2022年考博英语-中国地质大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第57期

2022年考博英语-中国地质大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The China government has announced its intention to double the countrys investment in research on solar power over the next three years.问题1选项A.The China governmentB.its intention to doubleC.in research onD.over the nextE.没有问题【答案】A【解析】the China government应改为the Chinese government 或the government of China.2. 填空题A: Are you going to tell your boss today that youre quitting your（1） ?B: I cant make up my mind（2） to tell him today or not.A: Id tell him today if I （3）you. Why delay?B: But what if I （4）my mind?A: I （5）that youd made a firm decision.B: Well, yesterday I had a conversation with someone who（6）to work for the company that wants to hire me.（7） to him, theres alot of dissatisfaction among the employees.A: Did he say what the （8）of the dissatisfaction was?B: He mentioned a number of things. Ill stay with my current firm if the alternative is a company with major management problems. Theyre offering me a higher，but is the additional pay enough to make up for a bunch of new（9）headaches?A: It sounds to me as if youd（10）talk to some（11） current or past employees before you accept the new firmsoffer.大意:A. 你会今天告诉老板，你要离职的事吗？B. 我不确定是否今天告诉他。A. 如果我是你，我会今天告诉他。为什么推迟呢？B. 但是，要是我改变主意了呢？A. 我觉得你己经决定了。B. 昨天，我和一个之前在想雇我的那个公司中工作过的人谈话。据他所说，员工间有很多不满。A. 他有说不满的原因是什么吗？B. 他说了很多事。如果这个公司主要是管理问题的话，我会呆在现在的公司。他们会给我提供更高的薪水，但是，这额外的工资足以弥补一连串新的麻烦吗？A. 这听起来，在接受新工作之前，好像，你最好和现在或者之前的雇员多谈谈。【答案】1.job2.whether3.were4.change5.thought6.used7.According8.cause9.salary10.better11.more【解析】1.词汇题。根据上下文推测此处填job。Quit ones job 辞职。2.固定搭配。Whether or not 是否。3.语法题。考查虚拟语气。根据If以及主句中动词时态 “would/should tell”可知,此处是if引导的虚拟语气。而且,根据today判断,这是对现在的虚拟,故填4.词汇题。句意: 但是，要是我改变主意了呢？5.词汇题。句意:我觉得你已经做好了决定。再根据后面的youd made判断此处为think的过去式thought。6.词汇题。此处为定语从句修饰someone。此处的someone指在这个公司工作或曾经工作过的人,所以此处填used，与后面的to搭配表示 “曾经”。7.固定搭配。According to 根据。8.词汇题。句意: 他有说不满的原因是什么吗？9.词汇题。根据语境推测此处填salary(工资,薪水)。10.固定搭配。Youd better 你最好是。11.词汇题。A希望B能在接受新公司邀请之前和目前或之前的员工谈谈。此句已经完整,因此应填入程度副词，故填more，即多了解情况。3. 单选题The Earths atmosphere recorded the huge decline in the population of the Western Hemisphere in the 150 years following the arrival of Columbus from Spain in 1492. Soldiers, officials, settlers and merchants from Eurasia and slaves from Africa unwittingly introduced common diseases such as smallpox (天花)，measles (麻疹)and influenza to which the inhabitants of the Americas possessed no immunity. Scholarly estimates of the total number of deaths from disease vary widely, but the number may have exceeded 50 million and certainly wiped out 75% or more of native Americans. This rapid depopulation of the hemisphere allowed forests to grow in former farmlands. By 1610 the growth of all those trees had sucked enough carbon dioxide (CO2) out of the sky to cause a drop of at least seven parts per million in atmospheric concentrations of the most prominent greenhouse gas and start a little ice age.Based on that dramatic shift, Simon Lewis and Mark Maslin, British ecologists working at University College London, believe 1610 should be considered the starting date of a new geologic epoch currently under discussion among earth scientists: the Anthropocene, or recent age of humanity. Lewis and Maslin dub the decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide the Orbis Spike from the Latin for world, because since 1492 human civilization has progressively globalized. In a paper published this month in Nature, they argue that human impacts on the planet have been dramatic enough to warrant formal recognition of the Anthropocene epoch and that the Orbis Spike should serve as the marker of its opening.The Anthropocene is not a new idea. As far back as the 18th century the first scientific attempt to lay out a chronology of Earths geologic history ended with a