2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷75

2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New Yorks Veterans Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries（the female reproductive organs）removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “Its not necessarily that women dont cope as well. Its just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens,” she observes, “its just that theyre dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarezs experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.1. Paragraph 2 states that（ ）.2. Dr. Yehudas study found that women（ ）.3. One difference between the sexes is that the stress women confront tends to be（ ）.4. What is the meaning of “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”（Line 6, Para. 5）?5. The best title for this text would be（ ）.问题1选项A.women are biologically more vulnerable to stressB.women are still suffering much stress caused by menC.women are more experienced than men in coping with stressD.men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress问题2选项A.need extra doses of chemicals to handle stressB.have limited capacity for tolerating stressC.are more capable of avoiding stressD.are exposed to more stress问题3选项A.domestic and temporaryB.irregular and violentC.durable and frequentD.trivial and random问题4选项A.Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.B.Alvarezs salary barely covered her household expenses.C.Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.D.Alvarez paid practically everything by check.问题5选项A.Strain of Stress: No Way Out?B.Responses to Stress: Gender DifferenceC.Stress Analysis: What Chemicals SayD.Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由原文第二段第一句“Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.”可知，对动物和人类的研究表明，性激素会以某种方式影响应激反应，使处于压力下的女性比处于相同条件下的男性产生更多的触发化学物质。由此可知，A选项“从生理上来看，女性更容易受到压力的影响”表述正确。B选项表示“女性仍然承受着很多由男性引起的压力”，在原文内容中并未提及，故错误；C选项表示“在应对压力方面，女性比男性更有经验”，属于断章取义，并不能根据第二段得出相关信息；D选项表示“男人和女人在面对压力时表现出不同的倾向”，与原文段落中心思想偏离，故D项也错误。因此，本题正确答案为A选项。2.推理判断题。题干询问：Dr. Yehuda研究发现女性。由原文第三段第一句“Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased opportunities for stress.”可知，女性压力大的原因除了是因为激素增加导致压力大外，还因为增加了造成压力的“机会”。因此，D选项正确，A选项错误，并不是需要额外剂量的化学药品来应对压力。根据原文第三段第三句“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens”可知，女性的抗压能力要比男性强，故B选项表述正确。C选项在原文中并未提及，因此本题正确答案为D选项。3.细节事实题。由原文第四段“women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence.”可知，女性面临的压力多来自家庭内部，更为琐碎重复；男性的压力多是战争或者具有偶然性的动态情况。因此C选项的内容更符合原文表述。故本题正确答案为C选项。A选项表示“家庭内部的”和“暂时性的”，B选项表示“不规律的”和“暴力的”，D选项表示“琐碎的和偶然的”。4.细节事实题。题干询问：“我生活在不停的支票支付中”是什么意思？根据原文第五段“Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.”可知，Alvarez作为单身母亲，有很大的生活压力，她要照顾十几岁的孩子，还要工作，付房租，付汽车费用，还要还债务。由此可见，她的工资早已捉襟见肘，难以覆盖家庭开支。因此本题正确答案为B选项。A选项表示“Alvarez只关心赚钱”，C选项表示“Alvarez做多份工作获得薪水”，D选项表示“Alvarez几乎用支票支付所有的东西”。5.主旨大意题。题干询问：“这篇文章最适合的题目是”。本文通过讲述两性在生理以及实际生活中的差异，描述了女性在压力面前的表现，侧重分析了女性压力大的主要原因。A选项没有集中于体现男女之前的差异，因此A选项错误；B选项只是表明男女之间在压力方面存在差异，并未侧重表现女性要面对更多压力；C选项表示只是属于造成压力的其中一个因素，不能概括文章全部内容。因此本题正确答案为D选项。2. 单选题Chinas first set of regulations on human organ transplant, which prohibits organizations and individuals from trading human organs in any form,（ ）on May lst, 2007.问题1选项A.fell backB.fell shortC.went into effectD.come to the point【答案】C【解析】考查动词词组辨析。A选项fell back表示“后退”；B选项fell short表示“不符合标准，缺乏”；C选项went into effect表示“生效”；D选项come to the point表示“直截了当的说，简明扼要的说”。分析句意可知，中国颁布的首部人体器官移植条例是从2007年5月1日开始生效。因此本题正确答案为C选项。3. 单选题Only two countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave from work to care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up the dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2011. I wasnt surprised when this didnt make the news here in the United Stateswere now the only wealthy country without such a policy.The United States does have one explicit family policy, the Family and Medical Leave Act, passed in 1993. It entitles workers to as much as 12 weeks unpaid leave for care of a newborn or dealing with a family medical problem. Despite the modesty of the benefit, the Chamber of Commerce and other business groups fought it bitterly, describing it as “government-run personnel management and a dangerous precedent. In fact, every step of the way, as（usually）Democratic