2022年考博英语-南京艺术学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第55期

2022年考博英语-南京艺术学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Just five one-hundredths of an inch thick, light golden in color and with a perfect “saddle curl,” the Lays potato chip seems an unlikely weapon for global domination. But its maker, Frito-Lay, thinks otherwise. “Potato chips are a snack food for the world,” said Salman Amin, the companys head of global marketing. Amin believes there is no corner of the world that can resist the charms of a Frito-Lay potato chip.Frito-Lay is the biggest snack maker in America owned by PepsiCo, and accounts for over half of the parent companys $3 billion annual profits. But the U.S. snack food market is largely saturated, and to grow, the company has to look overseas.Its strategy rests on two beliefs: first, a global product offers economies of scale with which local brands cannot compete, and second, consumers in the 21st century are drawn to “global” as a concept “Global” does not mean products that are consciously identified as American, but ones that consumers-especially young people see as part of a modem, innovative（创新的）world in which people are linked across cultures by shared beliefs and tastes. Potato chips are an American invention, but most Chinese, for instance, do not know that Frito-Lay is an American company. Instead, Riskey, the companys research and development head, would hope they associate the brand with the new world of global communications and business.With brand perception a crucial factor, Riskey ordered a redesign of the Frito-Lay logo（标识）.The logo, along with the companys long-held marketing image of the “irresistibility” of its chips would help facilitate the companys global expansion.The executives acknowledge that they try to swing national eating habits to a food created in America, but they deny that amounts to economic imperialism. Later, they see Frito-Lay as spreading the benefits of free enterprise across the world. “Were making products in those countries, were adapting them to the tastes of those countries, building businesses and employing people and changing lives.” said Steve Reinemund, PepsiCos chief executive.1.It is the belief of Frito-Lays head of global marketing that（ ）.2.What do we learn about Frito-Lay from Paragraph2?3.One of the assumptions on which Lay bases its development strategy is that（ ）.4.Why did Riskey have the Frito-Lay logo redesigned?5.Frito-Lays executives claim that the promoting of American food in the international market（ ）.问题1选项A.Potato chips can hardly be used as a weapon to dominate the world marketB.Their company must find new ways to promote domestic salesC.The light golden color enhances the charm of their companys potato chipsD.People all over the world enjoy eating their companys potato chips问题2选项A.Its products used to be popular among overseas consumers.B.Its expansion has caused fierce competition in the snack marker.C.It gives half of its annual profits to its parent company.D.It needs to turn to the world market for development.问题3选项A.consumers worldwide today are attracted by global brandsB.local brands cannot compete successfully with American brandsC.products suiting Chinese consumers needs bring more profitsD.products identified as American will have promising market value问题4选项A.To suit changing tastes of young consumers.B.To promote the companys strategy of globalization.C.To change the companys long held marketing image.D.To compete with other American chip producers.问题5选项A.wont affect the eating habits of the local peopleB.will lead to economic imperialismC.will be in the interest of the local peopleD.wont spoil the taste of their chips【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“菲多利全球市场主管相信”。文章第一段提到“薯片是全世界人民的零食”（Potato chips are a snack food for the world），“全世界没有任何人能抵挡住薯条的魅力”（there is no corner of the world that can resist the charms of a Frito-Lay potato chip），由此可知选项D“全世界人都爱吃他们公司生产的薯条”符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“根据第二段，我们可以了解到菲多利”。文章第二段提到“菲多利是美国最大的零食生产者但美国的零食市场差不多已经饱和，所以它不得不转向海外市场” （the company has to look overseas），由此可知菲多利需要打开全球市场来寻求发展，选项D符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“菲多利发展策略依据的假设是”。文章第三段提到了菲多利的两个信念，一是全球性产品具有地方产品不能与之抗衡的规模经济；一是二十一世纪的消费者为“全球性”所吸引，选项A“全球的消费者为全球品牌所吸引”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“Riskey重新设计将菲多利标识的原因是”。文章第四段提到“（新设计的标识）能够帮助加速公司的全球扩张”（help facilitate the companys global expansion），因此选项B符合题意。5.细节事实题。题目问的是“菲多利的主管们称美国食品在国际市场的推广”。