2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第134期

2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The editor considered the authors analysis in this article to be penetrating.问题1选项A.extensiveB.profoundC.conclusiveD.valuable【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。penetrating“敏锐的；深刻的；透彻的”；A选项extensive“广泛的；大量的；广阔的”；B选项profound“彻底的；意义深远的；深刻的”；C选项conclusive“决定性的；最后的；确定性的”；D选项valuable“有价值的；贵重的；可估价的”。句意：编辑认为作者在这篇文章中的分析很有穿透力。根据句中“the authors analysis in this article作者在这篇文章中的分析”可知 penetrating在这里的意思应为“深刻的”，因此B选项正确。2. 单选题Brushing removes larger particles, but dentists suggest brushing the back of the tongue as well, where food residues and bacteria _.问题1选项A.flourishB.collaborateC.embarkD.congregate【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“flourish”意为“繁荣，茂盛；处于旺盛时期；炫耀”；B选项“collaborate”意为“合作；勾结，通敌”；C选项“embark”意为“上船（或飞机）；（使）上船（或登机）；从事”；D选项“congregate”意为“聚集”。句意：刷牙可以清除较大的颗粒，但牙医建议也要刷舌头后部，那里有食物残渣和细菌聚集。由题干可知，food residues and bacteria（食物残渣和细菌），可以推测出是有这些东西的聚集，所以牙医建议也要刷舌头的后部。因此D选项符合题意。3. 不定项选择题Some people say that the study of liberal arts is a useless luxury we cannot afford in hard times. Students, they argue, who do not develop salable kills will find it difficult to land a job upon graduation. But there is a problem in speaking of “salable skills”. What skills are salable? Right now, skills for making automobiles are not highly salable, but they have been for decades and might be again. Skills are another example of varying salability, as the job market fluctuates. Whats more, if one wants to build a curriculum exclusively on what is salable, one will have to make the courses very short and change them very often, in order to keep up with the rapid changes in the job market. But will not the effort be in vain? In very few things can we be sure of future salability, and in a society where people are free to study what they want, and work where they want, and invest as they want, there is no way to keep supply and demand in labor in perfect accord.A school that devotes itself totally to salable skills, especially in a time of high unemployment, sending young men and women into the world armed with only a narrow range of skills, is also sending lambs into the lions den. If those people gain nothing more from their studies than supposedly salable skills, and cant make the sale because of changes in the job market, they have been cheated. But if those skills were more than salable, if study gave them a better understanding of the world around them and greater adaptability in a changing world, they have not been cheated. They will find some kind of job soon enough. Flexibility, and ability to change and learn new things, is a valuable skill. People who have learned how to learn can learn outside of school. That is where most of us have learned to do what we do, not in school. Learning to learn is one of the highest liberal skills.1. From the passage, we can learn that the author is favor of（ ）.2. The word “fluctuate” (Line5, Para. 1) most probably means（ ）.3. According to the author, who of the following is more likely to get a job in times of high unemployment?4. According to the author, in developing a curriculum school should（ ）.5. We can learn from the passage that（ ）.问题1选项A.teaching practical skill that can be sold in the current job marketB.a flexible curriculum that changes with the timesC.a liberal educationD.keeping a balance between the supply and demand in the labor market问题2选项A.remain steadyB.change in an irregular wayC.follow a set patternD.become worse and worse问题3选项A.A person with the ability to learn by himself.B.A construction workers.C.A car repairman.D.A person with quite a few salable skills.