2022年考博英语-中国科学院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第104期

2022年考博英语-中国科学院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题After the（ ）year of 1957, the birth rate in Canada began to decline.问题1选项A.summitB.peakC.climaxD.top【答案】B【解析】考察形容词辨析。summit最高级的，政府首脑级的； peak 峰值的，最大值的；climax高潮的； top顶部的。句意：在1957年达到峰值后，加拿大的人口出生率开始下降。选项B符合句意。2. 单选题This report tells about twin girls separated at birth, raised in strikingly different homes, who _ have strikingly similar psyches.问题1选项A.moreoverB.nonethelessC.deliberatelyD.coincidentally【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. moreover 此外，而且 B. nonetheless 尽管如此，然而C. deliberately 故意地，蓄意地 D. coincidentally 巧合地，碰巧地【考查点】副词辨析。【解题思路】who引导了一个定语从句修饰先行词“twin girls（双胞胎女孩）”，上文说到她们“在截然不同的家庭（strikingly different homes）中长大”，和下文“心理却惊人地相似（strikingly similar）”形成对比，说明前后存在转折的逻辑关系，尽管她们在不同的家庭中长大，但心理却是相似的。nonetheless作连接副词表示转折，因此B选项nonetheless“尽管如此，然而”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项moreover“此外，而且”指引入新的信息来补充或支持之前所说的内容，表示递进的逻辑关系；C选项deliberately“故意地，蓄意地”指有计划地做某事，而非偶然；D选项coincidentally“巧合地，碰巧地”指因为巧合而发生；均不符合题干的语义逻辑。【句意】这份报告讲述了一对在出生时就被分开的双胞胎女孩，虽然在截然不同的家庭中长大，但她们的心理却惊人地相似。3. 单选题Its nice to have close friends and family you can （ ）， but it lifts a huge weight off your shoulders when you know that you could survive on your own if you had to.问题1选项A.cope withB.count onC.conform toD.commit to【答案】B【解析】考查动词短语辨析。cope with “处理，应付”；count on “指望，依赖”；conform to “符合，遵照”；commit to “交付，致力于”。句意为：有亲密的朋友和家人可以依靠固然很好，但是当你知道在不得已的情况下，你可以独立生活，那时你便会卸下一身重担。选项B符合句意。4. 单选题It rained heavily, and （ ） a flood came destroying everything in the valley.问题1选项A.consequentlyB.yetC.subsequentlyD.thus【答案】A【解析】考查副词词义辨析。consequently “因此，结果”；yet “但是”；subsequently “随后，后来”；thus “因此，从而”。句意：雨下得很大，_洪水摧毁了山谷中的一切。空格处后是大雨造成的结果，因此选项A符合题意。5. 单选题We do need help from others, but well never _ others for support.问题1选项A.indulge inB.engage inC.embark onD.lean on【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. indulge in 沉湎于，沉溺于 B. engage in 从事，参加C. embark on 着手，开始 D. lean on 依靠，依赖【考查点】动词词组辨析。【解题思路】空格处和下文的“others（别人）”构成动宾逻辑，目的是为了“support（得到支持）”。由but可知，前后两个分句之间存在转折的逻辑关系，前半句说到“我们确实需要别人的帮助（do need help）”，说明虽然需要别人的帮助，但会自己努力，而不是依赖于别人予以支持。lean on指依靠某人或某物的帮助和支持，因此D选项lean on“依靠，依赖”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项indulge in“沉湎于，沉溺于”指放任自己做喜欢的事情，尤其是有害的事，不能和“support（支持）”进行搭配；B选项engage in“从事，参加”指参加到某个活动中，不符合题干的语义逻辑；C选项embark on“着手，开始”指开始做新的或困难的事，不符合题干的语义逻辑。【句意】我们确实需要别人的帮助，但我们绝不依赖别人的支持。6. 单选题The nationality of the minority groups in that country is still （ ）.问题1选项A.at largeB.at issueC.at riskD.at leisure【答案】B【解析】考查介词短语辨析。at large “详尽的”；at issue “争议中的”；at risk “处于危险中”；at leisure “从容地”。句意：在那个国家，少数民族的国籍问题仍然_。根据句意可知选项B符合题意。7. 不定项选择题Sleep deprivation is a quick and efficient way to treat depression. It works 60 to 70 percent of the timefar better than existing drugsbut the mood boost usually lasts only until the patient falls asleep. As an ongoing treatment, sleep deprivation is impractical, but researchers have been studying the phenomenon in an effort to uncover the cellular mechanisms behind depression and remission. Now a team at Tufts University has pinpointed glia as the key players.The researchers previously found that astrocytes, a star-shaped type of glial cell, regulate the brain chemicals involved in sleepiness. During our waking hours, astrocytes continuously release the neurotransmitter adenosine, which builds up in the brain and causes “sleep pressure”, the feeling of sleepiness and its related memory and attention impairments. The neurotransmitter causes this pressure by binding to adenosine receptors on the outside of neurons like a key fitting into a lock. As more adenosine