2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷89

2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Under this （ ）pressure some of the rocks even became liquid.问题1选项A.intensiveB.weightyC.intenseD.bulky【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。intensive加强的，集中的；weighty重大的，重的； bulky庞大的，笨重的；intense极度的，强烈的，剧烈的。句意：在这种高强度的压力下，一些岩石甚至变成了液体。由“some of the rocks even became liquid”可知岩石受到了极大的压力，故答案C2. 单选题Why in an age of technology, should so many people still cling to an ancient belief? In part it must be because astrology （占星术）claims to tell us something about ourselves, and all of us are interested in ourselves. I think it is because astrology is presented as if it were a science by its modern practitioner, and many people are misled by this.In fact，astrology was never a science. It was not a hypothesis or theory developed to describe natural phenomena, and until fairly recent times, there was no attempt to test or verify its predictions. Astrology began approximately three thousand years ago in Babylonia, it was applied to monarchs and kingdoms, but not to individuals. It spread in the 6th century BC as Far as India, where it flourishes today. The Egyptians, meanwhile, developed their own kind of astrology. But the astrology now practiced in Europe and America is that developed by the Greeks, who synthesized the ideas of Babylonians and Egyptians and enriched them with concepts from their own fertile imaginations. The Greeks believed that the earth was composed of four elements, and the heavens of a perfect crystalline material. The planets themselves were variously thought to be gods, residences of gods, or at least manifestations of gods. The gods were immortal, but otherwise had the same attributes of anger, happiness, jealousy, rage and pleasure as we do. Now if what the gods thought was capricious （变化无 常的），at least the planets were predictable in their movements. Because our own lot in life is so unpredictable, it must be purely at the mercy of gods. But if the gods are the planets, or somehow associated with them, then we have only to learn the rules of the motions of the planets to understand the whims of the gods and how they shape our own lives. So the belief developed that each of our lives is preordained by the precise configuration of the planets in the sky at the time of our birth.Astrology could not, of course, have seemed as incredible to the ancients as it does to us .The role of the sun influencing our daily and yearly lives is obvious; it was a natural extension to attribute other powers to the other planets as well. It wasnt until the time of Newton that we understood that the laws of Nature apply to the celestial worlds as well as to the terrestrial one. During antiquity, however, all great scholars believed in astrology.1.Many people are misled by astrology because it is presented by the practitioners as（ ）.2.It is implied that astrology is based on the belief that（ ）.3.Which of the following is TRUE about the scholars before the time of Newton?4.What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?问题1选项A.a theory that can describe natural phenomenaB.a magical key to understand themselvesC.an ancient belief that had long been applied to monarchsD.a mysterious power beyond the explanation of science问题2选项A.the gods intentions were hard to predictB.the fate of our lives were unpredictableC.the gods are closely related to the planetsD.the gods have the same attributes as we do问题3选项A.Some of them were convinced by astrology.B.They didnt know the laws of Nature apply to all planets.C.They played important roles in the development of astrology.D.Most of them found astrology incredible问题4选项A.To cast doubt on the origin of astrologyB.To compare astrology with real sciences.C.To point out the popularity of astrology.D.To justify the incredibility of astrology.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由第一段“I think it is because astrology is presented as if it were a science by its modern practitioner, and many people are misled by this. 这是因为占星术被它的现代实践者描述为一门科学，许多人被它误导了。”据此可知A项正确。答案A第2题:推理判断题。The Greeks believed that the earth was composed of fourelements, and the heavens of a perfect crystalline material. The planetsthemselves were variously thought to be gods, residences of gods, or atleast manifestations of gods.希腊人相信地球是由四种元素组成的，而天堂是由完美的水晶物质构成的。行星本身被以各种方式认为是神，神的住所，或者至少是神的显现。据此可知C项“神被认为与行星密切相关”正确。答案C第3题:细节事实题。由文章末尾“It wasnt until the time of Newton that we understood that the laws of Nature apply to the celestial worlds as well as to the terrestrial one. During antiquity, however, all great scholars believed in astrology. 直到牛顿时代，我们才明白自然法则不仅适用于地球，也适用于天体。然而，在古代，所有伟大的学者都相信占星术。”可知古代学者并不知道自然法则适用于所有行星。B项正确。第4题:主旨大意题。由第一段“I think it is because astrology is presented as if it were a science by its modern practitioner, and many people are misled by this. 我认为这是因为占星术被现代的从业者描述成一门科学，很多人被误导了。”及第二段“In fact，astrology was never a science. 事实上，占星术从来都不是一门科学。”可知作者认为占星术并非科学，不可信。答案D。本文主要是为了说明占星术不是科学，并未将占星术与真正的科学进行对比，故B项不对。文中对于占星术发展来源的叙述只是为了表明占星术是一种迷信，并不是本文的写作目的，故A项不对。C项“指出占星术很受欢迎”并不是本文的写作目的。3. 单选题Now that spring is here, you can （ ）these fur coats till you need them again next winter.问题1选项A.put overB.put awayC.put offD.put down【答案】B【解析】考查动词词组辨析。