human epoch. By the 19th century the idea was commonplace, appearing as the Anthropozoic (human life rocks) or the *Era of Man in geology textbooks. But by the middle of the 20th century, the idea of the Holocene (the term means entirely recent in Greek designates the most recent period, dating from 11,700 years ago, when the glaciers (冰河)of the last ice age receded) had come to dominate, recognizing humans as an important element of the current epoch, but not the defining one.That idea is no longer adequate, according to scientists ranging from geologists to climatologists. Human impacts have simply grown too large: some scientists point to the flood of nitrogen (N) released into the world by the invention of the Haber-Bosch processfor wresting the vital nutrient from the air to support agriculture, others emphasize the fact that modem people now move more earth and stone than all the worlds rivers put together.Researchers have advanced an array of proposals for when this putative new epoch might have begun. Some link it to the start of the mass extinction of large mammals （卩甫孚L 动物）such as woolly mammoths and giant kangaroos some 50,000 years ago or the advent of agriculture around 10,000 years ago. Others say the Anthropocene is much more recent and to the beginning of the uptick in atmospheric CO2 concentrations after the invention of an effective coal-burning steam engine.The most prominent current proposal connects the dawn of the Anthropocene to that of the nuclear age: long-lobed radionuclide （放射性同位素）leave a long-lived record in the rock. The boom in human population and consumption of everything from copper to maize （玉米）after 1950 or so, known as the Great Acceleration, roughly coincides with this nuclear marker. So does the advent of plastics and other remnants of industrial society, dubbed ”technofossils by Jan Zalasiewicz of the University of Leicester, the geologist who heads the group that is pushing for addition of the Anthropocene to the standard geologic time scale. The radionuclides can then serve as what geologists call a Global Stratotype Section and Point, more commonly known as a “golden spike.” Perhaps the most famous such golden spike is the thin layer of iridium（Ir） a found in pock exposed near El Kef, Tunisia; it pinpoints the asteroid impact that terminated the age of the dinosaurs and ended the Cretaceous about 65 million years ago.Lewis and Maslin reject this radionuclide spike because it is not tied to a *world- changing event-at least not yetalthough it is a clear signal in the rock. On the other hand, their Orbis Spike in 1610 reflects both the most recent CO2 low point and the redistribution of plants and animals around the world associated with the Age of Discovery and the rise of world empires, a true changing of the world. Much like the golden spike that marks the end of the dinosaurs, the proposed Orbis Spike itself would be tied to the low point of atmospheric CO? concentrations around 1610, as recorded in ice cores, where tiny trapped bubbles betray past atmospheres. Further geologic evidence will come from the appearance of maize pollen in sediment cores taken in Europe and Asia at that time, among other indicators that will complement the CO2 record. Therefore, scientists looking at ice cores, mud or even rock will find this epochal shift in the future.The CO2 drop coincides with what climatologists call the Little Ice Age. That cooling event may have been tied to regenerated forests and other plants growing on some 50 million hectares of land abandoned by humans after the mass death brought on by disease and warfare, Lewis and Maslin suggest. And it wasnt just the death of millions of aboriginal Americans. The enslavement （or death） of many millions of Africans for labor in the new lands may also have added to the climate impact. The population of