；B选项motion“运动”；C选项shift“转移”；D选项traffic“交通”。句意：木箱必须用整体金属带固定，这样才能保证木箱在运输过程中足够坚固，经得起粗暴的搬运。本句表示木箱的搬运过程，因此A选项正确。14. 单选题The vast majority of people in any culture will（ ）to the established standards of that culture.问题1选项A.conformB.confineC.confirmD.confront【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“conform”，意为“相符合”，B选项“confine”，意为“监禁，限制”，C选项“confirm”，意为“证明 ，确认”，D选项“confront”，意为“面对，遭遇”。句意：任何文化中的大多数人都会和该文化的既定标准保持一致。A选项符合句意。15. 单选题Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this: artists only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasnt always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworths daffodils to Baudelaires flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But its not as if earlier times didnt know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.Today the messages your average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda to lure us to open our wallets they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!” commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.But what we forget what our economy depends on is forgetting is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. Its a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.1. By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that（ ）2.The word “bummer” (Line 4. paragraph 5) most probably means something（ ）.3.In the authors opinion, advertising（ ）.4.We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes（ ）5.Which of the following is true of the text?问题1选项A.poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music.B.art grow out of both positive and negative feeling.C.artist have changed their focus of interest.D.poets today are less skeptical of happiness.问题2选项A.unpleasantB.religiousC.entertainingD.commercial问题3选项A.emerges in the wake of the anti-happy partB.creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itselfC.replace the church as a major source of informationD.is a cause of disappointment for the general public问题4选项A.happiness more often than not ends in sadness.B.the anti-happy art is distasteful by refreshing.C.misery should be enjoyed rather than denied.D.the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms.问题5选项A.Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.B.Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.C.People feel disappointed at the realities of morality.D.Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。题目问的是：作者以诗人华兹华斯和波德莱尔为例，意在说明什么？根据关键词“Wordsworth and Baudelaire”定位到第二段最后一句But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworths daffodils to Baudelaires flowers of evil.（但是在19世纪的某个时候，越来越多的艺术家开始认为幸福是平淡的、虚假的，或者更糟糕的是，令人厌烦的，这点可以从威廉华兹华斯的水仙花到波德莱尔把鲜花描述为邪恶的转变之中看出。）本段前面的内容还提及“最早的艺术形式，如绘画和音乐，是最适合表达快乐的”，前后形成对比构成了转折关系，作者是想表达艺术家们改变了他们的关注点，过去的艺术形式是表达幸福和快乐，现在是虚假的幸福。所以选项C正确。2.词义推断题。题目问的是：下面哪一个词与“bummer”意思相近？根据题干信息定位到第五段最后两句In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.（在西方的大众传媒和教育普及之前，最强大的传播媒介就是教堂，它提醒信徒，他们的灵魂处于危险之中，他们总有一天会成为蠕虫的食物。考虑到这一切，他们并不需要自己的艺术也成为一个失败者。）关键词在于“too”，由此可推测“bummer”的意思与上一句有关联，表示的是消极负面的意义，所以选项A与之意思最为接近。3.细节事实题。题目问的是：作者认为广告是怎样的？根据第六段的倒数第二句And since these messages have an agenda to lure us to open our wallets they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable.（而且，由于这些信息都有一个目的引诱我们打开钱包它们使幸福的概念看起来并不可靠。）由此可知，B选项“制造幸福的幻觉，而不是幸福本身”正确。4.判断推理题。题目问的是：我们可以从最后一段了解到，作者相信什么？根据本段的最后一句Its a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.（这指的是反幸福的艺术是一个比丁香香烟更苦涩的信息，但不知怎的，却是一股新鲜空气。）由此可知，B选项与原文表述一致，所以正确。5.判断推理题。题目问的是：下列哪一个选项是正确的？A选项：大众媒体倾向于报道灾难和死亡；B选项：艺术提供了期望和现实之间的平衡；C选项：人们对道德的现实感到失望；D选项：宗教曾起到提醒痛苦的作用。选项A、B、C在原文均没有信息提及，只有D选项在原文最后一段提及，所以选项D正确。16. 单选题There are many who believe that the use of force（ ）political ends can never be justified.问题1选项A.in search ofB.in pursuit ofC.in view ofD.in light of【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项in search of“寻找”；B选项in pursuit of“在追求时”；C选项in view of“鉴于”；D选项in light of“按照”。