2022年考博英语-中国地质大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷14（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-中国地质大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题to acclaim A as X: to praise A publicly and enthusiastically as X.an anatomist: a medical scientist who cuts open dead bodies to study them to commission X: to order X (to be made or obtained) a corpse: a dead body to disinter: to unbury gynecology: the medical field dealing with womens diseases a henchman: a supporter or assistant willing to use violence or criminal means leukemia: blood cancer lucrative profitable a midwife: a person trained to help women give birthobese: very fat obstetrics: the medical field that deals with pregnancy and the delivery of babies pajamas: light clothes for sleeping in a par: a level a poorhouse: (historical) a public shelter in which jobless poor people were fed in exchange for work a practitioner: someone works actively in (a profession) proximity: nearness a serial killer: someone who murder a number of people in separate incidents Sherlock Holmes: the most famous detective in English literature a spree: a period of wild activity unsavoury: dishonest, untrustworthy and probably involved in crime1. William hunter and William Smellie commissioned a regular supply of corpses so they could study the physical effects of pregnancy, argues respected historian Don Shelton. These men are giants of medicine, pioneers of the care that women receive during childbirth and were the founding fathers of obstetrics. The names of William hunter and William Smellie still inspire respect among todays doctors, more than 250 years after they made their contributions to healthcare, Such were the duos reputations as outstanding physicians the clienteles of their private practices included the rich and famous of mid-18th-centruy London.2. But were they also serial killers? New research published in the JOURNAL OF THE Royal Society of Medicine (JRSM) claims that they were. A detailed historical study accuses the doctors of arranging for the killing of dozens of women, many in the later stages of pregnancy, to dissect their corpses. “Smellie and Hunter were responsible for a series of 18th-century burking murders of pregnant women, with a death total greater than the combined murders committed by Burke and Hare and Jack the Ripper” writes Shelton. (“Burking” involved murdering people to order, usually for medical research; to avoid trouble with the law, it was important to kill the victims in such a way that they seemed to have died of natural causes. The verb “to burke” is derived from the name of William Burke, an Irishman convicted in Endinburgh in 1829of killing people so he could sell their bodies for medical experiments.)3. According to Shelton, Hunter and Smellie were between them responsible for the murders of-40 pregnant women and their unborn children. Acting separately, and using henchmen to deliver. Their supply, they organized a killing spree in London between 1749 and 1755and, after a period of inactivity enforced by mounting suspicion about the source of heir corpses, resumed between 1764 and 1774. Motivated by ego, personal rivalry and a shared desire to benefit from being acclaimed as the foremost childbirth doctors of their time, Hunter and Smellie sacrificed life after life in their quests to study pregnancys physical effects and to develop new techniques, the author says. “Although it sounds absolutely incredible, the circumstantial literary evidence suggests they were most likely competing with each other in experimenting with secret caesarean sections on conscious, or freshly murdered, victims, with a view to extracting and reviving the babies,” Shelton told the Observer.”4. Shelton examined the mens anatomical atlases, containing detailed images ofpregnant women who had been opened up, and medical literature and the causes of death in London at the time. Glasgows Hunterian museum and gallery is named after Scottish-born Hunter, who in 1762 became physician to Queen Charlotte, wife of George III, He helped her to deliver the future king George IV, Smellie, a fellow Scot, is no less distinguished, From Witchcraft to Wisdom, a textbook on the history of obstetric and gynaecological medicine, hails him as “the greatest obstetrician in the history of British obstetrics”. He has also been called “the father of British midwifery”.5. Shelton, though, regards the duo as on a par with Burke and Hare, who murdered 17 citizens of Edinburgh in 1827 and 1828, selling their remains to a local anatomist, The London of Hunter and Smellies time was unhealthy and semi-anarchic, and early death from disease was widespread, as was grave robbing. In his JRSM paper, Shelton claims to prove that the rival doctors could not have obtained their supply of corpses by any other