leaders have tried to introduce work-family balance measures into the law, business groups have been strongly opposed.As Yale law professor Anne Alstott argues, justifying parental support depends on defining the family as a social good that, in some sense, society must pay for. In her book No Exit: What Parents Owe Their Children and What Society Owes Parents, she argues that parents are burdened in many ways in their lives: there is no exit when it comes to children. Society expectsand needsparents to provide their children with continuity of care, meaning the intensive, intimate care that human beings need to develop their intellectual, emotional and moral capabilities. And society expectsand needsparents to persist in their roles for 18 years, or longer if needed.While most parents do this out of love, there are public penalties for not providing care. What parents do, in other words, is of deep concern to the state, for the obvious reason that caring for children is not only morally urgent but essential for the future of society. The state recognizes this in the large body of family laws that govern children welfare, yet parents receive little help in meeting the life-changing obligations society imposes. To classify parenting as a personal choice for which there is no collective responsibility is not merely to ignore the social benefits of good parenting; really, it is to steal those benefits because they accrue（不断积累）to the whole of society as todays children become tomorrows productive citizenry（公民）.In fact, by some estimates, the value of parental investments in children, investments of time and money（including lost wages）, is equal to 20-30% of gross domestic product. If these investments generate huge social benefits-as they clearly dothe benefits of providing more social support for the family should be that much clearer.1. What do we learn about paid family leave from the first paragraph?2. What has prevented the passing of work-family balance laws in the United States?3. What is Professor Anne Alstotts argument for parental support?4. What does the author think of Americas large body of family laws-governing childrens welfare?5. Why does the author object to classifying parenting as a personal choice?问题1选项A.Its meaning was clarified when it was established in Australia.B.It has now become a hot topic in the United States.C.It came as a surprise when Australia adopted the policy.D.America is now the only developed country without the policy.问题2选项A.The incompetence of the Democrats.B.The opposition from business circles.C.The lack of a precedent in American history.D.The existing Family and Medical Leave Act.问题3选项A.Good parenting benefits society.B.The cost of raising children in the U. S. has been growing.C.The U. S. should keep up with other developed countries.D.Children need continuous care.问题4选项A.They fail to ensure childrens healthy growthB.They fail to provide enough support for parentsC.They emphasize parents legal responsibilities.D.They impose the care of children on parents.问题5选项A.It is basically a social undertaking.B.It relies largely on social support.C.It generates huge social benefits.D.It is regarded as a legal obligation.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由第一段“Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up the dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2011. I wasnt surprised when this didnt make the news here in the United Stateswere now the only wealthy country without such a policy. 去年春天，其中之一的澳大利亚放弃了这一可疑的区别，从2011年开始实行带薪产假。我一点也不惊讶，这并没有成为美国的新闻我们现在是唯一一个没有这样的政策的富裕国家。”据此可知美国仍然没有实行带薪产假。故D项正确。2.细节事实题。由第二段“In fact, every step of the way, as（usually）Democratic leaders have tried to introduce work-family balance measures into the law, business groups have been strongly opposed. 事实上，当（通常）民主党领导人试图在法律中引入工作与家庭平衡的措施时，每一步都遭到了商业团体的强烈反对。”据此可知B项“遭到商业界的反对”正确。3.细节事实题。As Yale law professor Anne Alstott argues, justifying parental support depends on defining the family as a social good that, in some sense, society must pay for. 正如耶鲁大学法学教授安妮奥尔斯托特（Anne Alstott）所指出的那样，要证明父母支持子女的合理性，就必须将家庭定义为一种社会有利的单位，在某种意义上，社会必须为此买单。可知Anne教授认为社会应该支持parental support，因为家庭是对社会有利的单位，孩子良好的教养对社会有利。故A项正确。B项“在美国，养育孩子的成本一直在增长。”