问题4选项A.predict the salability of skills in the future job marketB.take the current job market into considerationC.consider what skills are salableD.focus on the ability to adapt to changes问题5选项A.liberal arts education is being challenged nowB.schools that teach practical skills fare better during hard timesC.extracurricular activities are more important than classroom learningD.many students feel cheated by the educational system【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】第1题:判断推理题。由题干定位到文章最后一段第三句“if study gave them a better understanding of the world around them and greater adaptability in a changing world, they have not been cheated”，如果学习能让他们更好地了解周围的世界，更能适应不断变化的世界，那么他们就没有被欺骗。这说明作者赞同让学生能了解周围世界、适应世界变化的通识教育。A选项“teaching practical skill that can be sold in the current job market”意为“教授能在当前就业市场上出售的实用技能”，由原文可知，作者认为就业市场是不断变化的，把年轻男女输送到只有有限技能的世界，是在把羔羊送入虎穴，所以作者是不赞同的；B选项“a flexible curriculum that changes with the times”意为“随时代变化的灵活课程”，作者对于这种课程的态度是“But will not the effort be in vain?”但这种努力不会是徒劳的吗？所以作者是不赞同的；C选项“a liberal education”意为“通识教育”，与原文相符；D选项“keeping a balance between the supply and demand in the labor market”意为“保持劳动力市场供求平衡”，原文“there is no way to keep supply and demand in labor in perfect accord”我们不可能使劳动力的供求完全一致，所以作者是不赞同的。因此C选项符合题意。第2题:语义推测题。由fluctuate定位到文章第一段第六句“Skills are another example of varying salability, as the job market fluctuates”，随着就业市场的波动，技能是可售性变化的另一个例子。并且由后文可知，the rapid changes in the job market 就业市场是快速变化的。A选项“remain steady”，意为“保持稳定”，与原文不符；B选项“change in an irregular way”意为“不规则的变化”，与原文相符；C选项“follow a set pattern”意为“遵循固定模式”，原文并未提及就业市场的变化有固定的模式；D选项“become worse and worse”意为“变得越来越糟”，原文只是指变化但没有说是往糟糕的方向发展。因此B选项符合题意。第3题:判断推理题。由high unemployment定位到文章第二段。文章第二段提到现在是个高失业率的时代，首先从反面举例如果只学会少数技能就进入社会等于羊入虎穴，接着又说到学习理解和适应这个改变的世界能更快找到工作，最后总结道“Learning to learn is one of the highest liberal skills”学会学习是最高的不受限制的技能之一，因此有自学能力的更容易找到工作。A选项“A person with the ability to learn by himself”意为“有自学能力的人”，符合原文；B选项“A construction workers”意为“一位建筑工人”，C选项“A car repairman”意为“一位汽车修理工”和D选项“A person with quite a few salable skills”意为“一个有相当多的销售技巧的人”，都只是掌握了少数技能，但不是自学的能力。因此A选项符合题意。第4题:判断推理题。由developing a curriculum school定位到文章第一段第七句“Whats more, if one wants to build a curriculum exclusively in order to keep up with the rapid changes in the job market”即发展课程就必须使课程非常短，并经常更换它们，以跟上就业市场的快速变化。由此可推测，现代课程的着重点在于适应变化的能力。A选项“predict the salability of skills in the future job market”意为“预测技能在未来就业市场的销路”，原文未提及预测技能的销路，是强调就业市场是不断变化的，要去适应这种变化；B选项“take the current job market into consideration”意为“把当前的就业市场也考虑进去”，就业市场是一直变化的，所以重点是适应变化；C选项“consider what skills are salable”意为“考虑哪些技能是可以销售的”，可销售的技能是需要不断更换的，所以不是课程的重点；D选项“focus on the ability to adapt to changes”意为“关注适应变化的能力”，符合原文。因此D选项符合题意。第5题:判断推理题。结合选项和题干可知，本题需逐个分析各个选项。A选项“liberal arts education is being challenged now”意为“通识教育现在正受到挑战”，与原文相符；B选项“schools that teach practical skills fare better during hard times”意为“在不景气的时候，教授实用技能的学校表现更好”，与原文相反，学会有限技能的人进入社会只是羊入虎口，所以最关键的技能是自学能力；C选项“extracurricular activities are more important than classroom learning”意为“课外活动比课堂学习更重要”，原文是指有自学能力的人在校外也能继续学习，但并没有说课外活动就比课堂学习更重要；D选项“many students feel cheated by the educational system”意为“许多学生觉得教育制度欺骗了他们”，原文是如果他们获得的只是销售技能，不能随就业市场的变化而变化，那么他们就是受骗了，但这不是学生的想法，是作者的观点。因此A选项符合题意。4. 单选题John says that his present job does not provide him with enough（ ）for his organizing ability.问题1选项A.scopeB.spaceC.capacityD.range【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项scope“范围；余地；视野”；B选项space“空间；太空”；C选项capacity“能力；容量；资格”；D选项range“范围；幅度；山脉”。句意：约翰称他现在的工作没有为自己的组织能力提供足够的发展空间。根据句中“organizing ability组织能力”可知“空间”符合语境，因此B选项正确。5. 不定项选择题A complex operation called spinal fusion has emerged as the treatment of choice for many kinds of back pain. But a number of researchers say there is little scientific evidence to show that for most patients, spinal fusion works any better than a simpler operation, the laminectomy（椎板切除术）. Some people would be better off with no surgery at all. Even doctors who favor fusions say that more research is needed on their benefits.In the absence of better data, critics point to a different reason for the fusion operations fast rises: money. Medicare can pay a surgeon as much as four times more for a