builds up, more receptors are triggered, and the urge to sleep gets stronger.In the new study, published online January 15 in the journal Translational Psychiatry, the scientists investigated whether this process is responsible for the antidepressant effects of sleep deprivation. Mice with depressive-like symptoms were administered three doses of a compound that triggers adenosine receptors, thus mimicking sleep deprivation. Although the mice continued to sleep normally, after 12 hours they showed a rapid improvement in mood and behavior, which lasted for 48 hours.The results confirm that the adenosine buildup is responsible for the antidepressant effects of a lack of sleep. This finding points to a promising target for new drug development because it suggests that mimicking sleep deprivation chemically may offer the antidepressant benefits without the unwanted side effects of actually skipping sleep. Such an intervention could offer immediate relief from depression, in stark contrast with traditional antidepressants, which take six to eight weeks to kick in.The study may also have implications beyond depression and sleep regulation, according to Dustin Hines, lead author and a postdoctoral fellow at Tufts. “For many years, neuroscientists focused almost exclusively on neurons, whereas the role of glia was neglected,” Hines says. “We now know that glia play an important role in the control of brain function and have the potential to aid in the development of new treatments for many illnesses, including depression and sleep disorders.”54. Sleep deprivation as a method to treat depression is impractical because _.55. What does the underlined word “remission” in Para. 1 probably mean?56. What is true of astrocyte?57. Dustin Hines and his colleagues did the study in order to _.58. What did Dustin Hines and his colleagues study suggest?59. What can we infer from the new research about depression?问题1选项A.it does not have steady effectsB.it has side effects of insufficient sleepC.it only works when the patient is awakeD.it causes new problems of sleep disorder问题2选项A.Lessening of depression.B.Recurrence of depression.C.Recovery from depression.D.Medication for depression.问题3选项A.It is a star-shaped glial cell regulating our sleeping functions.B.It can be activated by using chemicals outside the brain.C.It releases the neurotransmitter adenosine when we are sleeping.D.It controls our feeling of sleepiness and improves our attention.问题4选项A.investigate the causes of depressionB.examine the working mechanisms of gliaC.explore why sleep deprivation relieves depressionD.test the medication effect of the new antidepressants问题5选项A.Adenosine buildup accounts for why we feel sleepy.B.Mice have similar depression symptoms as human beings.C.Neurons and glias play key parts in controlling our brain function.D.Causing sleepy feeling by using chemicals helps to ease depression.问题6选项A.Traditional drugs for depression work slowly and are less efficient.B.Sleep deprivation works better for patients with sleep disorders.C.Mice were deprived of sleep for several days in the experiment.D.Patients with depression usually suffer from sleep problems.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D第6题:A【解析】54. 【选项释义】Sleep deprivation as a method to treat depression is impractical because _. 剥夺睡眠作为一种治疗抑郁症的方法是不实际的，因为_。A. it does not have steady effects A. 它没有稳定的效果B. it has side effects of insufficient sleep B. 它有睡眠不足的副作用C. it only works when the patient is awake C. 它只在病人清醒的时候起作用D. it causes new problems of sleep disorder D. 它引起睡眠障碍的新问题【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Sleep deprivation可以定位到文章第一段第二、三句“但情绪的提升通常只持续到病人睡着（lasts only until the patient falls asleep）。