2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷86

2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题For Tony Blair, the outside world is a place of moral certainty. There are good guys and bad guys, and what needs to be done is pretty clear. Home, by contrast, is a messy sort of place, where the prime ministers job is not to uphold eternal values but to force through some unpopular changes that may make the country work a bit better. So, if, as Britain dispatches 1,700 marines to help finish off the bad guys in Afghanistan, Mr. Blair cuts a more impressive figure abroad than he does at home, it is not surprising. Mr. Blairs government is at that dangerous stage.The gloss of last years landslide（政党候选人的胜利）has worn off; the next election is too far away to foster unity among the Labor Party and its allies; fighting the battles that need to be fought seems like hard work. No wonder Mr. Blair is not looking so steady. The area where this is most obvious, and where it matters most is the public services. Mr. Blair faces a difficulty here which is partly of his own making. By focusing his last election campaign on the need to improve hospitals, schools, transport and policing, he built up expectations. And he has been admirably frank about how that improvement needs to be achieved. A lazier and more cynical prime minister might have blamed past failure on Tory underfunding, thrown some more money at the relevant ministries and hoped for the best. Mr. Blair has said many times those reforms in the way the public services work need to go alongside increases in cash. The trouble is that public services are, for the most part, peopleteachers, doctors, nurses, policemenso reforming them means changing working practices. People dont much like having new ways of working forced on them, and their unions see resisting change as their raison detre（存在的目的或理由）.So the hardest part of the governments task is getting the unions to agree to change.Mr. Blair has made his task harder by committing a classic negotiation error. Instead of extracting concessions from the other side before promising his own, he has pledged himself to higher spending on public services without getting a commitment to change from the unions.Nor are other ministries conveying quite the same message as the treasury. On March 19th, John Hutton, a health minister, announced that cleaners and catering staff in new privately funded hospitals working for the National Health Service will still be government employees, entitled to the same pay and conditions as other health service workers. Since one of the main ways in which the government hopes to reform the public sector is by using private providers, and since one of the main ways in which private providers are likely to be able to save money is by cutting labor costs, this move seems to undermine the governments strategy.1. As is described in the first paragraph, Tony Blairs government is strikingly characterized by（ ）.2. The Blairs government is looking so uncertain in the area which（ ）.3. Mr. Blairs achievements on reforms（ ）.4. Strong opposition is leveled against Mr. Blairs strategy because the government（ ）.5. At the time when the article was written, the situation in Britains public services seems to be（ ）.问题1选项A.prompt fulfillment of its promisesB.timely coordination with other departmentsC.dedication to the efficiency of administrationD.involvement in a dangerous stage问题2选项A.underlies the government strategyB.matters most to votersC.welcomes easy concessionsD.entitles workers to pensions问题3选项A.meet the expectations of government employeesB.fail to live up to his remarks on electionC.goes against the interests of the populaceD.neglects the section of public services问题4选项A.wants to take advantage of private providersB.pledges itself to higher spending on health careC.asserts its absolute control of the nationD.hopes to change working practices问题5选项A.quite encouragingB.very impressiveC.rather bleakD.fairly promising【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段最后一句提到“布莱尔先生的政府处在危险中”（Mr. Blairs government is at that dangerous stage）,因此选项D符合题意。2.细节事实题。文章第二段第二句提到“布莱尔先生看起来并没有想象中稳定，而这种不稳定主要是在公共服务中”（No wonder Mr. Blair is not looking so steady. The area where this is most obvious, and where it matters most is the public services），因此选项B符合题意。3.细节事实题。文章第二段提到布莱尔在选举中将问题聚焦在提高医院、学校、交通和政策上，为政府成员建立其期望。他的这种想法被其他人赞赏。（By focusing his last election campaign on the need to improve hospitals, schools, transport and policing, he built up expectations），因此选项A符合题意。4.细节事实题。