spinal fusion as for a laminectomy. Hospitals also collect two to four times as much. “We all cave in to market and economic forces,” said Dr. Edward C. Benzel. Though doctors, as a rule, should favor the least complicated treatment with surgery being the last resort Dr. Benzel estimated that fewer than half of the spinal fusions done today were probably appropriate.Doctors and hospitals are not the only players with a financial stake in fusion operations. Critics blame the companies that make the hardware for promoting more complex fusions without evidence that they are significantly more effective. Some sort of hardware is used in almost 90 percent of lower-back fusions and the national bill for the hardware alone has soared to $2.5 billion a year.The hardware makers in general acknowledge giving surgeons millions of dollars for consulting and researches, but say the money promotes technical advances that improve back care. But a lawsuit brought by Scott A. Wiese, a former sales representative of Medtronic the biggest maker of spinal hardware, accused the company of trying to persuade surgeons to use its products with offers of first-class plane tickets to Hawaii and nights at the finest hotels. Medtronic said it did nothing wrong, and it denied the accusations in the lawsuit. But the company disclosed earlier this year that the federal government was investigating charges that it paid illegal kickbacks to surgeons. Federal officials declined to comment on the investigation, and Medtronic said it would vigorously defend itself.Still, between the allure of money and the quest for breakthroughs in treatment, some prominent spinal surgeons say that back care has gone astray.1. Which of the following statements on the treatment of back pain is true?2. It is implied that doctors （ ）.3. The hardware makers （ ）.4. The company Medtronic （ ）.5. What does the author mean by “back care has gone astray” in the last paragraph?问题1选项A.Spinal fusion provides a better cure than other treatments.B.Spinal fusion is no good to patients suffering from back pains.C.There is limited evidence as to which treatment is better.D.Doctors have great confidence in the benefits of spinal fusion.问题2选项A.tend to choose the treatment that is considered the best for patientsB.have put financial interests ahead of patients in considerable casesC.are likely to favor more complicated treatment to improve skillsD.wish to change the current system under which they get paid for their work问题3选项A.have obtained enormous profits from the operationB.have invested heavily in the research of new productsC.have helped doctors and hospitals gain more experienceD.have successfully proved the effectiveness of their products问题4选项A.has admitted paying kickbacks to surgeonsB.has denied any financial deals with surgeonsC.has been sued for buying its business competitorD.has been investigated by the government问题5选项A.It has been on the right track.B.It has been away from the right track.C.It has offered a new treatment.D.It has moved back to tradition.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“But a number of researchers say there is little scientific evidence to show that for most patients, spinal fusion works any better than a simpler operation, the laminectomy. 但一些研究人员表示，几乎没有科学证据表明，对大多数患者来说脊柱融合术比更简单的椎板切除术更好。”可知C项与原文相符。A项“脊柱融合术比其他治疗方法有更好的治疗效果。”，与原文不符；B项“脊柱融合术对背痛患者没有好处。”，与原文不符；C项“只有有限的证据表明哪种治疗方法更好。”；D项“医生对脊柱融合术的好处很有信心。”，与原文不符，因此C选项正确。第2题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段中“Medicare can pay a surgeon as much as four times more for a spinal fusion as for a laminectomy. 医疗保险可以为外科医生支付比椎板切除术多四倍的脊柱融合术费用。”以及“.fewer than half of the spinal fusions done today were probably appropriate. 今天所做的脊柱融合术中可能只有不到一半是合适的。”，可知B项与原文相符。A项“倾向于选择被认为对病人最好的治疗方法”，与原文不符；B项“在相当多的案例中，他们把经济利益置于病人利益之上”；C项“可能会赞成更复杂的治疗来提高技能”，与原文不符；D项“希望改变他们目前的工作报酬制度”，与原文不符，因此B选项正确。