2022年考博英语-湖南师范大学考前模拟强化练习题56（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-湖南师范大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Back in 1992, Thomas Edison predicted that “the motion picture is destined to revolutionize our educational system and . in a few years it will supplant largely, if not entirely, the use of textbooks.” Well, we all make mistakes. But at least Edison did not squander vast quantities of public money on installing cinema screens in schools around the country.With computers, the story has been different. Many governments have packed them into schools, convinced that their presence would improve the pace and efficiency of learning. Large numbers of studies, some more academically respectable than others, have purported to show that computers help children to learn. Now, however, a study that compares class with computers against similar classes without them casts doubt on that view.In the current Economic Journal, Joshua Angrist of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Victor Lavy of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem look at a scheme which put computers into many of Israels primary and middle schools in the mid-1990s. Dr Angrist and Dr Lavy compare the test scores for math and Hebrew achieved by children in the fourth and eighth grades (ie, aged about nine and 13) in schools with and without computers. They also asked the classes teachers how they used various teaching materials, such as Xeroxed worksheets and, of course, computer programs. The researchers found that the Israeli scheme had much less effect on teaching methods in middle schools than in elementary schools. It also found no evidence that the use of computers improved childrens test scores. In fact, it found the reverse. In the case of the math scores of fourth-graders, there was a consistently negative relationship between computer use and test scores.The authors offer three possible explanations of why this might be. First, the introduction of computers into classrooms might have gobbled up cash that would otherwise have paid for other aspects of education. But that is unlikely in this case since the money for the programmer came from the national lottery, and the study found no significant change in teaching resources, methods or training in schools that acquired computers through the scheme.A second possibility is that the transition to using computers in instruction takes time to have an effect. Maybe, say the author, but the schools surveyed had been using the schemes computers for a full school year. That was enough for the new computers to have had a large (and apparently malign) influence on fourth-grade math scores. The third explanation is the simplest: that the use of computers in teaching is no better (and perhaps worse) than other teaching methods.The bottom line, says Dr Angrist, is that “the costs are clear-cut and the benefits are murky”. The burden of proof now lies with the promoters of classroom computers. And the only reliable way to make their case is ,surely, to conduct a proper study, with children randomly allocated to teachers who use computers and teachers who use other methods, including the cheapest of all: chalk and talk.1.We can learn from the first paragraph that（ ）.2.Dr. Angrist and Dr. Lavy have done the following except（ ）.3.According to Dr. Angrist and Dr. Lavy, in the Israeli scheme, students didnt make improvement in their test scores because（ ）.4.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that（ ）.5.The authors attitude towards governments packing computers in schools seems to be（ ）.问题1选项A.motion picture has revolutionized education systemB.Edisons prediction has been proved wrongC.Edison encouraged schools to install cinema screensD.Schools are cautious about Edisons idea问题2选项A.comparing the test scores of students in different age groups.B.interviewing teachers about their teaching methods.C.launching the computer program in many Israeli schools.D.explaining students school performance.