文章第二段提到改革意味着改变工作实践,因此在改革这些公共服务人群的工作过程中会比较麻烦（the trouble is that public services are, for the most part, people teachers, doctors, nurses, policemen so reforming them means changing working practices），选项D符合题意。5.推理判断题。从全文可以看出，英国当时的公共服务是有待改革的，因此选项C符合题意。2. 单选题The CIA chief noted last month, “There are a lot of things that Iran does that tends to（ ）terrorism, and they still are the leading state sponsor of terrorism in the world.”问题1选项A.fastenB.flatterC.fascinateD.facilitate【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项fasten表示“使固定，集中于”；B选项flatter表示“奉承，谄媚”；C选项fascinate表示“使着迷，使神魂颠倒”；D选项facilitate表示“促进，帮助，使容易”。由后文提到的“they still are the leading state sponsor of terrorism in the world”可知，Iran仍然是世界上支持恐怖主义的主要国家，所以他们做了很多事帮助恐怖主义，为他们提供便利。因此，facilitate含义更符合句意，故本题正确答案为D选项。3. 单选题Most geologists believe（ ）from the remains of tiny marine plants and animals that died millions of years ago.问题1选项A.that petroleum was formedB.what was formed petroleumC.when petroleum formedD.petroleum that formed【答案】A【解析】考查宾语从句。BCD三项的内容与句意不符。A项用that引导宾语从句。句意：大多数地质学家认为石油是从微小的海洋植物和几百万年前死掉的动物的遗骸中形成的4. 单选题According to the Ghana National Narcotic Control Board（NACOB., almost four thousand Ghanaian are（ ）illicit drugs while several others are reported to be engaged in constant drug trafficking annually.问题1选项A.exposed toB.attached toC.addicted toD.opposed to【答案】C【解析】考查动词词组辨析。A选项exposed to表示“接触，暴露于”；B选项attached to表示“附属于，爱慕”；C选项addicted to表示“上瘾，沉迷于”；D选项opposed to表示“反对”。分析句意可知，根据加纳国家麻醉品管制局（NACOB.的报告，几乎有4000加纳人沉迷于毒品，而每年有数千人不断从事贩毒。因此本题正确答案为C选项。5. 单选题Japan became the top investment destination for Chinese property investment in 2014 due to the（ ）of the Japanese yen.问题1选项A.attachmentB.amendmentC.depreciationD.abbreviation【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项attachment表示“附件，依恋”；B选项amendment表示“修正，改正”；C选项depreciation表示“折旧，贬值”；D选项abbreviation表示“缩写，简写”。由原文句意可知，2014年日本成为中国房地产投资的首选投资目的地是因为日元（ ）。因此，depreciation最符合句意，故本题正确答案为C选项。6. 单选题Actress Amanda Bynes was convicted of（ ）driving in April 2012 when she crashed into an L.A. County sheriffs deputys cruiser.问题1选项A.legitimateB.juvenileC.recklessD.redundant【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项legitimate表示“合法的，正当的”；B选项juvenile表示“青少年的，幼稚的”；C选项reckless表示“鲁莽的，不顾后果的”；D选项redundant表示“多余的，过剩的，失业的”。be convicted of表示“被宣判有罪”，由句意可知这位女演员因为非法驾驶而被判有罪，因此只有C选项词义最符合句意。故本题正确答案为C选项。7. 单选题In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher5s me, here, now becomes the communitys anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public（including other scientists）receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individuals discovery claim into the communitys credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search，not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second，novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim - a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each, others reasoning and each others conceptions of reason.”1. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its（ ）.2. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires（ ）.3. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it（ ）.4. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that（ ）.5. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?问题1选项A.uncertainty and complexityB.misconception and deceptivenessC.logicality and objectivityD.systematicness and regularity问题2选项A.strict inspectionB.shared effortsC.individual wisdomD.persistent innovation问题3选项A.has attracted the attention of the general publicB.has been examined by the scientific communityC.has received recognition from editors and reviewersD.has been frequently quoted by peer scientists问题4选项A.scientific claims will survive challengesB.discoveries today inspire future researchC.efforts to make discoveries are justifiedD.scientific work calls for a critical mind问题5选项A.Novelty as an Engine of Scientific DevelopmentB.Collective Scrutiny in Scientific DiscoveryC.Evolution of Credibility in Doing ScienceD.Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。 由题干关键词the first paragraph和the process of discovery定位至第一段句But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. 但在科学的日常实践中，发现常常遵循一条模糊而复杂的路线。A项中的uncertainty和complexity分别为ambiguous和complicated的同义替换，故A项正确。由第一段最后一句“Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.”科学发现过程中可能存在很多误解、错误和自欺。但这些只是可能性，不是科学发现过程的本质特点，故排除B项。本段第一句“In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. 在科学是如何进行的理想化状态中，关于世界的事实正等着被客观的研究人员观察和收集，他们用科学的方法来进行他们的工作。”CD两项提到的都是理想化的特点，不是科学发现过程的真实特点，故排除。2.细节事实题。由题干关键词credibility process定位到第二段 This is the credibility process, through which the individual researchers me, here, now becomes the communitys anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.