means than murder. It was rare for Mothers-to-be to die or be murdered soon before they were due to give birth, says the historian, People from poorhouses who died were usually old, unwell or children, Thus the grave robbers of the time could not have fulfilled the obstetricians need for such a specific type of female, Concludes Shelton.6. Each used an assistant to commission killers, he says, naming Dr Colin Mackenzie as Smellies accomplice and John Hunter-Williams brother, who was a celebrated anatomistas his helper. Young women from the countryside were apparently favourite targets in a city where plenty of people “disappeared”. “There is great suspicion about the abundance of undelivered ninthmonth corpses procured, dissected and depicted in the anatomical atlases of Smellie and Hunter,” writes Shelton. “The impossibility of supply from random resurrections, taken with a careful analysis of events, and of 18dl-century medical literature, shows compelling evidence for burking,” By 1755 rumours were circulating that the women in Smellies journal had been murdered, and associates began pressing him on their origins. “As a result Smellie and Hunter both halted their research, both presumably fearing trial and execution,” although Hunterwho used his links to powerful families to ensure no investigation was ever undertakenresumed ordering murders, about once a year, in 1764, Shelton adds.7. Anthony Kenny, a gynaecologist in London for 40 years until his retirement in 2007, said: “These two guys are my heroes. The idea that they could have been involved in the murder of subjects is absolutely staggering.” Kenny is now the curator of the museum of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. “They were the first proper obstetricians in the country because of their pioneering work practicing what was then still a new branch of medicine.” While Kenny describes Sheltons paper as “extremely impressive” in its research, he cannot believe that his heroes were guilty of such terrible crimes. The trade in corpses was very lucrative and probably attracted unsavoury, unscrupulous characters, he pointed out.”And it could be that they didnt make proper inquiries as to the origins of the bodies, and so may not have known that the women were murdered.8. Ludmilla Jordanova, a professor of modem history at Kings College London who specializes in the history of medicine, says Sheltons assertion that Hunter and Smellie could not have come across so many dead pregnant women from any other source as “a striking claim, important research. is revealing the complexities of anatomical activities in 18thcentury London. This is an exciting and controversial area of historical investigation.” While Shelton acknowledges that the idea of pioneering medical researchers resorting to burking is shocking. He likes to quote Sherlock Holmes, “When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, is the truth.”1.According to the information in paragraph 2, William Burke （ ）2.According to Don Shelton, pregnant women in 18th century London （ ）,3.The strongest support for Sheltons thesis comes from（ ） .4.In paragraph6, the word apparently means （ ）.5.What Shelton writes about the pioneering gynecologists Hunter andSmellie （ ）.问题1选项A.was a henchman of Hunter and SmellieB.gave his name to the practice of killing people without leaving any signs of murderC.is believed to have killed people for his own medical researchD.made money by killing people to provide bodies for medical research问题2选项A.Generally were not very likely to die in the last month of pregnancyB.Seldom died soon after giving birthC.were a very small part of the overall urban populationD.were quite numerous in its many poorhouses问题3选项A.the testimony of contemporary eyewitnessesB.statistics and probabilityC.police records of the timeD.literary reports of the abundant violence and crime in 18th century London问题4选项A.it is obvious thatB.there is no doubt thatC.it appears thatD.some people assert that问题5选项A.seems quite persuasive to Anthony KennyB.appalls and horrifies Anthony KennyC.clears them, in Anthony Kennys opinion, of any guilt or blame.D.Seems completely groundless to Anthony Kenny【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。第二段对William Burke进行了解释: an Irishman convicted in Endinburgh in 1829of killing people so he could sell their bodies for medical experiments(爱尔兰人, 1829年在恩丁堡被判杀人罪-出售尸体进行医学实验)。故选D。2.细节事实题。第五段指出: It was rare for Mothers-to-be to die or be murdered soon before they were due to give birth, says the historian, People from poorhouses who died were usually old, unwell or children(这位历史学家说，母亲在临产前不久死亡或被谋杀是很罕见的，来自贫民区的人通常都是老人、不舒服或孩子)。故选A。3.推理判断题。文章多出提到Sheltons的理论来源。第二段提到JOURNAL OF THE Royal Society of Medicine(皇家医学会杂志),后面又提到medical literature(医学文献)。故选D: 18世纪伦敦大量暴力和犯罪的文学报道。4.词义题。此处句意为: 在一个很多人都“消失”了的城市里，来自农村的年轻妇女显然是最受欢迎的目标。