put over “推迟，驶过”；put away “放好，把收好”；put off “推迟，拖延”；put down “放下，记下”。 句意：春天来了，你可以把这些皮外套给收起来，直到来年冬天再拿出来。B项符合句意。答案B4. 单选题Children are always （ ）about things they do not know.问题1选项A.queerB.strangeC.curiousD.quaint【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。queer “奇怪的，异常的”；strange “奇怪的，陌生的”； curious “好奇的”； quaint “奇怪的，离奇有趣的”。句意：孩子们总是对未知事物充满好奇。C项符合题意，答案C5. 单选题Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i.e. worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago being employed meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population, growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist, trade or bookkeeping. Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employee-ship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employee-ship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee rather than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.1.It is implied that fifty years ago（ ）.2.According to the passage, with the development of modern industry,（ ）.3.According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is（ ）.4.From the passage it can be seen that employee-ship helps one（ ）.问题1选项A.eighty percent of American working people were employed in factoriesB.twenty per cent of intellectuals were employeesC.the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workersD.the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of industrial workers问题2选项A.factory laborers will overtake intellectual employees in numberB.there are as many middle-class employees as factory laborersC.employers have attached great importance to factory laborersD.the proportion of factory laborers in the total employee population has decreased问题3选项A.less important than awareness of being a good employeeB.as important as the ability to deal with public relationsC.more important than employer-employee relationsD.as important as the ability to co-operate with others in the organization问题4选项A.to be more successful in his careerB.to solve technical problemsC.to be more specialized in his fieldD.to develop his professional skill【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由“when fifty years ago “being employed” meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. 50年前，“受雇”意味着当工厂工人或农场工人，而今天的雇员越来越多地是受过正规教育的中产阶级，从事需要智力和技术技能的专业或管理工作。”可知50年前受雇人群以工人为主，技术类人才较少。故D项正确。C项原文内容不符，AB项文中未提及。答案D第2题:细节事实题。由第段中“middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population, growing so fast that the industrial worker has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production. 中产阶级和上层阶级雇员一直是我国劳动人口中增长最快的群体，其增长速度如此之快，以至于尽管工业生产在扩大，但工人在数量上的重要性却在下降。”可知知识分子雇员的数量增多，而工业工人的数量减少。故D项正确。第3题:细节事实题。由第二段中 And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employee-ship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. 越来越多的人，尤其是在大企业或政府部门，员工关系比特殊的专业知识或技能对成功更重要。可知A项“专业技能或知识没有员工关系重要”是对原文的同义转换。故A项正确。第4题:推理判断题。由第二段中“the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge. 你爬得越高，就越会从事行政或执行工作，就越强调在组织内工作的能力，而不是技术能力或专业知识。”可知在公司内部良好的工作关系能使人们的职业生涯更成功。答案A6. 单选题This border incident led to the two countries （ ）diplomatic relations in 1965.问题1选项A.breaking upB.finishingC.cutting outD.breaking off【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。break up “打碎，分手”； finish “完成”； cut out“切断，删去”； break off “中断”。句意：这次边境冲突导致这两个国家在1965年中断了外交关系。由border incident可推知这两国中断了外交关系。答案D7. 单选题The British psychoanalyst John Bowl by maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive attachment period from birth to three may scar a childs personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlbys work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, we saw earlier that among the Ngoni the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alonefar from it.Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, caretakers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicatedand controversial.Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on childrens development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.But Bowlbys analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.1.The phrase “predispose to” (Para. 1, line 2) most probably means（ ）.2.According to Bowlbys analysis, it is quite possible that（ ）.3.It is implied but not stated in the second paragraph that（ ）.4.The writer concludes that（ ）.问题1选项A.lead toB.dispose toC.get intoD.tend to suffer问题2选项A.childrens personalities will be changed to some extent through separation from their parents.B.early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in children.C.children will be exposed to many negative effects from early day care later on.D.some long-term effects can hardly be reduced from childrens development.问题3选项A.traditional societies separate the child from the parent at an early age.B.Children in modern societies cause more troubles than those in traditional societies.C.A child did not live together with his parents among the Ngoni.D.Children in some societies did not have emotional problems when separated from the parents问题4选项A.it is difficult to make clear what is the right age for nursery schoolB.it is not settled now whether early care is reasonable for childrenC.it is not beneficial for children to be sent to nursery schoolD.it is reasonable to subject a child above three to nursery school【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D【解析】第1题:判断推理题。