2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前模拟强化练习题6（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题According to the new tax law, any money earned over that level is taxed at the （ ）of 59 percent.问题1选项A.ratioB.percentageC.proportionD.rate【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。句意: 根据新税法，任何赚得的收入都需要按照百分之五十九的比例收税。at the rate of 按照.的比例。2. 单选题At our house, nobody gets more mail than Jake: catalogs, coupons, and offers to subscribe to magazines. He is also urged to donate to worth causes and take advantage of some pretty incredible credit-card offers.He ignores all of them. What do they expect? Hes a dog.It all started when I used Jakes name as an alias on the Internet, in an attempt to protect whats left of my privacy. Before I knew it, junk was poring in, proving once again that these days every move you make online can be, often is, carefully watched and recorded by people who dont know you from your dogeveryone from ad and insurance agencies to nonprofit groups and even the dreaded telemarketers. And lets not forget the more, shall we say, unscrupulous characters.Weve all heard horror stories about people whose identities, in the form of credit card or Social Security numbers, were assumed by crooks. Identity theft is one of the fastest-growing crimes around.Even if you never buy anything online, your privacy can be compromised by Web “cookies”. A cookie is a small file that a Web site stores on your computer containing information it can use to “recognize” you if you return to that site.Most cookies pose little risk to privacy on their own. The problem comes when others get hold of your cookies. In a highly publicized case earlier this year. Doubleclick Inc. Planned to cross-reference consumer cookie data with information from a marketing database, such as name, address and credit card-purchase history. Seen as an unethical violation ofconsumers privacy, a lawsuit followed. Doubleclick gave up the plan, for now.In the meantime, other threats to your cyberprivacy still exist. Example; Anyone who know where to look can buy stolen credit card numbers in chat rooms, and spends up every penny on your card in minutes.In this technology-driven world, your new best friend may be a different kind of animal: Privacy Enhancing Technologies, which let you complete electronic transactions anonymously. The Anonymizer ()offers anonymous surfing. Anonymous payment mechanisms such as electronic cash () let you shop online without a credit card. And you can download free software such as the Internet Junkbuster to filter out most cookies before they touch your computer.Still, as new technologies bring out the creativity in crooks, your best bet may be plain old-lash-ioned vigilance. Keep track of each penny, balance your checkbook and follow up on discrepancies in your statements immediately. However much the world changes, it still pays to be your own watchdog.1.The author used an alias on the Internet in order to （ ）.2.“Weve al heard horror stories about people whose identities, in the form of credit card orSocial Security numbers, were assumed by crooks.” (Para. 4) The word “assume” means（ ）3.Cookies post great threat to your privacy when（ ） .4.The PETs can enhance your privacy by（ ） .5.To protect yourself online, youd better（ ） .问题1选项A.attract more mailsB.ignore the junkC.conceal his identityD.protect the dog问题2选项A.supposeB.feignC.undertakeD.copy问题3选项A.they contain your informationB.they enter your personal computerC.your cookies carry virusesD.your cookies are got and used by others问题4选项A.enabling you to do online business without exposing your identityB.allowing you to pay without electronic cashC.letting you download software free of chargeD.making you surfing the net with an alias问题5选项A.catch up with new technologiesB.depend on more powerful protective softwareC.keep in constant touch with the online service providersD.stay vigilant to your online accounts【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实。在第三段提出“in an attempt to protect whats left of my privacy”说明作者是为了隐藏他的身份。2.词义题。句意:我们总是听说人们的身份，被骗子以信用卡或者社会保障的号码的形式冒名顶替使用。3.细节事实。第六段指出:当别人持有你的cookie的时候，问题就出来了4.细节事实。根据题干定位至倒数第二段: Privacy Enhancing Technologies, which let you complete electronic transactions anonymously (PET能让你匿名完成电子交易)。5.细节事实。最后一段给出建议: your best bet may be plain old-lash-ioned vigilance (你最好的办法就是保持警惕)。