2022年考博英语-黑龙江大学考前模拟强化练习题88（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-黑龙江大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题With all its advantages, the computer is by no means without its（ ）.问题1选项A.boundariesB.restraintsC.confinementsD.limitations【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。boundary“边界，界限”；restraint“抑制，克制”；confinement“限制，监禁”；limitation“限制，局限性”。句意：这台计算机有很多优点，但并不是没有局限性。由by no means“并非，决不”可知后半句与前半句为转折关系。故D项正确。2. 单选题Many novels that attempt to mirror the world are really _ of the reality that they represent.问题1选项A.reflectionsB.demonstrationsC.illuminationsD.reproductions【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. reflections 反射 B. demonstrations 示范；展示C. illuminations 启发；阐释 D. reproductions 复制品【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】空格前that引导一个定语从句，先行词是novel，这里mirror做动词表反映，意思为反映世界的小说；空格后of短语做后置定语，表示所代表事实的；根据句意，应该是反映世界的小说是所代表事实的反映。这两处应该相对应。综上所述，A选项reflections“反射”可引申为此句所需的逻辑“反映”以满足上述条件。【干扰项排除】B选项demonstration表示清楚细致地展示；C选项illumination指某物能够被理解；D选项reproduction表示复制出与原物相似的物品。【句意】许多试图反映世界的小说的确反映了它们所代表的现实。3. 单选题（ ）that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.问题1选项A.ForB.NowC.SinceD.Despite【答案】B【解析】考查逻辑连词。for、since通常表示原因，不和that连用，now that“既然，因为，由于”；despite“尽管”。句意：由于我的头脑清醒了，我的大脑也开始运转得更好了。前后句因果关系，故B项正确。4. 翻译题As a fashionable leisure activity, traveling is favored by a growing number of people. Due to the rapid development of economy, the improvement of living standard and the governments support of tourism, traveling is becoming more and more popular in China. Traveling has gradually become an essential part of peoples daily life. On holidays, numerous Chinese tourists would swarm into scenic spots across the world. When traveling, people can broaden their horizons, enrich their knowledge and appreciate beautiful natural landscapes, which would eventually help to relax themselves physically and mentally.【答案】旅游作为一种时尚的休闲活动，为越来越多的人所喜爱。经济的迅猛发展、生活水平的提高，以及政府对旅游业的支持使得旅游在中国越来越流行。旅游已逐步成为人们日常生活必不可少的部分。每逢假期，大批的中国游客就会涌入世界各地的景点。旅游时人们可以开阔视野，增长知识，欣赏大自然的美丽风光，最终得以放松身心。5. 翻译题The English language of today reflects many centuries of development. The political and social events that have in the course of English history so profoundly affected the English people in their national life have generally had a recognizable effect on their language. The Roman Christianizing of Britain in 597 brought England into contact with Latin civilization and made significant additions to our vocabulary. The Scandinavian invasions resulted in a considerable mixture of the two peoples and their languages. The Norman Conquest made English for two centuries the language mainly of the lower classes while the nobles and those associated with them used French on almost all occasions. And when English once more regained supremacy as the language of all elements of the population, it was an English greatly changed in both form and vocabulary from what it had been in 1066.【答案】今天的英语反映了许多世纪的发展。在英国历史进程中深刻影响英国人国家生活的政治和社会事件，通常也对他们的语言产生了明显的影响。597年罗马人对不列颠的基督教化使英国接触了拉丁文明，并大大增加了我们的词汇。斯堪的那维亚人的入侵导致了这两个民族及其语言的大量混合。诺曼征服使英语在长达两个世纪的时间里成为下层阶级的主要语言，而贵族和与他们有关的人几乎在所有场合都使用法语。当英语再次成为所有人口的语言时，它的形式和词汇都比1066年发生了巨大的变化。6. 单选题Its time（ ）about the traffic problem downtown.问题1选项A.something was doneB.anything will be doneC.everything is doneD.nothing to be done【答案】A【解析】考查虚拟语气。its time 后面的从句用一般过去时或should+动词原形（should不能省略）。句意：是时候采取一些措施来解决城市交通问题了。故A项正确。7. 单选题Shortages of flu vaccine are nothing new in America, but this years is a whopper. Until last week, it appeared that 100 million Americans would have access to flu shots this fall. Then British authorities, concerned about quality control problems at a production plant in Liverpool, barred all further shipments by the Chiron Corp Overnight, the U.S. vaccine supply dwindled by nearly half and federal health officials found themselves making an unusual plea. Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated, theyre now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and 64 not to. “This reemphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply,” says Dr. Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information, and “the lack of redundancy in our system.”Why is such a basic health service so easily knocked out? Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it. To create a single dose of flu vaccine, a manufacturer has to grow live virus in a 2-week-old fertilized chicken egg, then crack the egg, harvest the virus and extract the proteins used to provoke an immune response. Profit margins are narrow, demand is fickle and, because each years flu virus is different, any leftover vaccine goes to waste. As a result, the United States now has only two major suppliers (Chiron and Ave Pasteur)and when one of them runs into trouble, there isnt much the other can do about it. “A vaccine maker cant just call up and order 40 million more fertilized eggs,” says Manon Cox, of Connecticut-based Protein Sciences Corp, “theres a whole industry thats scheduled to produce a certain number of eggs at a certain time.”Sleeker technologies are now in the works, and experts are hoping that this years fiasco will speed the pace of innovation. The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell culturesa medium already used to make most other vaccines. Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce this way, but several companies are now pursuing this strategy, and one culture-based product (Solvay Pharmaceuticals InvivaC. has been cleared for marketing in Europe.For Americans, the immediate challenge is to make the most of a limited supply. The government estimate that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last weekend. Thats nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand, but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year. In fact, many experts are hoping the shortage will serve as an awareness campaignencouraging the people who really need a flu shot to get one.1.Shortages of flu vaccine show that（ ）.2.The word “cleared” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) might mean（ ）.3.Private companies have little interest in producing flu vaccines because of（ ）.4.From the last paragraph we can infer that（ ）.5.According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?问题1选项A.America relies too much on foreign suppliersB.the demand of flu vaccines is high this yearC.quality problem is a serious problem in flu vaccine productionD.the supply of flu vaccines is rather weak and America has no back-up measures to make it up问题2选项A.permittedB.removeC.provedD.produced问题3选项A.complicated process, high cost, low profit and high riskB.shortages of fertilized chicken eggsC.difficulty in growing live virusD.fast changing of flu virus问题4选项A.the government hopes to solve the problem by way of volunteer restrictionsB.more than 47 million Americans who are qualified to get flu vaccine shots cannot get them this yearC.America has to deal with limited supply of flu vaccines this yearD.normally only a small percentage of American population gets flu vaccine shots each year问题5选项A.All Americans are persuaded not to get vaccinated this year.B.The big problem in innovating flu vaccine producing technique is how to grow virus in a new way.C.More flu vaccines cannot be produced in a short time because private companies refuse to produce more.D.Flu vaccines are easier than most vaccines to produce through cell cultures.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:A第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.推理判断题。由第一段“This reemphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply, says Dr. Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information, and the lack of redundancy in our system. 这再次强调了我们疫苗供应的脆弱性，全国免疫信息网络的Martin Myers博士说，我们的系统缺乏冗余。”可知D项“流感疫苗的供应相当薄弱，美国也没有后备措施来弥补”正确。2.词义题。由“one culture-based product (Solvay Pharmaceuticals Invivac) has been cleared for marketing in Europe. 有一种基于文化的产品(Solvay Pharmaceuticals的Invivac)已经获准在欧洲上市。”根据for marketing in Europe可以判断出应该是“得到官方批准和允许”。故A项正确。3.细节事实题。由第二段“Why is such a basic health service so easily knocked out? Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it. 为什么这样一项基本的医疗服务如此容易被取消?主要是因为私营企业没有动力去追求它。”接下来作者介绍了复杂的生产工艺，“ Profit margins are narrow, demand is fickle and, because each years flu virus is different, any leftover vaccine goes to waste. 利润空间狭窄，需求变化无常，而且由于每年的流感病毒不同，任何剩余的疫苗都被浪费了。”故A项“流程复杂、成本高、利润低、风险大”正确。4.推理判断题。由第四段“The government estimate that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last weekend. Thats nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand, but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year. 政府估计，根据上周末宣布的自愿限制措施，仍有9500万人有资格注射疫苗。这几乎是诊所现有剂量的两倍，但正常年份只有6000万美国人寻求注射。”可知疫苗现有剂量只有9500万的一半，即4700多万。故还有4700多万有资格注射疫苗的人无法得到注射。故B项正确。5.推理判断题。由第三段“Sleeker technologies are now in the works, and experts are hoping that this years fiasco will speed the pace of innovation. The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell culturesa medium already used to make most other vaccines. 更新的技术正在研发中，专家们希望今年的失败将加快创新的步伐。主要的挑战是将生产从卵细胞转移到细胞培养一种已经用于生产大多数其他疫苗的培养基。”可知B项“创新流感疫苗生产技术的最大问题是如何以新的方式培养病毒”符合题意。A项“所有的美国人被劝说今年不要接种疫苗”与文中提到的“2-64岁的健康人群不用接种”不符。C项“因为私营企业拒绝生产更多的流感疫苗，所以更多的流感疫苗无法在短时间内生产出来”与文中提到的“疫苗生产操作的难度大导致生产商无法在短时间内生产更多流感疫苗”不符。D项“流感疫苗比大多数通过细胞培养的疫苗更容易生产。”与文中的“The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell culturesa medium already used to make most other vaccines. Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce this way, 主要的挑战是将生产从卵细胞转移到细胞培养一种已经用于生产大多数其他疫苗的培养基。用这种方法生产流感疫苗比大多数疫苗都难。”不符。8. 单选题The fight could have been avoided if both of you had been able to（ ）your anger.