文章最后一段提到将在那些国家生产产品，让产品迎合当地人的口味，雇佣那里的工人，改变他们的生活（Were making products in those countries, were adapting them to the tastes of those countries, building businesses and employing people and changing lives），选项C“有利于当地人”符合题意。2. 单选题There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know well how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to rulers by ancient writers, who related how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were given to Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable of this semi-animal, semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures, and that the one without the other is not durable. A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps; and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and when the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist, if men were all good, this precept would not be good; but as they are bad; and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wished to show colorable excuse for the nonfulfillment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and show how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceived.1.The author of the passage does not believe that（ ）.2.The lion represents those who are（ ）.3.The fox, in this passage, is（ ）.4.The writer suggests that a successful leader must（ ）.5.The writer would approve an unsuccessful political candidate（ ）.问题1选项A.people can protect themselvesB.the truth makes men freeC.leaders have to be consistentD.princes ate human问题2选项A.toil trustingB.strong and carefulC.reliant on forceD.lacking in intelligence问题3选项A.admired for his trickeryB.no match for the lionC.pitied for his trickD.considered worthless问题4选项A.be prudent and faithfulB.cheat and lieC.have principle to guide his actionsD.tell the people the truth about his opponent问题5选项A.gave up all his opportunitiesB.promised to try again next timeC.overthrew the government by forceD.told the people the truth about his opponent【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者不认为”。文章提到有两种方式来战斗，一是法律，即文斗，一是暴力，即武斗。并且用狐狸来比喻文斗，狮子比喻武斗，而一个成功的王子必须在这两种方法中自由切换，但是并没有提及到“吃人”，因此选项D“王子吃人”的说法是错误的，符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“狮子代表的是哪类人”。文章提到“王子应该学会像野兽一样管理国家，要模仿狐狸和狮子，因为狮子无法避免陷阱，而狐狸无法从狼群中脱身”（A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps; and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves），狮子代表的是力量，即武斗，因此选项C“依赖武力”符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“文章中狐狸是”。文章提到管理者必须要学会文斗与武斗，狐狸代表的是文斗，可知作者对狐狸是赞赏的，因此选项A“因它的计谋而受到赞赏”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者暗示一个成功的统治者应该”。文章提到“当守诚信会让自己的利益受损时，精明的统治者可以不讲诚信”（Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest），因此选项B“欺骗与撒谎”符合题意。5.判断推理题。题目问的是“作者会赞成一个失败的政治候选人”。文章提到“当文斗行不通的时候，人们会选择第二种方式，即武斗”（but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second），选项C“用武力推翻政府”符合题意。3. 单选题“Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise,” said Dr. Hans Selye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body. While heres on question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which youre able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses, those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they couldnt get the job done.Stress that you can manage may also boost immune function. In a study at the Academic Center for Dentistry in Amsterdam, researchers put volunteers through two stressful experiences. In the first, a timed task that required memorizing a list followed by a short test, subjects believed they had control over the outcome. In the second, they werent in control: They had to sit through a gory(血淋淋的)video on surgical procedures. Those who did well on the memory test had an increase in levels of immunoglobulin A, an antibody thats the body first line of defense against germs. The video-watchers experienced a downturn in the antibody.Stress prompts the body to produce certain stress hormones. In short bursts these hormones have a positive effect, including improving memory function. “They can help nerve cells handle information and put it into storage,” says Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University in New York. But in the long run these hormones can have a harmful effect on the body and brain.Sustained stress is not good for you,” says Richard Morimoto, a researcher at Northwestern University in Illinois studying the effects of stress on longevity. “Its the occasional burst of stress or brief exposure to stress that could be protective.”1.The passage is mainly about（ ）.2.The word “shun (Line I, Para. 1) most probably mean（ ）.3.We can conclude from the study of the 158 nurses in 2001 that（ ）.4.In the experiment described in Paragraph 3，the video-watchers experienced a downturn in the antibody because（ ）.5.Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University believes that（ ）.问题1选项A.the benefits of management stressB.how to avoid stressful situationsC.how to cope with stress effectivelyD.the effects of stress hormones on memory问题2选项A.cut down onB.stay away fromC.run out ofD.put up with问题3选项A.people under stress tend to have a poor memoryB.people who cant get their job done experience more stressC.doing challenging work may be good for ones healthD.stress will weaken the bodys defense against germs问题4选项A.the video was not enjoyable at allB.the outcome was beyond their controlC.they knew little about surgical proceduresD.they feel no pressure while watching the video问题5选项A.a persons memory is determined by the level of hormones in his bodyB.stress hormones have lasting positive effects on the brainC.short bursts of stress hormones enhance memory functionD.a persons memory improves with continued experience of stress.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目问的是“这篇文章主要讲述了”。文章的中心句是第一段第二句话“虽然持续的压力是有害的，但有几项研究表明，你能够应付的具有挑战性的情况对人是有好处的”（While heres on question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which youre able to rise to the occasion can be good for you），接下来围绕这个中心句阐述，因此选项A“压力管理的好处”符合题意。2.词义题。题目问的是“单词shun的意思是”。文章第一段第一句提到“人类不应该像躲避食物，爱情或锻炼那样去逃避压力”（Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise），根据any more than 可知shun与avoid是同义词，因此选项B符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“从2001年对158 护士的研究中，我们可以得出”。文章第二段提到相比那些感觉自己不能应付大量工作额护士，能应付大量工作的护士更有可能说自己身体健康，由此可知选项C“做具有挑战性工作可能对身体健康有益”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“在第三段描述的试验中，视频观看者经历抗体下降的原因是”。文章第三段提到在第二个试验中，他们无法控制结果（In the second, they werent in control），选项B“结果超过控制”符合题意。5.细节事实题。题目问的是“Rockefeller大学的布鲁斯认为”。文章第四段第二句话提到“这些荷尔蒙在短时间内有正面效应，包括提高记忆力”（In short bursts these hormones have a positive effect, including improving memory function），所以选项C“短时间内的压力荷尔蒙能对身体或人的大脑带来伤害”符合题意。4. 翻译题Put the following two passages into English.南京拥有两千四百多年建城史，是全国首批公布的历史文化名城之一。全市有国家级文物保护单位27处，其中，明孝陵己被列为世界文化遗产。600多年前建成的明城墙，现存25.091公里，是目前世界上保存最长的古城墙。南京现有12个项目被列入国家级非物质文化遗产保护名录，南京云锦、金陵刻经被列入世界非物质文化遗产名录。农历八月十五是我国传统的中秋节。八月十五恰在秋季的中间，故谓之中秋节。 中秋之夜，月色皎洁，古人把圆月视为团圆的象征。相传我国古代帝王就有春天祭日、秋天祭月的礼制，在民间，每逢八月中秋，也有拜月或祭月的风俗。月饼最初是用来祭奉月祌的祭品，后来人们逐渐把中秋赏月与品尝月饼，作为家人团圆的象征。月饼的制作从唐代以后越来越考究，精美的饼面图案不但烘托了中秋佳节的祥和气氛，而且也增加了节日的诗情画意。【答案】Nanjing, with a history of more than 2,400 years, is one of the first released batch of the historical and cultural cities in China. There are 27 state-level cultural relics protection units, among which, Ming Tomb has been listed as a world cultural heritage. Built more than 600 years ago, the wall of the Ming Tomb, with an existing length of 25.091 kilometers, is the longest preserved ancient wall in the world. Nanjing currently has 12 projects enlisted in the national intangible cultural heritage protection list, among of which both Nanjing Brocade and Jinling Carving are selected into world intangible cultural heritage list.The Lunar August 15th is the traditional Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival. It is called Mid-autumn Festival because lunar August 15th is just in the middle of the autumn. On the night of the Mid-Autumn festival, the moon is bright. The ancient people regarded the full moon as a symbol of reunion. According to the legend, ancient Chinese emperors had the rite of offering sacrifices to the sun in spring and to the moon in autumn. And even the ordinary people also had rituals of worshiping the sun or moon every Mid-Autumn day. Moon cakes were originally offered as sacrifices to worship the moon. Later, people made admiring the moon and tasting the moon cakes as a symbol of family reunion. Since the Tang Dynasty, the production of moon cakes has become more and more exquisite. The beautiful pictures on it not only foil the peaceful atmosphere of Mid-Autumn festival, but also add the poetic meaning to the festival.5. 