3. 单选题Many critics agreed that by and large, this movie was a success in terms of acting and photography.问题1选项A.all at onceB.by and byC.to some extentD.on the whole【答案】D【解析】短语辨析。句意: 评论家认为从总体上来说，这部电影在表演与摄影方面都表现得很出色。all at once 突然，忽然。by and by 不久以后。to some extent 在一定程度上，在某种程度上。on the whole 总的来说，大体上。by and large 大 体上，总的来说。故选D。4. 单选题Japan is going through a complex national identity crisis. That may be no bad thing, says a new book by an American academic Japanologist. The economy is stalled, but the society is in motion. Japan is a difficult country to report on and analyze because things do not change in big, noticeable ways; they change in an incremental process, generally of small steps but which, over time, can add up to big movements. And just such a big movement seems to be taking place.Mr. Nathan, a professor of Japanese cultural studies, has been observing Japan since the 1960s. Whereas most people look at economic data or the comings and goings of prime ministers, he is more interested in schools, novels, comic books, and the minds of young entrepreneurs and maverick local politicians. In particular, his focus is on whether Japans famously cohesive, conformist society may be fracturing under the strain of economic stagnation, and on how such strains have been affecting the countrys sense of purpose and of national identity.Fractures are what he looks for and fractures are what he finds. On balance, they are neither obviously dangerous nor obviously positive, but they are, as he says, signs of motion which could, in time, lead in unpredictable directions. The most worrying fractures he writes about are in the schools, where violence and truancy have risen remarkably. Old Japan hands shrug wearily at such things, for worries about bullying have long existed but have never really seemed terribly serious. Now, though, Mr. Nathans numbers do make the situation look grave.Since 1998, youths aged between 14 and 19 have been involved in 50% of all arrests for felonies, including murder. Truancy is also in the up. Mr. Nathan asserts that the true number is 350,000 children, or 5% of the student population.Such trends appear to be symptoms of two related phenomena: a widespread feeling of disillusionment, alienation, uncertainty or plain anger, which has spread to children too; and a gradual breakdown of old systems of disciplinepart familial, part social, part legal一which appear to prevent schools and parents from dealing effectively with errant children.Japan is, in short, passing through a national identity crisis. There are plenty of positive aspects to it too, however. One is a considerable increase in the number of actual or budding young entrepreneurs, a trend especially visible in the willingness of high-flyers to leave good, safe jobs in order to set up their own firms. The numbers remain modest, but are nevertheless surprisingly high given the state of the economy in recent years. Another is a new eagerness among popular writers and maverick politicians to try to define and encourage a new national pride.1.What characterizes the social changes in Japanese society is that（ ） .2.It is implied in the second paragraph that（ ）.3.School violence and truancy in Japan seem to be（ ） .4.The reason behind school violence and truancy in Japan seems to be that （ ）.5.What is the best title for this passage?问题1选项A.they are often accompanied by a national identity crisisB.they often take place in major scale but end up in small effectC.they often happen humbly while producing huge accumulative consequencesD.they often take place without being analyzed and reported due to their complexity问题2选项A.Japan is undergoing a serious political instabilityB.a static economy might have a negative influence on societyC.most people in Japan are under severe mental strainD.many people suffer from a fracture due to their job pressure问题3选项A.tiring Japanese parents up for a long timeB.not as serious as most Japanese have imaginedC.quickly on the increase especially in recent yearsD.obviously endangering the safety of Japanese students问题4选项A.school and parents do not want to deal with errant children effectivelyB.economic stagnation has reduced parents time to communicate with their childrenC.youths bullying has already become a popular practice for students and they find it excitingD.children are infected with problem in the adult world and rules are not strict enough问题5选项A.Solutions to Youths Crimes in Japan.B.The Japanese National Identity CrisisC.School Violence and Truancy in Japan.D.Economic and Social Changes in Japan.