the regions of western Africa most affected by the New World slave trade did not begin to recover until the end of the 19th century. In other words, from 1600 to 1900 areas of that region may have been regrowing forest, enough to reduce atmospheric CO?, just like the regrowth of the Amazon and the great North American woods, although this hypothesis remains in some dispute.However delimited, the new designation would mean we are living in a newAnthropocene epoch, part of the Quaternary period, which started more 2.5 million years ago with the advent of the cyclical growth and retreat of massive glaciers. The Quaternary is part of the Cenozoic (recent life”)era that began 66 million years ago and is, in turn, part of the Phanerozoic (revealed life) eon, which started 541 million years ago and encompasses all of complex life that has ever lived on this planet. In the end, the Anthropocene might supplant the Holocene. It is designated an epoch, unlike other interglacial, because back in the 18th century geologists thought humans were a very recent species, arriving via divine intervention or evolving on Earth in the Holocene,* Lewis argues, but scientists now know Homo sapiens arose more than200,000 years ago in the Pleistocene epoch. Humans are a Pleistocene species, so. calling the Holocene an epoch is a relic of the past. Maslin suggests downgrading the Holocene to a stag within the Pleistocene, like other interglacial spans in the geologic record. But Zalasiewicz disagrees with this bid to get rid of the Holocene. *I dont see the need, he says, systematic tracing of a Holocene-Anthropocene boundary globally would be illuminating in all sorts of ways.1.The scientists cited in this article agree that humans have become a major factor in the history of Earth. As the article highlights, what they disagree on is（ ）2.European penetration of the New World in the century and a half after 1492 led to（ ）3.The decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide that reached its low point in or around 1610 was（ ）4.The scientific hypothesis that humanity can alter the history of Earth in highly significant ways（ ）5.The Orbis Spike proposed by Lewis and Maslin would be most reliably located in（ ）6.Radionuclides can be likened to iridium（ ）7.Some scientists think that radionuclides are the key to defining the Anthropocene because（ ）8.Professor Zalasiewicz probably favors retaining the distinction between the Holocene and the Anthropocene because tracing its boundary（ ）问题1选项A.the extent to which humans are altering Earth.B.precisely when human activity became a defining element in Earths history.C.what to name the period of major human impact.D.when human activity will become the dominant factor in changes in the Earth.问题2选项A.massive depopulation.B.widespread contagious disease.C.greatly reduced use of land for agriculture.D.all of the above.问题3选项A.a singular, isolated event that left a discernible mark in geochronoloy.B.the first of a long chain of events that changed the way humans interact with nature.C.the result (and signal, as reflected in geology) of the first in a significant set of modem changes in how humans use planetary resources.D.the cause of a new ice age on a par with those that preceded the Holocene.问题4选项A.has recently re-emerged and gained support after fading in the 20th century.B.is still supported by only a small number of researchers in the earth sciences today.C.was rejected as absurd by pioneering geologists in the 1700s.D.is weakened by the continuing lack of evidence that can be used to support it, much let confirm it.问题5选项A.samples of Arctic ice, but not Antarctic iceB.samples of Arctic and Antarctic ice.C.tree rings from temperate forests.D.alluvial sediments, most obviously from the Mississippi and Amazon basins.