句意：许多人认为用武力实现政治目的永远不可能是正当的。本句表示对政治目的的追求。因此B选项正确。17. 单选题There is virtually no limit to how one can serve community interests, from sending a few hours a week with some charitable organization to practically full-time work for a social agency. Just as there are opportunities for Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) for young people before they take up full-time employment,（1）there are opportunities for overseas service for qualified technicians in developing countries. Some people, （2）those who retire early, offer their technical and business skills in countries（3）there is a special need.So in considering voluntary or paid community service, there are more opportunities than there（4）were when one first began work. Most voluntary organizations have only a small full-time staff, and depend very much on volunteers and part-timers. This means that working relationships are different from those in commercial organizations, and values may be different. In some ways they may seem more（5）and less efficient, but one should not judge them by commercial（6）.The people who work with them do so for different reasons and with different objectives, both personal and organizational. One should not join them（7）to arm them with professional expertise; they must be joined with commitment to the cause, not business（8）Because salaries are small or non-existent many voluntary bodies offer modest expenses. But many retired people take part in community service for（9）， simply because they enjoy the work.Many community activities possible in retirement were also possible during ones working life but they are to be undertaken no less seriously for that. Retired people who are just looking for something different or unusual to do should not consider（10）community service.问题1选项A.asB.soC.thenD.that问题2选项A.passionatelyB.partiallyC.particularlyD.peculiarly问题3选项A.whichB.whereC.asD.that问题4选项A.everB.beforeC.neverD.lately问题5选项A.casualB.formaC.activeD.usual问题6选项A.valueB.normC.criteriaD.perspective问题7选项A.expectingB.to expectC.being expectedD.expected问题8选项A.effectB.sufficiencyC.deficiencyD.efficiency问题9选项A.freeB.freedomC.healthD.salary问题10选项A.to be takenB.to takeC.being takenD.taking【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A第6题:C第7题:A第8题:D第9题:A第10题:C【解析】1.本题考查连词的用法。本句意为:“正如年轻人在参加全职工作前有机会参加海外志愿服务一样,发展中国家的合格技术人员也有机会参加海外服务。”just asso”意为也，因此，B选项为正确答案。2.本题考查副词的用法。根据句意，“一些人，尤其是那些退休早的人”，空格所在句子的前后均是逗号，并且紧跟在主语的后面，因此后面的应该加上表示更进一步的副词， A选项passionately“热情地，强烈地”，B选项partially“部分地，偏袒地”， C选项particularly“特别地，尤其地”，D选项peculiarly“特殊地，奇怪地”，因此，C选项为正确答案。3.本题考查关系副词的用法。countries ,表示地点, where用于表示地点，放在地点之后,意为“在那;该处”,句意：在有特殊需要的国家提供他们的技术和商业技能。根据空格前的countries，可知此处缺少一个表示地点的副词，引导一个定语从句，因此，B 选项为正确答案。4.本题考查副词辨析。此处是一个more than的比较结构,现在和以前做比较，因此此句缺少的是一个表示过去状况的时间副词。A选项ever“曾经”，B选项before“以前”，C选项never“决不“，D选项lately“近来”，before作副词需要放在动词后，lately和never都不符合与过去时态之间的逻辑关系，本句意为“所以在考虑义务或付费的社区服务时,现在比一个人刚开始工作时有更多的机会。”5.本题考查形容词的用法。A选项casual“随便的，疏忽的”， B选项forma“植物型，变型”，C选项active“忙碌的，活跃的”， D选项usual“通常的，惯例的”,此空的后面有个less efficient，并列成分，因此应该是more casual，来表达同一个意思，与之相对应，句意：在某些方面，他们可能看起来更随意，效率更低。因此，A选项为正确答案。6.本题考查名词用法。根据judge可以得出，后面应该是有一个评判的标准，才可以去根据这个标准做出判断，A选项value“价值，益处”，B选项norm“准则，惯例” ，C选项criteria“标准”，D选项perspective“态度，观点”，因此，C选项为正确答案。7.本题考查动词+ ing作宾语补足语的用法。此句中them和they指代的都是志愿者组织的全职员工，join them后面所跟的部分为伴随状语，故应使用动词的现在分词形式。因此，A选项为正确答案。8.本题考查名词用法。A选项effect“影响，结果，效应”，B选项sufficiency“足量，充足”，C选项deficiency“缺点，缺陷”，D选项efficiency“效率，功效”，该空前面一句话说的是人们不应该加入他们指望用专业知识武装他们;之后有提到必须结合对事业的承诺，而不是什么，那么也就是前文所提到的用专业知识所获取的商业的效率。因此，D选项为正确答案。9.本题考查词汇的固定搭配。A选项free“自由的，免费的”，B选项freedom“自由”，C选项health“健康”，D选项salary“薪资”，由上下文可知，他们选择做这项工作只是因为他们喜欢，因此可以推断他们不要求报酬，无偿参加社区服务的工作，for free表示“无偿的”。因此，A选项为正确答案。10.本题考查非谓语动词。consider要求后面动词用ing形式,作宾语。句意：那些只是想在退休之后寻找一些新鲜事情做的人并不应该考虑做社区服务。因此，C选项为正确答案。