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.推断题。第一段：.Japan is a difficult country to report on and analyze because things do not change in big, noticeable ways (其实很难报道日本和分析日本，因为在日本，事情不是以大规模以及人们可以注意得到的方式发生变化的)。由此推测C项 (通常不起眼地发生，但也会因累积而产生巨大的后果)正确。2.推断题。第二段：In particular, his focus is on whether Japans famouslycohesive, conformist society may be fracturing under the strain of economic stagnation, and on how such strains have been affecting the countrys sense of purpose and of national identity.他关注的重点在.日本社会是否在经济停滞的压力下产生裂痕，以及这种压力是怎样影响国家的宗旨和国家特征的。可知，Nathan要研究的就是日本经济停滞是否造成社会裂痕。故选B(停滞的经济可能对社会产生消极影响)。3.细节题。根据题干关键词School violence and truancy定位至第三段: The most worrying fractures he writes about are in the schools, where violence and truancy have risen remarkably. Old Japan hands shrug wearily at such things, for worries about bullying have long existed but have never really seemed terribly serious (他有写到最令人担忧的裂痕是在学校，那里的暴力和旷课现象会显著增加。日本家长对这些事情疲倦地耸耸肩，因为对欺凌的担心由来已久，但似乎并没有那么严重)。故A:使日本家长们疲惫很久了。为正确答案。4.推断题。第五段: Such trends appear to be symptoms of two related phenomena: a widespread feeling of disillusionment, alienation, uncertainty or plain anger, which has spread to children too; and a gradual breakdown of old systems of discipline (这种趋势似乎是两种相关现象的症状：一种普遍的幻灭感、疏离感、不确定感或明显的愤怒感，这种情绪也蔓延到了儿童身上；一种是旧的纪律体系逐渐瓦解), 由此可知,D项(成人的问题影响了孩子，而且规则也不够严格)正确。5.主旨大意题。全文主要是谈论日本经济停滞对社会造成的问题。但是作者认为日本国民认同危机是有利有弊。5. 单选题The prodigal son（ ） his large inheritance in a few years of heavy spending.问题1选项A.inheritedB.receivedC.accumulatedD.dissipated【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意: 挥霍的儿子将他继承的一大笔钱在几年之内就挥霍完了。inherited继承;经遗传而得。received接受；迎接。accumulated累积。dissipated消散；浪费。6. 单选题The tenant left nothing behind except some（ ） of paper, cloth, etc.问题1选项A.sheetsB.scrapsC.pagesD.slices【答案】B【解析】量词辨析。句意: 除了废纸和废布，租客什么也没有留下。Sheet 张, 块, 通常用于形容一 张纸或者一块玻璃、金属或木头等; scraps废弃的; page 页; slice (食物的)薄片。故选B。7. 单选题There is the fear that babies might be genetically altered to suit the parents wishes.问题1选项A.enhancedB.revisedC.alternatedD.modified【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意:人们担心有些父母为了使小孩达到他们的期望而 （ ）其基因。enhance:提高，加强，增进。revise修改，校订。alternate 交替，轮流。modify 修改，更改，改变。alter:改变，更改。8. 单选题Perhaps all criminals should be required to carry cards which read: Fragile: Handle with Care. It will never do, these days, to go around referring to criminals as violent thugs. You must refer to them politely as “social misfits”. The professional killer who wouldnt think twice about using his club or knife to batter some harmless old lady to death in order to rob her of her meager life-savings must never be given a dose of his own medicine. He is in need of “hospital treatment”. According to his misguided defenders, society is to blame. A wicked society breeds evil - or so the argument goes. When you listen to this kind of talk, it makes you wonder why arent all criminals. We have done away with the absurdly harsh laws of the nineteenth century and this is only right. But surely enough is enough. The most senseless piece of criminal legislation in Britain and a number of other countries has been the suspension of capital punishment.The violent criminal has become a kind of hero-figure in our time. He is glorified on the screen; he is pursued by the press and paid vast sums of money for his “memoirs”. Newspapers which specialize in crime reporting enjoy enormous circulations and the publishers of trashy cops and robbers stories or “murder mysteries” have never had it so good. When you read about the achievements of the great train robbery, it makes you wonder whether you are reading about some glorious resistance movement. The hardened criminal is cuddled and cosseted by the sociologists on the one hand and adored as a hero by the masses on the other. Its no wonder he is a privileged person who expects and receives VIP treatment wherever he goes.Capital punishment used to be a major deterrent. It made the violent robber think twice before pulling the trigger. It gave the cold-blooded prisoner something to ponder about while he was shaking up or serving his arsenic cocktail. It prevented unarmed