5.推理判断题。第七段: The idea that they could have been involved in the murder of subjects is absolutely staggering(他们可能参与了谋杀目标的说法绝对令人震惊), 后面也表达了他们难以置信的态度。故选B。2. 单选题In his lecture, Prof Mendez reviewed the evidences for the altered view of the plate boundary between the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan Plateau that is now gaining ground among European geologist问题1选项A.reviewed theB.evidences for the altered viewC.that is nowD.gaining groundE.没有错误【答案】B【解析】名词误用。evidences去掉s。evidence在句中表示 证据, 为不可数名词。3. 填空题Yesterday I gave my mother（1） orange sweater for（2） birthday.句意: 昨天，我送了一件橘色的羊毛衫给我妈妈做生日礼物。【答案】1.an2.her【解析】1.语法题。考查不定冠词。这里表示 “送了一件橘色的羊毛衫”,此处应填一个不定冠词。orange的发音为元音开始，故应该选不定冠词an。2.语法题。考查人称代词所有格。这里填her表示 “她的”。4. 单选题The number of people buying private autos is still rising rapidly, therefore the effect of the governments ongoing efforts to cut air pollution remains open to question.问题1选项A.rapidly, thereforeB.ongoing efforts to cutC.remains openD.to question.E.没有问题【答案】E【解析】5. 填空题Professor Reichs plane is（1） at 2:30. Can you go to the airport to（2） him up?【答案】1.arriving2.pick【解析】1.语义题。Arrive at到达。2.固定搭配。pick sb. up接某人。6. 填空题（1） to the Canadian media, there is widespread （2）of the governments plan to reform higher education. Angry （3）against the measure have been organized in several major cities.【答案】1.according;2.criticism;3.people【解析】1.固定搭配。According to 根据。2.语义题。第二空填名词，由后面的关键信息Angry和against可知填criticism (批评)符合题意。3.语义题。第三空为主语的一部分,谓语动词为organized (组织), 同时受Angry修饰，结合上下文可以填people。7. 填空题Ill be（1） if Martin and Silvia get married. They seem to quarrel all the time. I have trouble believing that any union of theirs would（2） .【答案】surprised; survive【解析】1.语义题。句意：如果马丁和希维亚结婚了，我会感到惊讶。2.语义题。句意: 他们好像一直在吵架。我不大相信他们这样的结合会持续长久。他们一直在吵架,我觉得可能很难维系下来,所以填survive。8. 填空题My flat is（1） far from my workplace! I have to commute 70（2） each way（3） Monday to Friday.【答案】1.so2.minutes3.from【解析】1.语义题。这里强调公寓离工作地方距离很远，故用so far表示。2.语义题。commute后面通常接时间，按照常理应该是70分钟，故用复数minutes。3.固定搭配。from Monday to Friday 从周一到周五。9. 单选题The clerk I spoke with insisted over and over that we had been charged the normal rate for the hotel room, so I asked to speak with his manager.问题1选项A.insisted over and overB.had been chargedC.rate forD.so I asked to speak with his managerE.没有错误【答案】E【解析】没有错误。句意:和我说话的店员一遍又一遍坚持说,我们付的是正常价位的房钱,所以我要求和经理谈话10. 单选题Even as a child I was not a great fan of cartoon, but my daughter watches them whenever she can, with no apparent ill effects on her attitude or her performance at school.问题1选项A.Even as a childB.fan of cartoonC.them whenever she canD.apparent ill effects on herE.没有问题【答案】C【解析】代词误用。them改成it,此处的代词指代前面的 cartoon,因为是单数名词，故需要用it。11. 单选题Later on, in the bar our European acquaintance commented that we were indeed considerably better off than the local people - though perhaps not three times as well off, which is what the difference in room prices suggested.问题1选项A.Later onB.considerably better offC.not three times as wellD.difference in room prices suggested.E.没有错误【答案】D【解析】语法题。时态错误。Suggested改为Suggests。Which is what the difference in room prices suggested,这是一个定语从句,其中又有一个表语从句。定语从句中的系动词is是一般现在时,因此表语从句中的谓语动词也应该为现在时,即suggests。12. 单选题There was one thing that shocked me about the Queen when he walked into the room with Mrs. Obama, namely her height; the British monarch is only 163 cm tall, much shorter than I had imagined.问题1选项A.shocked me aboutB.when he walked into theC.namelyD.had imagined.E.没有问题【答案】B【解析】人称代词误用。he改为she。句中queen （女王）指的是女性。13. 单选题Even though cultures widely assume that boys are stronger and sturdier than girls, basic biological weaknesses are built into the male of our species. First of all, human males seem to be slowly disappearing. Mother Nature has always acknowledged and compensated for the fragility and loss of boys by arranging for more of them: 106 male births to 100 female newborns over the course of human history. But in recent decades, from the United States to Japan, from Canada to northern Europe, wherever researchers have looked, the rate of male newborns has declined. Examining US birth records for the years between 1970 and 1990, they found 1.7 fewer boys per 1,000 than in decades and centuries past; Japans loss in the same decades was 3.7 boys.Boys are also more than two-thirds more likely than girls to be bom prematurely before the 37th week of pregnancy. And, despite advances in public health, boys in the 1990s faced a 30 percent higher chance of death by their first birthday than girls; in contrast, back in the 1750s, they were only 10 per cent more likely than girls to die so early in their lives.Once they make it to childhood, boys face other challenges. They are more prone to a range of neurological disorders. Autism 自闭症 is notoriously higher among boys than girls: now nearly five times more likely, as tallied by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. They