和C项“美国应该赶上其他发达国家。”以及D项“孩子们需要持续的照顾”与Anne的观点无关。4.细节事实题。由第四段“The state recognizes this in the large body of family laws that govern children welfare, yet parents receive little help in meeting the life-changing obligations society imposes. 国家在管理儿童福利的大量家庭法律中认识到这一点，但在履行社会强加的改变人生的义务方面，父母几乎得不到帮助。”据此可知父母真正得到的来自该法律的帮助很少。故B项正确。5.判断推理题。由第四段“To classify parenting as a personal choice for which there is no collective responsibility is not merely to ignore the social benefits of good parenting; really, it is to steal those benefits because they accrue to the whole of society as todays children become tomorrows productive citizenry . 把养育子女归为没有集体责任的个人选择，不仅是忽视了良好养育的社会效益; 实际上，它是在窃取这些福利，因为它们会累积到整个社会，因为今天的儿童将成为明天富有成效的公民。”据此可知作者认为良好养育能带来社会效益，养育子女是社会的责任，是一种社会事业。故A项正确。4. 单选题Some people believe that “King John” was written by Shakespeare, but some people think it might be written by an（ ）author.问题1选项A.ambiguousB.authenticC.antiqueD.anonymous【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。ambiguous模糊不清的，模棱两可的；authentic 真正的，真实的；antique 古老的，年代久远的；anonymous匿名的，无名的。由but可知前后句所述内容相反，前半句说有人相信莎士比亚是约翰王的作者，后半句推测作者是一个匿名的作家。故D项正确。句意：有些人认为约翰王是莎士比亚写的，但有些人认为它可能是匿名的作者写的。5. 单选题Galaxy clusters are the most massive structures in the universe and exert such a powerful（ ）pull that they warp the space time around them and act as cosmic lenses that can magnify, distort and bend the light behind them.问题1选项A.gravitationalB.exceptionalC.motivationalD.sensational【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项gravitational表示“重力的，引力的”；B选项exceptional表示“超常的，异常的，例外的”；C选项motivational表示“动机的，激发性的”；D选项sensational表示“轰动的，耸人听闻的，使人感动的”。由句意可知，星系团是宇宙中最巨大的结构，它能产生巨大的引力，扭曲周围的时空，就像宇宙透镜一样放大、扭曲和弯曲后面的光线。因此，A选项gravitational的含义最符合原文句意，故本题正确答案为A选项。6. 单选题Examine the data over time, and youll find irrefutable evidence of progress: the decline of war, the increase in life span;（ ）of literacy, democracy, and equal rights,（ ）of privilege based on race, gender, heredity and beliefs.问题1选项A.the spread . the waningB.the spreading . the waneC.the spreads. the wanesD.the spreading the waning【答案】A【解析】考查词性。the + 名词，表示特指。spread 可以做动词，也可以做名词。Wane是动词，变名词为在其后加-ing。句意：回顾一段时间以来的数据，你就会发现有不可辨驳的证据证明社会在进步：战争减少，寿命延长，识字率的提高以及民主和权利平等意识的增强，基于种族、性别、出身、信仰而获得的特权的减少。选项A符合题意。7. 单选题“Under no circumstances（ ）the Senates raising the debt ceiling with just 50 votes.” The senator said, insisting meaningful spending reforms before raising the debt ceiling.问题1选项A.will I agree toB.I will agree toC.agree to I willD.I will agree to【答案】A【解析】考查倒装句的用法。分析句子结构可知，题目中包含倒装结构，Under no circumstances置于句首，句子出现部分倒装，这时will应提前到主语之前。因此本题正确答案为A选项。8. 单选题In the world of big business; James Linton is precocious in the extreme. Just two years into the job of reviving one of the most illustrious names in retail finance, RoCom, he has found himself a key player, in one of the richest and certainly most audacious deals in the industry PTLs takeover of RoCorm.PTL is paying 25 a share for RoCom-approximately 40 percent more than the market value of the sharesand its offer document boasted that “PTL attaches great importance to key employees having appropriate performance related remuneration.” Initially wary about the takeover, Linton has now negotiated a hands-off agreement with PTL, which confirms its intention to leave him very much to his own devices to continue building the business. All this and he will not turn 38 for another fortnight!Although Linton is credited with turning RoCom around, this is more a matter of work in progress than actual achievement. Yet he does seem to have instituted the biggest top-level shake-up in its near 70-year history, promoted some big-hitters amongst key staff and transformed RoComs way of doing business.Linton has, however, warned that the takeover is by no means a guarantee of future success; indeed, deteriorating market conditions suggest that the way forward will be anything but smooth. Linton recently ventured the hypothesis that being shareholder owned had, in recent years, helped the business focus and argued that the sectors experience of rival takeovers was not encouraging. Indeed, the recently reported performance of rival organizations such as Maften Limited has not promoted the no-Linton.It may have been his ideas about