第3题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第三段中“.the national bill for the hardware alone has soared to $2.5 billion a year. 仅在硬件方面，全国每年的支出就飙升至25亿美元。”可知A项与原文相符。A项“已从这个手术中获取了巨大的利润”；B项“已在新产品研究上投入巨资”，与原文不符；C项“已帮助医生和医院获得了更多经验”，与原文不符；D项“已成功地证明了他们产品的有效性”，与原文不符，因此A选项正确。第4题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第四段中“But the company disclosed earlier this year that the federal government was investigating charges that it paid illegal kickbacks to surgeons. 但该公司今年早些时候披露，联邦政府正在调查其向外科医生支付非法回扣的指控。”可知D项与原文相符。A项“已承认给外科医生回扣”，与原文不符；B项“已否认与外科医生有任何金钱交易”，与原文不符；C项“已因收购其商业竞争对手而被起诉”，与原文不符；D项“已经被政府调查过”，因此D选项正确。第5题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段中“.fewer than half of the spinal fusions done today were probably appropriate. 今天所做的脊柱融合术中可能只有不到一半是合适的。”以及astray有“误入歧途的，离开正道的”意思，可知B项与原文相符。A项“它已在正轨上”；B项“它偏离了正轨”；C项“它已提供一个新的治疗方式”；D项“它已回到传统”，因此B选项正确。6. 不定项选择题One fact was clearly demonstrated by the early sleep researchers: one part of the night is not just like another. As scientists began to compare the records of volunteers, they observed that human sleep follows a rhythmic schedule; they noted that not only was this schedule much the same in healthy person of the same age with similar habits but, from night to night, each individual had an EEG record almost as consistent as a signature.Sleep and wakefulness, once considered to be the light and dark of consciousness, no longer seem to differ so sharply. To sleep does not mean to drown in an ocean of darkness. Actually, sleep is not a unitary state; it involves many shades or degrees of detachment from the surrounding world. Sleep is made up of separate stages of light and deeper slumber. Typically, only during the first hours of sleep does a person reach the stage of the deepest slumber, the rest of them is spent drifting between the other lighter stages in specific patterns, all night long a person drifts down and up through different levels of consciousness, as if on waves. While sleep may feel like a blanket of darkness punctuated by dreams a time when the mind is asleep nothing could be less true. With laboratory methods, researches have been able to chart the typical stages of the journey into sleep.The journey starts while the subject is still awake but beginning to relax; his brain waves, which have been low, rapid, and irregular, begin to show a new pattern; this new pattern, which is known as alpha rhythm, is an even electrical pulsation of about 9 to 12 cycles per second. Most people do not know what the alpha state feels like, but during the last few years researchers have been able to teach subjects how to recognize and learn to sustain their alpha rhythm.When their EEG shows an alpha rhythm, the subjects are notified, either by a sound or by the appearance of a color on a screen. Because the alpha state tends to be relaxed, the ability to sustain it can help tense people ease their passage into sleep. A moment of tension, a loud noise, an attempt to solve a problem, however, and the alpha rhythm may vanish.As the subject passes through the gates of the unconscious, his alpha waves grow smaller, and his eyes roll very slowly. For a moment, he may wake up during this early part of the descent, alerted by sudden spasm that causes his body to jerk. Like the brain waves, this spasm is a sign of neural changes within. Known as the myoclonic jerk, it is cause by a brief burst of activity in the brain. The myoclonic jerk is normal in all human sleep, it is gone in a fraction of a second, after which the descent continues, the subject has not felt this peculiar transformation, but now he is said to be truly asleep.1. The sentence “each individual had an EEG record almost consistent as a signature” means （ ）.2. In the second paragraph, the author describes that （ ）.3. The word “unitary” in the second paragraph means （ ）.4. When can we say that a person is asleep?5. We can infer from the passage that the “alpha rhythm” is（ ）.