由第一段may scar a childs personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. 可能对孩子的个性造成创伤，并且孩子在往后的生活容易出现情感问题。由and前面的“可能对孩子的个性造成创伤”可知and后面的内容性质与其一致，都是说的孩子过早的与父母分离会造成的问题。lead to导致；dispose to处置；get into进入，陷入；tend to suffer容易遭受。故只有D项符合句意。第2题:细节事实题。由“But Bowlbys analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. 但是，鲍尔比的分析提出了一种可能性，即早期日托有延迟效应。这种治疗可能会在15年或20年后导致更多的精神疾病或犯罪，这种可能性只能通过统计数据来探索。”可知C项正确，答案C。第3题:判断推理题。定位到第二段第一句“anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. 人类学家指出，在现代社会中发现的孩子与父母之间绝缘的爱情，在传统社会中通常不存在。”及“For example, we saw earlier that among the Ngoni the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone-far from it. 例如，我们早些时候看到，在Ngoni族中，孩子的父亲和母亲并不是独自抚养他们的孩子远非如此。”可推知“传统社会在早年将小孩和父母分开”是第二段中暗示但却没有阐明的。故答案选A第4题:判断推理题。“At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. 在三岁或三岁半的时候，几乎所有的孩子都发现过渡到托儿所很容易，这无疑是为什么越来越多的父母在这个时候把孩子送到托儿所的原因。”可知作者认为三岁以上的孩子上幼儿园是合理的。答案选D8. 单选题The biographer has to dance between two shaky positions with respect to the subject. Too close a relation, and the writer may lose objectivity. Not close enough, and the writer may lack the sympathy necessary to any effort to portray a mind, a soul-the quality of life. Who should write the biography of a family, for example? Because of their closeness to the subject, family members may have special information, but by the same token, they may not have the distance that would allow them to be fair. Similarly, a kings servant might not be the best one to write a biography of that king. But a foreigner might not have the knowledge and sympathy necessary to write the kings biography-not for a readership from within the kingdom, at any rate.There is no ideal position for such a task. The biographer has to work in the position he or she has in the world, adjusting that position as necessary to deal with the subject. Every position has strengths and weaknesses: to thrive, a writer must try to become aware of these, evaluate them in terms of the subject, and select a position accordingly.When their subjects are heroes or famous figures, biographies often reveal a democratic motive: the attempt to show that their subjects are only human, no better than anyone else. Other biographies are meant to change us, to invite us to become better than we are. The biographies of Jesus found in the Bible are this class.Biographers may claim that their account is the authentic one. In advancing this claim, they are helped if the biography is authorized by the subject: this presumably allows biographer special access to private information. Unauthorized biographies also have their appeal, however, since they can suggest an independence of mind in the biographer. In book promotions, he unauthorized characterization usually suggests the prospect of juicy gossip that the subject had hoped to suppress, A subject might have several biographies, even several authentic ones. We sense intuitively that no one is in a position to tell the story of a life, perhaps not even the subjects, and this has been proved by the history of biography.1.The author cites the biographies of Jesus in the Bible in order to show that （ ）.2.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?3.An unauthorized biography is likely to attract more readers because（ ）.4.In this passage, the author focuses on（ ）.问题1选项A.biographies can serve different purposesB.biographies are authentic accounts of their subjects livesC.the best biographies are those of heroes and famous figuresD.the best biographies are meant to transform their readers问题2选项A.An authentic biography seldom appeals to its readers.B.An authentic biography is one authorized by the subject.C.Authorized biographies have a wider readership.D.No one can write a perfect biography.问题3选项A.it portrays the subjects both faithfully and vividlyB.it reveals a lot of accurate details unknown to outsidersC.it contains interesting information about the subjects private lifeD.it usually gives a sympathetic description of the subjects character问题4选项A.the secret of a biographer to win more readersB.the difficulty of a biographer in finding the proper perspective to do his jobC.the techniques required of a biographer to write a good biographyD.the characteristics of different kinds of biographies【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由第三段“When their subjects are heroes or famous figures, biographies often reveal a democratic motive: the attempt to show that their subjects are only human, no better than anyone else. Other biographies are meant to change us, to invite us to become better than we are. 当传记的主人公是英雄或名人时，传记往往揭示出一些动机：有的动机试图表明传记的主人公和我们一样只是普通人，有的传记就是要激励我们让我们超越自己。”可知写传记有很多目的，举例也是为了表明传记可有不同的目的。答案A第2题:细节事实题。由第一段和第二段 “Similarly, a kings servant might not be the best one to write a biography of that king. But a foreigner might not have the knowledge and sympathy necessary to write the kings biographynot for a readership from within the kingdom, at any rate.There is no ideal position for such a task. 同样，一个国王的仆人可能不是为国王写传记的最佳人选。但是一个外国人可能没有写国王传记所必需的知识和同情心至少不是为王国的读者写的。对于这样的任务，没有理想的职位。 ”可知没有完美的人选来写传记，即没有人能写出完美的传记。故D项正确。ABC三项与文中内容不符。第3题:推理判断题。由最后一段“In book promotions