independence that made Linton address RoComs 900 staff on the day the takeover was announced, rather than doing high-profile media interviews on what was immediately seen as a fantastic deal for share-holders. He is acutely aware of the need to nurture his staff if the business is to succeed, something which is not lost on them. This is not a management-school dictum. It is a genuine belief that every member of staff has contributed to the firm and enabled it to net 1.9 billion from PTL. Other CEOs say he is arrogant, but this probably reflects the fact that Linton may find talking to them difficult. He is also ferociously intelligent, and, while in others this could appear intimidating, in Linton it awakes further admiration amongst loyal employees. They clearly do not feel they have to grovel in front of this mastermind, and claim that although hes incredibly dedicated to his work, he has an affable manner.Linton boasts that staff turnover rates at RoCom have remained low for the industry, at about 12 percent since he took over as CEO two years ago. “People have a real affection for RoCom, and that runs right through the office here. They all want us to be number one.” he says. He is aware of the possibility that the collegiate ethos he has worked so hard to create, the meritocracy on which he thinks much of RoComs success depends, could be destroyed if PTL is too heavy- handed. He will need all his skills to keep RoCom on course, particularly when attention has immediately focused on the possibility that Susan Marshall, its respected investment chief, might be the first casualty of the takeover. Whatever the future holds for RoCom, we are certain to go on hearing a lot more of James Linton.1. What is PTL doing, according to paragraph 2?2. What do we learn about Lintons work at RoCom in paragraph 3?3. What does Linton say about RoCom in paragraph 4?4. Which of the following is said about Lintons management style?5. How does Linton feel about the takeover, according to paragraph 6?问题1选项A.Allowing Linton to run RoCom in the way he wishes toB.Purchasing majority of the RoCom shares on offerC.Giving all RoCom staff regular bonuses to promote motivationD.Drawing up new employment contracts for RoCom employees问题2选项A.He has achieved more than anyone in RoComs history.B.He has widened the range of RoComs business activities.C.He has taken on a number of new employees.D.He has made changes to senior management.问题3选项A.The company is likely to face difficult times.B.The company has lost a number of experienced staff.C.The company is expecting to report encouraging results shortly.D.The company needs to change its focus to remain competitive.问题4选项A.He involves others in the decision-making process.B.His staff find him approachable.C.He expects his staff to work as hard as he does.D.His style differs from that of other CEOs.问题5选项A.Pleased that staff turnover finally started to fall two years agoB.Afraid that he will lose his job to Susan MarshallC.Worried that the company culture might changeD.Happy that employ employees have been so supportive of his work【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第二段倒数第二句提到现在，林顿已经与PTL谈判达成了一项不干涉协议，这证实了PTL打算让林顿根据自己的意愿继续发展业务（Linton has now negotiated a hands-off agreement with PTL, which confirms its intention to leave him very much to his own devices to continue building the business），因此选项A符合题意。2.判断推理题。文章第三段提到林顿似乎确实实施了公司近70年历史上规模最大的高层人事变动，在关键员工中提拔了一些重量级人物，并改变了RoCom的经营方式Y（et he does seem to have instituted the biggest top-level shake-up in its near 70-year history, promoted some big-hitters amongst key staff and transformed RoComs way of doing business），选项D符合题意。3.细节事实题。文章第四段第一句可以知道公司正面临一些问题，处在艰难时期，选项A符合题意。4.细节事实题。文章倒数第二段倒数第一句提到虽然林顿全身心投入工作，但是他依然给人一种和蔼可亲的感觉（they clearly do not feel they have to grovel in front of this mastermind, and claim that although hes incredibly dedicated to his work, he has an affable manner），选项B符合题意。5.判断推理题。文章最后一段提到林顿认为如果PTL太过严厉，他努力经营的学员风气就会被摧毁（He is aware of the possibility that the collegiate ethos he has worked so hard to create, the meritocracy on which he thinks much f RoComs success depends, could be destroyed if PTL is too heavy-handeD.，由此可知他是害怕公司文化会改变，选项C符合题意。9. 单选题The annual Phi Delta Kap