policemen from being killed while pursuing their duty by killers armed with automatic weapons. Above all, it protected the most vulnerable members of society, young children, from brutal violence. It is horrifying to think that the criminal can literally get away with murder. We all know that “life sentence” does not mean what it says. After ten years or so of good conduct, the most desperate villain is free to return to society where he will live very comfortably, thank you, on the proceeds of his crime, or he will go on committing offences until he is caught again.People are always willing to hold liberal views at the expense of others. Its always fashionable to pose as the defender of the under-dog, so long as you, personally, remain unaffected. Did the defenders of crime, one wonders, in their desire for fair-play, consult the victims before they suspended capital punishment? Hardly, you see they couldnt, because all the victims were dead.1.According to the passage, which of the following is the authors opinion?2.The tone taken by the author towards these defenders of crime in the passage is （ ）.3.“Capital punishment” most probably means（ ） .4.Which of the following is true according to the passage?5.What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?问题1选项A.All criminals should be required to carry cards which read: Fragile: Handle with Care.B.Capital punishment is the only way to deter criminals.C.Society is to blame.D.All criminals need hospital treatment.问题2选项A.ironical.B.critical.C.agitated.D.controversial.问题3选项A.life sentence.B.severe punishmentC.fine.D.sentence of death问题4选项A.There has been a marked trend in society towards the humane treatment of less fortunate members.B.Everybody in society thinks it reasonable that all criminals should be punished.C.The author sympathizes with all criminals.D.Robbers usually think twice before shooting.问题5选项A.Professional killers should not be treated with humane treatment.B.The violent robbers should think twice before pulling the trigger.C.We should give the prisoner time to ponder about while he is shaking up or serving his arsenic cocktail.D.Severe punishment, even death penalty, should be given to criminals.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节题。第三段指出: Capital punishment used to be a major deterrent (死刑是主要的威慑力量),故选B。2.态度方向。根据题干关键词定位至最后: Did the defenders of crime, one wonders, in theirdesire for fair-play, consult the victims before they suspended capital punishment? Hardly, you see they couldnt, because all the victims were dead (罪犯的辩护人认为要公平，那是不是在执行死刑前要咨询受害者意见呢？显然这是不可能的，因为所有的受害者都死了)。据此可见作者的预期是具讽刺意味的。3.词义题。“Capital punishment”指的是“判死刑”。4.细节题。B项：大家都认为所有罪犯都应受到惩罚。文章中并未提到，故排除。C项：作者同情犯罪分子。作者对犯罪分子的态度是否定的，故排除。D项：职业杀手会三思而后行,与文章内容不符。5.推断题。根据全文大意,可知D项(对犯罪分子要从重处罚，甚至死刑)正确。9. 单选题In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in order respects, appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence-as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learned that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed, the suffering mean nothing. Not solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wound what hit us.The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living -standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social programme. The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each others problems. And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information. “Talk, talk, talk，”the advocate of violence say, “all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser.” Its rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser. “Possible, my lord,” the barrister replied, “none the wiser, but surely far better informed.” Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.1. What is the best title for this passage?2.Recorded history has taught us （ ）.3.It can be inferred that truly reasonable men（ ） .4.“He was none the wiser” means （ ）.5.According the author the best way to solve race prejudice is（ ） .问题1选项A.Advocating Violence.B.Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.C.Important People on Both Sides See Violence As a Legitimate Solution.D.The Instincts of Human Race Are Thirsty for Violence.问题2选项A.violence never solves anything.B.nothing.C.the bloodshed means nothing.D.everything.问题3选项A.cant get a hearing.B.are looked down upon.C.Have difficult