问题6选项A.because of the similarity in their basic chemistry.B.as physical indicators of a boundary in Earths chronology.C.as the cause of vast changes in the earthly environment.D.as key components in the technofossils now proliferating in the geological record.问题7选项A.nuclear explosions did enormous damage to the earthly environment.B.they have a long half-life that means they will continue to be useful for many centuries.C.they provide a temporal marker reliably correlated with a massive historical increase in the human impact on our planet.D.they contributed greatly to the vast increase in the human impact on Earth in the mid-20th century.问题8选项A.will allow geologists to create a more subtle picture of the interglacials that are a crucial feature of the climate on Earth,B.will force geologists to think more deeply about the relation between climate change and planetary history.C.will reduce the support for using less plausible indicators to define geochronological boundaries.D.will reveal some important things about us humans as well as about the climate and history of the planet【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A第5题:D第6题:D第7题:C第8题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。题干：文章引用的科学家同意人类在地球历史中的主要作用。正如文章强调的，他们有争议的是。根据文章大意可知B项“具 体什么时候人类活动开始成为地球历史上的一个决定性/确定性因素”，此表述过于绝对。故选B。2.细节事实题。题干：1492年后的一个半世纪中，欧洲的侵入导致了。第 1 段指出: The Earths atmosphere recorded the huge decline in the population of the Western Hemisphere in the 150 years following the arrival of Columbus from Spain in 1492. Soldiers, officials, settlers and merchants . introduced common diseases such as smallpox （天花），measles （瘾疹）andinfluenza ； This rapid depopulation of the hemisphere allowed forests to grow in former farmlands(1492年，随着从西班牙来的哥伦布的到来，往后一个半世纪中，地球大气记载了西半球人口的巨幅下降；战士，官员，移民，商人等染上了疾病，比如天花，麻疹和流感；这种迅速的人口降低使得森林/丛林在之前的农地中生长), 所以欧洲侵入导致了人口下降,疾病传染以及农用地的荒废。故选D。3.推理判断题。根据题干关键词carbon dioxide以及1610定位至第二段: Based on that dramatic shift, Simon Lewis and Mark Maslin, British ecologists working at University College London, believe 1610 should be considered the starting date of a new geologic epoch currently under discussion among earth scientists: the Anthropocene, or recent age of humanity (基于此巨大转变，英国生态学家认为1610应该被认为是新地质时代的一个开端期：人类世或人类新时代。因此，二氧化碳降低到约1610时，它是一个人类地质时代的划分)。故选A: 是一个单独的事件，这在地球年代学中留下了明显的标志。4.推理判断题。第三段指出: But by the middle of the 20th century, the idea of the Holocene (.) had come to dominate, recognizing humans as an important element of the current epoch, but not the defining one (但是，在20世纪中期，全新世的概念占到主导地位，即将人视为当前时代中重要的因素，但是不是决定性的因素), 下一段指出: That idea is no longer adequate, according to scientists ranging from geologists to climatologists. Human impacts have simply grown too large.( 这个观点已不再适用， 根据地质学家和气候学家的观点，人类影响简直太强大了), 故选A: 20世纪，在消退后最近又重新出现并且获得支持。5.推理判断题。根据题干关键词Orbis Spike定位至第八段: The CO2 drop coincides with what climatologists call the Little Ice Age. .The population of the regions of western Africa most affected by the New World slave trade did not begin to recover until the end of the 19th century. In other words, from 1600 to 1900 areas of that region may have been regrowing forest, enough to reduce atmospheric CO2, just like the regrowth of the Amazon and the great North American woods, although this hypothesis remains in some dispute(二氧 化碳的下降与气候学家所称的“Little Ice Age”同时发生。直到19世纪， 受新世界奴隶贸易影响的西部非洲区域的人口才开始恢复状态。也就是说， 从1600-1900,该区域可能一直有重新生长的森林，足以减少大气中的二氧化碳，比如亚马逊的再生长，北美的木材，尽管这个假设存在争议)，因此, Orbis Spike即二氧化碳的降低最可能发生在D项：冲积沉积物，最明显来自密西西比和亚马逊河流域。6.细节事实题。根据题干定位至第六段: The radionuclides can then serve as what geologists call a Global Stratotype Section and Point, more commonly known as a “golden spike.” Perhaps the most famous such golden spike is the thin layer of iridium(Ir) a found in pock exposed near El Kef, Tunisia; (放射性核素可以作为地质学家所谓的全球层型剖面和点，通常被称为“金尖峰”。也许最著名的金尖峰是在突尼斯埃尔克夫附近的洞穴中发现的薄薄的铱层（Ir）) 。因 此，D项“在地质记录中，作为技术化石的构成或组成部分”是正确答案。7.推理判断题。