单选题Mr. Duffy raised his eyes from the paper and gazed out of his window on the cheerless evening landscape. The river lay quiet besides the empty distillery and from time to time a light appeared in some house on Lucan Road. What an end! The whole narrative of her death revolted him and it revolted him to think that he had ever spoken to her of what he held sacred. The cautious words of a reporter won over to conceal the details of a commonplace vulgar death attacked his stomach. Not merely had she degraded herself; she had degraded him. His souls companion! He thought of the hobbling wretches whom he had seen carrying cans and bottles to be filled by the barman. Just God, what an end! Evidently she had been unfit to live with, without any strength of purpose, an easy prey to habits, one of the wrecks on which civilization has been reared. But that she could have sunk so low! Was it possible he had deceived himself so utterly about her? He remembered her outburst of that flight and interpreted it in a harsher sense that he had ever done. He had no difficulty now in approving of the course he had taken.As the light failed and his memory began to wander, he thought her hand touched his. The shock which had first attacked his stomach was now attacking his nerves. He put on his overcoat and hat quickly and went out. The cold air met him on the threshold; it crept into the sleeves of his coat. When he came to the public house at Chapel Bridge he went in and ordered a hot punch.The proprietor served him obsequiously but did not venture to talk. There were five or six workingmen in the shop discussing the value of a gentlemans estate in County Kildare. They drank at intervals from their huge pint tumblers, and smoked, spitting often on the floor and sometimes dragging the sawdust over their heavy boots. Mr. Duffy sat on his stool and gazed at them, without seeing or hearing them. After a while, they went out and he called for another punch. He sat a long time over it. The shop was very quiet. The proprietor sprawled on the counter reading the newspaper and yawning. Now and again a team was heard swishing along the lonely road outside.As he sat there, living over his life with her and evoking alternately the two images on which he now conceived her, he realized that she was dead, that she had ceased to exist, that she had become a memory. He began to feel ill at ease. He asked himself what else he could have done. He could not have lived with her openly. He had done what seemed to him best. How was he to blame? Now that she was gone he understood how lonely her life must have been, sitting night after night alone in the room. His life would be lonely too until he, too, died, ceased to exist, became a memory-if anyone remembered him.1.Mr. Duffys immediate reaction to the report of the womans death was that of（ ）.2.It can be inferred from the passage that the reporter wrote about the womans death in a（ ）manner.3.The word “obsequiously” in the third paragraph probably means（ ）.4.We can infer from the last paragraph that Mr. Duffy was in a(n)（ ）mood.5.According to the passage, which of the following statements is not true?问题1选项A.disgustB.guiltC.griefD.compassion问题2选项A.detailedB.provocativeC.discreetD.sensational问题3选项A.compassionatelyB.servilelyC.feverishlyD.passionately问题4选项A.angryB.fretfulC.irritableD.remorseful问题5选项A.Mr. Duffy once confided in the woman.B.Mr. Duffy felt an intense sense of shame.C.The woman wanted to end the relationshipD.They became estranged probably after a quarrel.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“Duffy先生对关于这个女人死亡的报告的即刻反应是什么”。文章第一段第四句话提到“关于她死亡的整个叙述令他厌恶”（The whole narrative of her death revolted him），第五句话提到报到者用谨慎的语言掩盖了粗俗的死亡，让他倒胃口（The cautious words of a reporter won over to conceal the details of a commonplace vulgar death attacked his stomach），因此选项A“反感”符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“通过文章可知，报道者用方式报道了那个女人的死亡”。文章第一段第五句话提到报到者用谨慎的语言掩盖了粗俗的死亡，让他倒胃口（The cautious words of a reporter won over to conceal the details of a commonplace vulgar death attacked his stomach），因此，选项C“谨慎的”符合题意。3.词义题。题目问的是“单词obsequiously的意思是”。文章第三段第一句话提到“店主地为他服务但是不敢跟他说话”（The proprietor served him obsequiously but did not venture to talk），根据店主服务客人的原则可以推测店主是非常殷勤的，因此选项B“屈从地”符合题意。4.推理判断题。题目问的是“从文章最后一段我们可得知Duffy先生的心情”。文章最后一段提到“他不能与她公开生活。他做了看起来对他最好的事情。”（He could not have lived with her openly. He had done what seemed to him best）；“他的生活将会一直孤独，直到死亡”（is life would be lonely too until he, too, died），说明Duffy先生非常后悔当初的做法，选项D“后悔的”符合题意。5.推理判断题。题目问的是“通过文章可知下列哪个表述不正确”。文章第一段提到“他曾经跟她说过”（he had ever spoken to her of what he held sacred），因此选项A可以排除；文章最后一段提到“现在，她死了，他明白了她先前的生活是那么孤独”（Now that she was gone he understood how lonely her life must have been, sitting night after night alone in the room），以及“他不能与她公开生活。他做了看起来对他最好的事情。”（He could not have lived with her openly. He had done what seemed to him best）能推断Duffy先生内心的悔恨，选项B可以排除；文章第一段提到“她的突然离开”（her outburst of that flight）可推测他们之间有过争吵，选项D符合题意。6. 单选题For the Greeks, beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. Persons then were assumed to be what we now have to calllamely, envio