问题3选项A.other aspects of education were affected due to cash shortageB.it was not long enough for the program to take effectC.there was a negative relationship between computer use and test scoresD.the use of computer was no better than other teaching methods问题4选项A.there hasnt been a proper study on this issue yetB.school authorities should provide proof to support the computer programC.installing computers in schools costs too much, but has little or no effectD.chalk and talk work better than computer in teaching问题5选项A.biasedB.indifferentC.disapprovingD.puzzling【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段的内容可知，作者提到爱迪生的预言，随后指出“we all make mistakes.”说明爱迪生的这个预言是错误的，所以选项B正确。2.细节事实题。根据原文第二段的内容可知，发动计算机项目是国家政府做的，两位研究人员只是负责该项目的研究，所以选项C不正确。3.细节事实题。由原文可知，作者提出了三种可能性，最后一种的可能性最大。根据倒数第二段最后一句“The third explanation is the simplest: that the use of computers in teaching is no better (and perhaps worse) than other teaching methods.”第三种解释是最简单的：在教学中使用计算机并不比其他教学方法更好(也许更糟)。选项D符合原文。4.推理判断题。根据最后一段“And the only reliable way to make their case is ,surely, to conduct a proper study,.”要证明他们的观点，唯一可靠的方法当然是进行适当的研究。由此可推断吗，目前关于这个问题还没有一个恰当的研究，选项A符合原文。5.观点态度题。根据原文第一段的内容可知，作者提到虽然爱迪生的预言是错误的，但至少爱迪生没有浪费大量的公共资金在全国各地的学校里安装电影屏幕。随即在下文提到有的国家却这样做了，以及这样做并没有带来好的反响。说明作者对政府在学校里包装电脑的态度是否定的，选项C正确。2. 单选题The second reason why Mr. Li went wrong lies in his failure to（ ）some additional complexities.问题1选项A.take no account ofB.give an account ofC.turn toD.take into account【答案】D【解析】take no account of不考虑, 不重视；give an account of说明, 叙述, 汇报；turn to转向, 求助于, 变成；take into account of考虑。句意：李先生犯错的第二个原因是他没有考虑到一些额外的复杂性。选项A为混淆选项, 根据failure to可知, 选项D正确。3. 单选题（ ） the red cells of the blood, hemoglobin（血红蛋白）transport oxygen form the lung to the tissues.问题1选项A.Compared toB.Attacked byC.Confined toD.Attributed to【答案】D【解析】compared to与.相比；attached by附属于；confined to局限于, 限制于；attributed to由于, 归功于。句意：由于血液中的红细胞, 血红蛋白将氧气从肺输送到组织。选项D符合句意。4. 单选题The complexity of popular culture is often overlooked in our society. People express concern about the social effects of popular culturefor example, the influence of television violence on children. Yet most people look down on the study of popular culture, as if it contains nothing of significance. This contradiction makes it difficult sometimes to investigate and discuss popular culture.As U.S. Americans, we are in a unique position in relationship to popular culture. Products of U.S. popular culture are well known and circulate widely on the international market. The popularly of U.S music stars, such as Michael Jackson and Madonna, and of Hollywood films and television shows creates an uneven flow of texts between the Unites States and other nations. Scholars Elihu Katz and Tamar Liebes noted the “apparent ease with which American television programs cross cultural and linguistic frontiers”. Indeed the phenomenon is so taken for granted that hardly any systematic research has been done to explain the reasons why these programs are so successful.In contrast, U.S. Americans are rarely exposed to popular culture from outside the United States. Exceptions to this largely one-way movement of popular culture include rock stars who sing in English. Consider how difficult it is to find foreign films or television programs throughout most of the United States. The apparent imbalance of cultural texts globally not only renders U.S Americans more dependent on U.S-produced popular culture, but it also can lead to cultural imperialism.The study of popular culture has become increasingly important in the communication field. Although intercultural communication scholars traditionally have overlooked popular culture, we believe that popular culture is a significant influence in intercultural interactions.1.“This contradiction” in paragraph 1 refers to the contradiction between （ ）.2.According to the passage, one-way movement of popular culture may lead to（ ）.3.Implied but not stated:（ ）.4.Americans depend more on U.S-produced popular culture because（ ）.5.Which of the following best expresses the authors opinion on the study of popular culture?