这就是可信度的过程，通过这个过程，个体研究者的我，在这里，现在变成了社区的任何人，任何地方，任何时间。客观知识是目标，不是起点。可知科学发现获得公众可信度的过程需要每个人的努力，故B项正确。ACD三项都是该过程的一个方面。3.细节事实题。根据第三段“As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individuals discovery claim into the communitys credible discovery.” 当一项科学发现在科学界中传播时，关于所涉及的科学和技术的共享和相互竞争的信念之间的相互作用和对抗会将个人的发现转变为科学界的可靠发现。”可知经过科学界的检查后，科学发现将变得可靠。故 B项正确。4.细节事实题。由题干定位到第四段Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” 诺贝尔奖获得者、生理学家Albert Azent-Gyorgyi曾将发现描述为“看到每个人看到的，思考没有人想过的”。由此可知，阿尔贝特圣捷尔吉强调科学发现不能循规蹈矩，要有创新精神和批判精神。故D项正确。5.主旨大意题。第一段讲述了日常科学研究存在不确定性和复杂性。第二段指出，科学发现需要经过可信性证实过程才能变为可靠的。第三段介绍了科学发现可信性的证实过程。在第四段，作者指出了可信性证实过程中存在的两个矛盾。由此可知本文通篇都在论述科学可信性的证实过程。所以C项正确。8. 单选题On the winding paths（ ）footprints of some strange animals.问题1选项A.were found to beB.found to beC.were to be foundD.were finding.【答案】C【解析】考查倒装用法。当表位置的地点状语放在句首时，句子要用全部倒装。该句主语footprints与found之间是被动关系，故用 to be found, C项正确。句意：在蜿蜒的小路上有许多奇怪动物的脚印。9. 单选题Up until a few decades ago, our visions of-the future were largely - though by no means uniformly-glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldnt we? Take a broader look at our species place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the Red List of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature（IUCN）, and you will read: Listed as Least Concern, as the species is .very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of todays technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and its perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. Thats one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic View of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.1. We used to have a positive vision of the future because of（ ）.2. According to the IUCNs “Red List”, human being（ ）.3. Paragraph 5 suggest that（ ）.4. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to（ ）.5. The best title for the text would be（ ）.问题1选项A.our faith in science and technologyB.our desire for lives of fulfillmentC.our awareness of potential risksD.our belief in equal opportunity问题2选项A.are the worlds dominant powerB.will threaten the environmentC.face no major threatsD.are a misplaced race问题3选项A.Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studiesB.technology offers solutions to social problemC.the interest in science fiction is on the riseD.our immediate future is hard to conceive问题4选项A.explore our planets abundant resourcesB.draw on our experience from the pastC.adopt an optimistic view of the worldD.curb our ambition to reshape history问题5选项A.The Ever-bright Prospects of MankindB.Evolution of the Human SpeciesC.Uncertainty about Our FutureD.Science, Technology and Humanity【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由原文第一段可知，直到几十年前，我们对未来的看法大多是积极的。科学和技术将治愈人类的所有疾病，为所有人带来满足和充满机会的生活。由此可以判断，我们通常对未来拥有积极的态度是因为我们相信科技的力量。因此，本题正确答案为A选项。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到原文第三段，由第三段最后一句“.there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”可知，人类目前并没有什么主要的威胁可以导致整体人口下降。故本题正确答案为C选项。3.推理判断题。由第五段第一句“Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.”可知考虑时间跨度比较长的未来要比考虑近期的未来更容易。由此可判断D选项正确。其他选项均不能由第五段内容得出，因此本题正确答案为D选项。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到原文第六段第二句。由“the past holds the key to the future”可知，我们的过去掌握着通往未来的钥匙。因此，要确保人类的未来，非常关键的一点就是要从过去总结经验，因此本题正确答案为B选项。5.主旨大意题。本文主要讲述的是因为科技的进步，人类的未来充满光明，我们现在拥有足够的知识来减少许多威胁人类生存的风险，并且能够改善未来人类的命运。因此，A选项“人类永远光明的未来”最适合作为文章的题目。故本题正确答案为A选项。10. 单选题Thank you for applying for a position with our firm. We do not have any openings at this time, but we shall keep your application on（ ）for two months.问题1选项A.pileB.segmentC.fileD.sequence【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。keep on file存档。句意：谢谢你申请我们公司的职位。目前我们公司职位空缺,但我们会将您的申请保存两个月。故C项正确。11. 单选题The first stroke guidelines to specifically target women（ ）prevention earlier in life and recognize unique female risks for the disorder, including pregnancy and birth control pills.问题1选项A.neglectB.avoidC.emphasizeD.admire【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。neglect忽视；avoid避免；emphasize强调；admire钦佩，赞美。由“and recognize认识到女性患这种疾病的独特风险”可知_ prevention earlier in life也是积极性的内容，C项符合句意。句意：第一份针对早期预防女性中风的指南强调女性应该早期预防，并认识到女性患中风的独特风险，包括怀孕和避孕药。12. 单选题It appeared to me that they were not doing anything for the patientthey did not ask me to help,（ ）say a word.问题1选项A.they did notB.nor did theyC.they didD.didnt they【答案】B【解析】考查语法。在英语中，两个简单句之间若有逗号连接，必须要用连词或引导词。故只有B项符合题意。句意：在我看来，他们没有为病人做任何事他们没有请我帮忙，也没有说一句话。13. 单选题In spite of “endless talk of difference”, American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,” hese were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that todays immigration is neither at unpreced