问题1选项A.each individual had quite different EEG record like their personalized signatureB.each individual had almost the same EEG record as his signatureC.the EEG record of each individual may be contradictory to one anotherD.the EEG record of each individual may be changed from one another问题2选项A.sleep and wakefulness are different because of completely different levels of consciousnessB.sleep is a quiet stateC.sleep makes one drown in an ocean of darknessD.sleep involves different levels of consciousness问题3选项A.complexB.uniqueC.singleD.simple问题4选项A.When there are no dreams.B.Before he wakes.C.After the myoclonic is finished.D.After the alpha rhythm descents.问题5选项A.sustainableB.rapidC.irregularD.myoclonic【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C第5题:B【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“from night to night, each individual had an EEG record almost as consistent as a signature每个人每晚的脑电图记录几乎和签名一样一致”知B项与原文相符。A项“每个人都有完全不同的脑电图记录，就像他们的个性化签名一样”，与原文不符；B项“每个人的脑电图记录几乎如其签名样一致”；C项“每个人的脑电图记录可能相互矛盾”，与原文不符；D项“每个人的脑电图记录可能相互改变”，与原文不符，因此B选项正确。第2题:细节事实题。由文章第二段内容可知D项与原文相符。A项“睡眠和清醒是不同的，因为意识的层次完全不同”，与原文不符；B项“睡眠是一种安静的状态”，与原文不符；C项“睡眠使人淹没在黑暗的海洋中”，与原文不符；D项“睡眠涉及不同层次的意识”，因此D选项正确。第3题:词汇题。由题干定位到文章第二段中“Sleep is made up of separate stages of light and deeper slumber. 睡眠由不同的浅的和更深的睡眠构成”，可推知unitary有“单一的”的意思。A项“复杂的”；B项“独特的”；C项“单一的”；D项“简单的”，因此C选项正确。第4题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章最后一段中“The myoclonic jerk is normal in all human sleep, it is gone in a fraction of a second, after which the descent continues, the subject has not felt this peculiar transformation, but now he is said to be truly asleep. 肌阵挛痉挛在所有人的睡眠中都是正常的，在瞬间就消失了，之后继续下降，实验对象并没有感觉到这种奇特的变化，但据说现在他真的睡着了。”可知C项与原文相符。A项“当没有做梦时”，与原文不符；B项“在他觉醒前”，与原文不符；C项“在肌阵挛反应结束后”；D项“在阿尔法节奏下降之后”，与原文不符，因此C选项正确。第5题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第三段中“.is an even electrical pulsation of about 9 to 12 cycles per second. 是一种每秒大约循环9至12次的电流脉动”，可知它的速度较快，B项正确。A项“可持续的”；B项“迅速的”；C项“不规则的”；D项“肌阵挛的”，因此B选项正确。7. 翻译题Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on your ANSWER SHEET.One of the strangest aspects of our life is the widespread lack of concern about the danger of total destruction by nuclear weapons, a possibility people are aware of. The explanation, I believe, is that they are more proud of than frightened by the gadgets of mass destruction. Also, they are so frightened of the possibility of their personal failure and humiliation that their anxiety about personal matters prevents them from feeling anxious about the possibility that everybody and everything may be destroyed. Perhaps total destruction is even more attractive than total insecurity and never-ending personal anxiety.【答案】我们生活中最奇怪的一个方面是，人们普遍不关心核武器可能带来彻底毁灭的危险，而人们也知道这种可能性。我认为，可以解释为，他们对大规模毁灭性武器与其说感到害怕，不如说感到自豪。此外，他们对个人失败和被羞辱的可能性是如此恐惧，以至于他们对个人事务的焦虑阻碍了他们去担忧每个人、每件事都可能被摧毁的可能性。也许彻底的毁灭比完全的不安全感和无休止的个人焦虑更有吸引力。8. 单选题To absorb a younger workforce, many companies offered retirement plans as incentives for older workers to retire and make way for the younger ones who earned lower salaries.问题1选项A.rewardsB.opportunitiesC.motivesD.stimuli【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。incentive“激励；奖励；诱因”；A选项reward“奖励；奖赏”；B选项opportunity（其复数形式为 opportunities）“时机，机会”；C选项motive“动机，目的”；D选项stimuli（其为stimulus的复数形式）“激励；刺激；促进因素”。句意：为了吸收更年轻的劳动力，许多公司推出了退休计划，以激励年龄较大的员工退休，为工资较低的年轻员工让路。根据句中“retirement plans退休计划”可知incentive在这里的意思应为“激励”，因此D选项正确。9. 单选题（ ）Ill marry him all the same.问题1选项A.Was he rich or poorB.Whether rich or poorC.Were he rich or poorD.Be he rich or poor【答案】D【解析】语法题考查虚拟语气。D选项这是省略whether后的让步状语从句 ，从句用了省略should虚拟语气，省略whether后，句子要倒装，原句等于 whether he (should）be rich or poor.，谓语动词提前时要用从句谓语原形动词即be，排除A、C项；而B选项省略错误，逻辑主语发生了变化。句意：不管他是穷是富，我都要嫁给他。因此D选项正确。10. 不定项选择题Richard, King of England from 1189 to 1199, with all his characteristic virtues and faults cast in a heroic mould, is one of the most fascinating medieval figures. He has been described as creature and sy