问题1选项A.peoples concern about the social effects of popular culture and the overlook of the study of popular culture.B.the complexity of popular culture and peoples concern about the social effects of popular culture.C.the complexity of popular culture and the overlook of the study of popular cultureD.the significance of popular culture and the study of popular culture.问题2选项A.cultural imperialismB.the popularity of rock stars who sing in EnglishC.the overlook of popular cultureD.the systematic research on popular culture问题3选项A.Popular programs have been overlookedB.Products of U.S popular culture are more widely spread in other nations than in the U.SC.Social effects of popular culture are of great importance.D.The reasons why U.S popular culture is globally successful have not been found问题4选项A.they dislike television programs of other nationsB.popular culture from outside the United States is hardly found on the American marketC.the study of popular culture is overlookedD.U.S. popular culture is well known in the world问题5选项A.Popular culture has made a global influence in intercultural communication.B.The imbalance of popular culture is harmful to Americans.C.Intercultural researchers should pay attention to the study of popular culture.D.The international marker should not be dominated by U.S. popular culture【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。根据原文可知, “This contradiction”指的是上一句提到的人们表达了流行文化对社会影响的担忧例如, 电视暴力对儿童的影响。然而, 大多数人看不起流行文化的研究, 觉得它没有任何意义。所以选项A与原文相符。2.细节事实题。根据关键词“one-way movement”定位到第三段最后一句“The apparent imbalance of cultural texts globally not only renders U.S Americans more dependent on U.S-produced popular culture, but it also can lead to cultural imperialism.”可知, 选项A正确。3.推理判断题。此题可采用排除法。根据第二段的内容可知, 选项A表述错误；选项B在文中并没有相关的信息表明；选项D是原文内容；所以只有选项C正确。4.细节事实题。根据第三段第三句“Consider how difficult it is to find foreign films or television programs throughout most of the United States.”可知, 在美国大部分地区很难找到外国电影或电视节目。选项B符合原文。5.主旨大意题。根据最后一段的内容可知, 作者认为流行文化在跨文化交际中有着重要的影响。选项A符合原文。5. 翻译题1. If the young engineer didnt have all these qualities, he could never have done what he has done or have the chance of succeeding in what he is trying to do.2. Cloning doesnt necessarily make cells grow old, and can even act as a fountain of youth, say researchers who have been investigating a group of cloned calves.3. We often reach an impasse in our thinking, at that moment we are looking at a problem, and trying to solve it and it seems there is a dead end.4. The curriculum of the high school is similar to conventional school that provide preparation for college, complete with English, history, math and science, besides, all students are required to take performing arts and sports and provide a community service.5. In the Philippines, women were found to contribute about a third of households cash income, but 55 percent of household support if the economic value of their activities at home, such as growing food, or gathering hay to feed the family donkey, is included.【答案】1. 如果这位年轻的工程师没有所有这些品质，他就不可能完成他所做的事情，也不可能有机会在他所尝试的事情上取得成功。2. 一直在研究一组克隆小牛的研究人员说，克隆不一定会使细胞衰老，甚至还能起到不老泉的作用。3. 我们经常在思维过程中陷入僵局，当我们看到问题并试图解决时，似乎就会有一个死胡同。4. 这所高中的课程与传统学校的课程类似，都为升入大学做准备，包括英语、历史、数学和科学。但所有的学生都必须选修表演艺术和体育，还要提供社区服务。5. 研究发现，在菲律宾，妇女贡献了家庭现金收入的三分之一，但如果算上家务的经济价值，比如种植粮食或收集干草饲养家中的驴子，则为家庭贡献了55%。6. 单选题He（ ）a messenger to tell the king what had happened.问题1选项A.dispatchedB.authorizedC.nominatedD.entrusted【答案】A【解析】dispatch派遣；authorize授权；nominate任命；entrust委托。句意：他派了一个使者去告诉国王发生了什么事。选项B和C太过于正式；选项D不符合语境；所以选项A更恰当。7. 单选题It was（ ） that the restaurant discriminated against black customers.问题1选项A.addictedB.allegedC.attackedD.ascribed【答案】B【解析】addict使沉迷，使.上瘾；allege声称，断言；attack攻击；ascribe归因于。It is alleged that为常用句型，意为“据说.”，选项B正确。8. 单选题The prisoner（ ）a means of escape from prison.问题1选项A.contrivedB.conspiredC.intriguedD.plotted【答案】D【解析】contrive设计，谋划；conspire共谋，协力；intrigue用诡计取得；plot密谋。选项A强调设法得到；选项B强调两个人合作；选项C强调用诡计取得；选项D强调秘密的筹划。所以选项D更符合语境。9. 单选题As soon as Henry found the gem to be（ ）, he went back to the shop and had his money back.问题1选项A.scatteredB.syntheticC.identicalD.conspicuous【答案】B【解析】scattered分散的, 散乱的；synthetic人造的, 合成的；identical 同一的；conspicuous显著的。句意：Henry一发现这个钻石是人造的, 他立马返回商店退款。选项B符合句意。10. 