根据题干定位至第六段: The boom in human population and consumption of everything from copper to maize （玉米）after 1950 or so, known as the “Great Acceleration”，roughly coincides with this nuclear marker. So does the advent of plastics and other remnants of industrial society, dubbed “technofossils” by Jan Zalasiewicz of the University of Leicester, the geologist. (大约1950年，被称为“大加速”，这时人口的增长和一切消费品（从 铜币到玉米）大约都是与核标志同时发生的。工业社会中的塑料和残余品的 到来也一样是和核标志同时发生的，这被地质学家Jan Zalasiewicz称之为 technofossils”。即这种核标记是与人类的发展几乎同步的，也是人类进步的 一个见证)。故选C: 在人类对地球的影响方面，他们提供了与有大规模 的历史性增长相关的临时标志。8.推理判断题。根据题干关键词“Holocene和Anthropocene”以及“tracing its boundary” 可以定位至最后一段: But Zalasiewicz disagrees with this bid to get rid of the Holocene. “I dont see the need,” he says, “systematic tracing of a Holocene-Anthropocene boundary globally would be illuminating in all sorts of ways (但是Zalasiewicz不同意放弃全新世。他说：“我看没必要。 从全局来看，对于全新世和人类世界限的系統跟踪可能会以各种方式给人启发)。因此选D: D项：会揭露一些有关人与气候和地球历史之间的很多重要事情4. 单选题The clerk I spoke with insisted over and over that we had been charged the normal rate for the hotel room, so I asked to speak with his manager.问题1选项A.insisted over and overB.had been chargedC.rate forD.so I asked to speak with his managerE.没有错误【答案】E【解析】没有错误。句意:和我说话的店员一遍又一遍坚持说,我们付的是正常价位的房钱,所以我要求和经理谈话5. 单选题Once you have finished reading these documents from our consultant, we would like to have your opinion regarding the value of the advices received so far.问题1选项A.Once you haveB.regardingC.value of the advicesD.so farE.没有问题【答案】E【解析】6. 单选题At the moment Im reading an F.D.A. report that summarizes the debate on the responsibility of various agricultural and manufacturing corporations for the spread of mercury pollution in food products.问题1选项A.At the momentB.an F.D.A. reportC.debate onD.various agricultural and manufacturingE.没有错误【答案】E【解析】7. 填空题Ann（1） bom in London but she （2）up in Scotland【答案】1.was2.grew【解析】1.固定搭配。Be born in 出生于。这里应该用一般过去时。2.固定搭配。grow up 成长。8. 填空题A: This wine is delicious. Would you like （1）?B: Not today, thanks. Its rather chilly out. Do you have anything hot that I could drink?A: Sure. Would you like tea or coffee?B: .（2） I enjoy them equally, so give me whichever is more convenient.【答案】some; Either【解析】1.常用语。would you like some? 你要点吗?2.语义题。根据后面的give me whichever is more convenient可知茶或者咖啡都可以，填either。9. 单选题The short, smiling man who introduce himself as the manager denied that we had paid more than other people, though he did admit that we had been put in a “special” room.问题1选项A.who introduce himselfB.as the manager deniedC.did admitD.had been putE.没有错误【答案】A【解析】语法题。时态错误。introduce改为introduced。谓语动词为denied,是一般过去时,因此A项定语从句中的动词Introduce也应该用过去式。10. 填空题The company that I work （1）has just （2）that it is opening new stores in the five （3）cities in India.【答案】1.for;2.announced;3.biggest【解析】1.固定搭配。that I work 为定语从句修饰先行词The company, 因此填介词for合适,work for为效力。2.语义题。第二空应填入一个谓语动词,而且由空前的has just推测应填谓语动词的过去分词,宾语是that引导的从句。故announced “宣布”合适。3.语义题。第三空应为形容词修饰cities，故填biggest。the five biggest cities in India印度最大的五个城市。11. 单选题Three days ago I received an e-mail from the conference organizers apologizing the last-minute changes in the schedule; they sounded genuinely embarrassed at the disorder in their planning.问题1选项A.apologizing theB.last-minuteC.changes inD.soundedE.没有错误【答案】A【解析】动词误用。Apologizing后加for。Apologize是不及物动词,后面接宾语时要加介词for。12. 填空题In general, Im glad that I dont own a car. （1）I do wish that I （2 ）a motorcycle, though. It （3）be nice to be able to get（4） of the city on weekends. I enjoy wandering in the mountains（5） the north and west of our campus, but transportation（6） make it hard for me to do that more than three or four times（7） year. A motorbike is just what I need.【答案】1.sometimes2.owned3.would4.out5.to6.Problems7.a【解析】1.语义题。由空格前句意“我通常高兴自己没有车”中“in general通常”及空格后关键词“though但是”的对应可推知这里表示“有时也希望自己拥有一辆摩托车”。2.语义题。句意: 有时也希望自己拥有一辆摩托车。此处为wish引导虚拟语气表示与现在事实相反的愿望（其构成为主语+wish that+从句主语 +动词过去式（be 律用were）。3.这