问题1选项A.hold backB.hold onC.hold outD.hold up【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。hold back“隐藏，退缩，抑制”；hold on“紧紧抓住，不挂断电话”；hold out“坚持，伸出，提供”；hold up“举起，阻挡”。句意：如果你们都能克制住自己的怒火，这场争吵本来是可以避免的。A项符合题意。9. 翻译题从20世纪40年代中期起，人类已经制造出上千种农药，普遍用于农场、花园和森林，以消灭昆虫和杂草。本来它们的最初目的是杀死几种杂草和几种昆虫，但是却造成了现在这样严重的后果：鸟儿不再唱歌，鱼儿不再跳跃，树叶蒙上了一层毒药，土壤中长期存留大量有毒物质。【答案】Since the mid-1940s, thousands of pesticides have been created to kill insects and weeds on farms, gardens and forests. Their original purpose was to kill a few weeds and a few insects, but the result is now so serious that birds no longer sing, fish no longer jump, the leaves are coated with poison, and the soil is permanently rich in toxic substances.10. 单选题As it is known to the world, _ a mother-daughter business venture wont be easy.问题1选项A.breath life intoB.breathing life intoC.breathe life intoD.breath the living into【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. breath life into 呼吸生活 B. breathing life into 给某事带来活力C. breathe life into 给某事带来活力 D. breath the living into 把活着的人呼入【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】固定短语breathe life into 给某事带来活力。该句谓语动词是wont be该句缺少主语。因此，这里是动名词短语做主语。B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。【句意】众所周知，给母女企业注入活力并非易事。11. 单选题Obviously, there is a(n) _ that management only wants to cut costs.问题1选项A.concentrationB.ambiguityC.perceptionD.facility【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. concentration 专心；集合 B. ambiguity 含糊；不明确C. perception 认识能力；知觉；看法 D. facility 设施；设备【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】根据句子结构可知空格后that management only wants to cut costs（管理层只想削减成本）为同位语从句，解释说明空格的内容，“管理层只想削减成本”这是一种看法。C. perception“看法”符合语境。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均不符合语境。【句意】有一种看法认为，管理层只想削减成本。12. 翻译题Han Dynasty, founded in 202 BC, was one of the longest dynasties in Chinese history. It was divided into two periods: the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty. Considered a golden age, Han Dynasty created a glorious civilization in various aspects, including economy, culture, art as well as science and technology, etc. Han Dynasty laid a foundation for the ethnic culture of the Han Nationality, and Confucianism respected by the Western Han Dynasty became the mainstream ideology of China.【答案】汉朝建于公元前202年，是中国历史上存在时间最长的朝代之一，分为西汉与东汉两个阶段。汉朝被称为黄金时代，在经济、文化、艺术和科技等各个方面均创造了辉煌的文明。汉朝奠定了汉民族的民族文化，西汉所尊崇的儒家思想成为中国的主流思想。13. 不定项选择题Some recent historians have argued that life in the British colonies in America from approximately 1763 to 1789 was marked by internal conflicts among colonists. Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth-century. Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker, these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation.The kind of conflict most emphasized by these historians is class conflict. Yet with the Revolutionary War dominating these years, how does one distinguish class conflict within that larger conflict? Certainly not by the side a person supported. Although many of these historians have accepted the earlier assumption that Loyalists represented an upper class, new evidence indicates that Loyalists, like rebels, were drawn from all socioeconomic classes. (It is nonetheless probably true that a larger percentage of the well-to-do joined the Loyalists than joined the rebels.) Looking at the rebel side, we find little evidence for the contention that lower-class rebels were in conflict with upper-class rebels. Indeed, the war effort against Britain tended to suppress class conflicts. Where it did not, the disputing rebels of one or another class usually became Loyalists. Loyalism thus operated as a safety valve to remove socioeconomic discontent that existed among the rebels. Disputes occurred, of course, among those who remained on the rebel side, but the extraordinary social mobility of eighteenth-century American society (with the obvious exception of slaves) usually prevented such disputes from hardening along class lines. Social structure was in fact so fluid-though recent statistics suggest a narrowing of economic opportunity as the latter half of the century progressed-that to talk about social classes at all requires the use of loose economic categories such as rich, poor, and middle class, or eighteenth-century designations like “the better sort”. Despite these vague categories, one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed. Outside of New York, however, there were very few instances of openly expressed class antagonism.Having said this, however, one must add that there is much evidence to support the further claim of recent historians that sectional conflicts were common between 1763 and 1789. “The Paxton Boys” incident and the Regulator movement are representative examples of the widespread, and justified, discontent of western settlers against colonial or state governments dominated by eastern interests. Although undertones of class conflict existed beneath such hostility, the opposition was primarily geographical. Sectional conflict-which also existed between North and South-deserves further investigation.In summary, historians must be careful about the kind of conflict they emphasize in eighteenth-century America. Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.1. The author suggests which of the following about the representativeness of colonial or state governments in America from 1763 to 1789?2. According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about sectional conflicts in America between 1763 and 1789?3. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War?4. The passage suggests that the author would be likely to agree with which of the following statements about the social structure of eighteenth-century American society?I. It allowed greater economic opportunity than it did social mobility.II. It permitted greater economic opportunity prior to 1750 than after 1750.III. It did not contain rigidly defined socioeconomic divisions.IV. It prevented economic disputes from arising among members of the society.5. The author most likely refers to “historians such as Beard and Becker” (lines 5-6) in order to_.问题1选项A.The governments inadequately represented the interests of people in western regions.B.The governments more often represented class interests than sectional interests.C.The governments were less representative than they had been before 1763.D.The governments were dominated by the interests of people of an upper socioeconomic class.E.The governments of the northern colonies were less representative than were the governments of the southern colonies.问题2选项A.These conflicts were instigated by eastern interests against western settlers.B.These conflicts were the most serious kind of conflict in America.C.These conflicts eventually led to openly expressed class antagonism.D.These conflicts contained an element of class hostility.E.These conflicts were motivated by class conflicts.问题3选项A.Identifying a persons socioeconomic class is the least accurate method of ascertaining which side that person supported.B.Identifying a person as a member of the rebel or of the Loyalist side does not necessarily reveal that persons particular socioeconomic class.C.Both the rebel and the Loyalist sides contained members of all socioeconomic classes, although there were fewer disputes among socioeconomic classes on the Loyalist side.D.Both the rebel and the Loyalist sides contained members of all socioeconomic classes, although the Loyalist side was made up primarily of members of the upper classes.E.Both the rebel and the Loyalist sides contained members of all socioeconomic classes, although many upper-class rebels eventually joined the Loyalists.问题4选项A.I and IV onlyB.II and III onlyC.III and IV onlyD.I, II, and III onlyE.I, II, III, and IV问题5选项A.isolate the two historians whose work is most representative of the viewpoints of Progressive historiansB.emphasize the need to find connections between recent historical writing and the work of earlier historiansC.make a case for the importance of the views of the Progressive historians concerning eighteenth-century American lifeD.suggest that Progressive historians were the first to discover the particular internal conflicts in eighteenth-century American life mentioned in the passageE.point out historians whose views of history anticipated some of the views of the recent historians mentioned in the passage【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:E【解析】1.【选项释义】The author suggests which of the following about the representativeness of colonial or state governments in America from 1763 to 1789? 关于1763年至1789年美国殖民政府或州政府的代表性，作者建议下列哪个选项？A. The governments inadequately represented the interests of people in western regions. A. 政府没有充分代表西部地区人民的利益。B. The governments more often represented class interests than sectional interests. B. 政府更多地代表阶级利益而不是地方利益。C. The governments were less representative than they had been before 1763. C. 政府没有1763年以前那么有代表性。D. The governments were dominated by the interests of people of an upper socioeconomic class. D. 政府被上层社会经济阶级的利益所支配。E. The governments of the northern colonies were less representative than were the governments of the southern colonies. E. 北方殖民地的政府不如南方殖民地的政府有代表性。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到倒数第二段，该处讲到“1763年至1789年间，派系冲突很常见”，还讲“西方定居者普遍而合理地不满于由东方利益主导的殖民地或州政府”。换言之，政府没有充分地代表西方的利益。比对选项，A选项恰好是此信息的同义转换，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“政府更多地代表阶级利益而不是地方利益”，倒数第二段倒数第二句“尽管在这种敌意之下存在着阶级冲突的隐蔽性，但这种对立主要是地区性的”，因此更多地代表地区性利益，B选项属于反向干扰；C选项“政府没有1763年以前那么有代表性”，文中没有提到，C选项属于无中生有；D选项“政府被上层社会经济阶级的利益所支配”，文中没有提到，属于无中生有；E选项“北方殖民地的政府不如南方殖民地的政府有代表性”，文中倒数第二段最后一句提到“区域冲突也存在于北方和南方之间值得进一步调查。”并没有直接说明，