单选题Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auction, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub hasta, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms as Christies and Sothebys in London and New York are world-famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneers services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by staring the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a “reserve” price that is a price below which the goods cannot be sold. Even the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knock out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other but nominate one of themselves as the only bidder in the hope of buying goods al at extremely low prices. If such a “knock-out” comes off, the real auction sale lakes place privately afterwards among the dealers.1. A candle used to bum al at auction sales _.2. An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers _.3. The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots” out of order because _.4. An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because _.5. A “knock out” is arranged _.问题1选项A.because they took place at nightB.as a signal for the crowd to gatherC.to keep the auctioneer warmD.to limit the time when offers could be made问题2选项A.the current market values of the goodsB.details of the goods to be soldC.the order in which goods must be soldD.free admission to the auction sale问题3选项A.he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB.he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC.he wants to keep certain people waitingD.he wants to reduce the number of buyers问题4选项A.then he earns more himselfB.the dealers are pleasedC.the auction-rooms become world famousD.it keeps the customers interested问题5选项A.to keep the price in the auction room lowB.to allow one dealer only to make a profitC.to increase the auctioneers profitD.to help the auctioneer【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段最后一句In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.（在18世纪和19世纪的英国，商品通常是“借着蜡烛”出售的：拍卖师点燃一支短蜡烛，然后在蜡烛点着的时候出价。），由此可知点蜡烛是为了限制出价时间，所以D选项“限制提出报价的时间”正确。A选项“因为拍卖在晚上进行”和B选项“作为人群聚集的信号”以及C选项“让拍卖师保持温暖”文章都没有提及，属于无中生有。因此D选项正确。2.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he notices the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in.（如果广告不能给出全部细节，则会打印商品目录，每一组要一起出售的商品通常会给出一个编号，称为“批次”。拍卖人不必从第一批拍品开始，按数字顺序进行拍卖；他可能会等到他知道某些商人在拍卖厅后，展示商人可能感兴趣的批次。），由此可知商品目录是为了告诉潜在买家商品拍卖的顺序，所以C选项“拍卖商品的顺序”正确。A选项“货物的当前市场价值”和D选项“拍卖会免费入场”文章都没有提到，属于无中生有；B选项“待出售货物的详细信息”对应第四段第一句“拍卖通常是事先发布广告，详细说明要出售的物品以及买家可以在何时何地看到这些物品”，由此可知待出售商品的详细信息并不出现在目录上，而是出现在广告上，属于张冠李戴。因此C选项正确。3.推理判断题。根据题干定位到第四段第三句The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in.（拍卖师不需要从第一批拍品开始，按数字顺序进行拍卖；他可能会等到他知道某些商人在拍卖厅后，展示商人可能感兴趣的批次。），结合第四段第一句An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers.（拍卖通常会事先做广告，详细说明待售物品的详细情况，以及潜在买家可以在何时何地看到这些物品。），由此可知拍卖中很重要的是让对拍品感兴趣的人看到拍品及其信息，而拍卖人会等到拍品的潜在买家在场时进行拍卖，所以B选项“根据经验他知道哪些人想要买哪些东西”正确。A选项“有时想迷惑买家”，C选项“想让某些人等着”和D选项“想减少买家的数量”文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此B选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段最后一句The auctioneers services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.（拍卖师的服务是按商品售价的百分比支付的。因此，拍卖商在尽可能提高出价方面有着直接的利益。），所以A选项“他们自己能赚更多”正确。B选项“商人们高兴”；C选项“拍卖会会更有名”和D选项“吸引顾客”文章都没有提到，属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。5.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章倒数第二句Even the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knock out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other but nominate one of themselves as the only bidder in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices.（然而，即使是最好的拍卖师也发现很难阻止“拍卖勾结”，即商人事先非法协商不互相竞争，而是商定其中一人竞拍，以此用极低的价格购买商品。），由此可知拍卖勾结是为了低价买入商品，A选项“为了保持拍卖品的低价格”正确。B选项“只允许一个商人获利”对应文章最后一句If such a “knock-out” comes off, the real auction sale lakes place privately afterwards among the dealers.（如果这样的“拍卖勾结”成功了，真正的拍卖江湖之后会私下进行。），由此可知在拍卖厅的拍卖结束以后，他们还会再次进行拍卖，拍卖勾结不是为了让特定的一个人获利，属于曲解原文。C选项“提高拍卖商的利润”和D选项“帮助拍卖师”文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。11. 单选题The moist air of the Pacific Ocean brings a （ ） climate to the west coast of the United States.问题1选项A.chillyB.temperateC.modestD.compromising【答案】B【解析】句意：太平洋潮湿的空气给美国西海岸带来了温和的气候。气候温和用temperate cli