are more susceptible than girls to damage from very low-level exposure to lead. Yet another problem: boys suffer from asthma at higher rates. Theres also a stronger link between air pollution and autism in boys.Why do boys face such a burden of physical challenges? The answer is that the males problems start in the womb: from his more complicated fetal development, to his genetic makeup, to how his hormones work. The nine-month transformation from a few cells to an infant is a time of great vulnerability. Many chronic illnesses are seeded in the womb. In our species, the female is the default gender, the basic simpler model: Humans start out in the womb with female features (that is why males have nipples). The complicated transformation in the womb from female to male exposes the male to a journey packed with special perils. When the first blast of testosterone 睾酮 from the Y gene comes along at about the eighth week, the unisex brain has to morph into a male brain, killing off some cells in the communication centers and growing more cells in the sex and aggression centers. The simpler female reproductive system has to turn into the more complex male reproductive tract, developing tissues such as the testis and prostate 前列腺.Further, it takes a greater number of cell divisions to make a male; with each comes the greater risk of an error as well as the greater vulnerability to a hit from pollutants.On top of that challenge, the human males XY chromosome 染色体 combination is simply more vulnerable. The two XXs in the female version of our species offer some protection: In disorders where one X chromosome has a genetic defect, the females healthy backup chromosome can take over. But with his single X chromosome, the male lacks a healthy copy of the gene to fall back on. The X chromosome, which never shrank, is also a larger chromosome “with far more genetic information than the Y chromosome， finds Irva Hertz-Piciotto, a University of California at Davis autism researcher, “so there may be some inherent loss of key proteins for brain development or repair mechanisms in boys.” This is a clue to the higher autism rate among boys, she asserts.Females also have a stronger immune system because they are packed with estrogen 雌激素，a hormone that counteracts the antioxidant process. “Estrogen protects the brain,” explains Theodore Slotkin, professor of neurobiology at Duke Universitys School of Medicine. “It repairs and replaces, even after neural injury,” Low estrogen even leaves boys more sensitive to head injuries. The male brain “is simply a more fragile apparatus, more sensitive to almost all brain insults,” says lead poisoning expert Herbert Needleman.It is the high levels of testosterone in the womb at critical times in gestation, according to British psychopathologist Simon Baron-Cohen, that are responsible for what he calls “the extreme male brain” - the kind exhibited by autistic boys - low in empathy, high in systematizing. And in fact US researchers in recent decades have found unusually low estrogen and high testosterone levels among boys with autism.If the balance of hormones is out of whack in males, what made that happen? Researchers are coming up with some clues. In the New York City neighborhoods near Columbia Universitys Center for Childrens Environmental Health, families for years routinely sprayed their apartments with a popular insecticide, chlorpyrifos, until it was banned from household use in 2001. The researchers found that prenatal exposure to the chemical seemed to have more of an effect on reducing the IQs of boys than girls. Disruption of their male hormones may be the reason, “One possible explanation for the greater sensitivity of boys to chlorpyrifos is that the insecticide acts as an endocrine disruptor 肉分泌干扰素 to suppress sex-specific hormones,” said study leader Megan Horton of Columbia.Similarly, pregnant mothers exposure to phthalates 邻苯二甲酸酉旨一used in making some vinyl 乙矯基 products and toys as well as some personal care products - has been linked to bigger changes in the behavior, such as aggression and attention problems, of their sons than their daughters. Phthalates also may feminize male genitalia.Boys also seem to be more vulnerable to bisphenol A, an estrogenic substance used to make polycarbonate plastics as well as the linings of food and beverage cans. Boys, but not girls, exposed to higher bisphenol A levels in the womb or during childhood had more hyperactivity, aggression and anxiety problems, according to a University of California at Berkeley study. In addition, pregnant women exposed to higher levels of the chemical gave birth to baby boys with lower thyroid hormones 甲状腺激素.No such effect was detected in the baby girls. No one knows what these lower levels may mean for the boys health because they remained within normal