作为一种持续的治疗方法（ongoing treatment），剥夺睡眠是不切实际的。”，说明这种方法需要病人保持清醒，使用该方法的副作用是会导致睡眠不足，但人类不可能不需要睡眠，所以不能持续使用。因此B选项“它有睡眠不足的副作用”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“它没有稳定的效果”，文章中说到“剥夺睡眠是治疗抑郁症的一种快速而有效的（efficient）方法。有效时间为百分之六十到百分之七十。”，所以效果是稳定的，属于反向干扰；C选项“它只在病人清醒的时候起作用”说明它是能起作用的，但不是它不切实际的原因，属于曲解原文；D选项“它引起睡眠障碍的新问题”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。55. 【选项释义】What does the underlined word “remission” in Para. 1 probably mean? 第一段中划线词“remission”可能是什么意思？A. Lessening of depression. A. 抑郁症的减轻。B. Recurrence of depression. B. 抑郁症的复发。C. Recovery from depression. C. 抑郁症的恢复。D. Medication for depression. D. 抑郁症的药物治疗。【考查点】词汇推断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词“remission”可以定位到文章第一段第三句“作为一种持续的治疗方法，剥夺睡眠是不切实际的，但研究人员一直在研究这种现象，试图揭示抑郁症和remission背后的细胞机制。”，本段主要介绍了剥夺睡眠可以缓解抑郁症，上文的“有效时间为百分之六十到百分之七十”也表明了它起到的是缓解作用，而不是彻底治疗，所以remission最有可能指的是“缓解”。因此A选项“抑郁症的减轻。”正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“抑郁症的复发。”，剥夺睡眠是能够缓解抑郁症而不是导致复发的，属于反向干扰；C选项“抑郁症的恢复。”，文章中说到它起到的是缓解作用，而不是彻底治疗，属于推理过度；D选项“抑郁症的药物治疗。”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。56. 【选项释义】What is true of astrocyte? 星形胶质细胞的真实情况是什么？A. It is a star-shaped glial cell regulating our sleeping functions. A. 它是一种星形的胶质细胞，调节着我们的睡眠功能。B. It can be activated by using chemicals outside the brain. B. 它可以通过使用大脑以外的化学物质来激活。C. It releases the neurotransmitter adenosine when we are sleeping. C. 它在我们睡觉时释放神经递质腺苷。D. It controls our feeling of sleepiness and improves our attention. D. 它能控制我们的困倦感，提高我们的注意力。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词astrocyte可以定位到文章第二段第一句“研究人员先前发现，星形细胞（astrocyte），一种星形的胶质细胞，调节着涉及困倦（sleepiness）的大脑化学物质。”，说明星形胶质细胞和调节睡眠有关。因此A选项“它是一种星形的胶质细胞，调节着我们的睡眠功能。”正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“它可以通过使用大脑以外的化学物质来激活。”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有；C选项“它在我们睡觉时释放神经递质腺苷。”，文章中说的是在清醒的时候释放神经递质腺苷，属于反向干扰；D选项“它能控制我们的困倦感，提高我们的注意力。”，文章中说到它会导致我们产生困意，损害注意力，属于反向干扰。57. 【选项释义】Dustin Hines and his colleagues did the study in order to _. 达斯汀海因斯和他的同事做这项研究是为了_。A. investigate the causes of depression A. 调查抑郁症的原因B. examine the working mechanisms of glia B. 研究胶质细胞的工作机制C. explore why sleep deprivation relieves depression C. 探讨为什么剥夺睡眠可以缓解抑郁症D. test the medication effect of the new antidepressants D. 测试新的抗抑郁药的药效【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词study可以定位到文章第三段第一句“科学家们调查了这一过程是否与剥夺睡眠的抗抑郁作用（antidepressant effects）有关。”，说明科学家们研究的目的是为了找出剥夺睡眠可以缓解抑郁症的原因。因此C选项“探讨为什么剥夺睡眠可以缓解抑郁症”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“调查抑郁症的原因”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有；B选项“研究胶质细胞的工作机制”是之前研究中的发现，属于张冠李戴；D选项“测试新的抗抑郁药的药效”，文章中只是说这一发现为新药开发指明了一个有希望的目标，并没有说真正开发出了新药，属于无中生有。58. 【选项释义】What did Dustin Hines and his colleagues study suggest? 达斯汀海因斯和他的同事的研究表明了什么？A. Adenosine buildup accounts for why we feel sleepy. A. 腺苷堆积是我们感到困倦的原因。B. Mice have similar depression symptoms as human beings. B. 小鼠具有与人类相似的抑郁症状。C. Neurons and glias play key parts in controlling our brain function. C. 神经元和神经胶质在控制我们的大脑功能方面起着关键作用。D. Causing sleepy feeling by using chemicals helps to ease depression. D. 通过使用化学物质造成困倦的感觉有助于缓解抑郁症。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词suggest可以定位到文章第四段第二句“因为它表明，用化学方法（chemically）模仿剥夺睡眠可能有利于抗抑郁（antidepressant benefits），而没有实际因为跳过睡眠而产生的不必要的副作用。”，说明该研究表明了可以用化学药物来模拟剥夺睡眠的效果，而病人实际上是能得到睡眠的，有利于缓解抑郁症。因此D选项“通过使用化学物质造成困倦的感觉有助于缓解抑郁症。”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“腺苷堆积是我们感到困倦的原因。”是之前研究中的发现，属于张冠李戴；B选项“小鼠具有与人类相似的抑郁症状。”，文章没有将小鼠和人类的抑郁症状进行比较，属于无中生有；C选项“神经元和神经胶质在控制我们的大脑功能方面起着关键作用。”，文章中说到胶质细胞才是其中的关键，同时这也不是该研究表明的结果，属于张冠李戴。59. 【选项释义】What can we infer from the new research about depression? 我们可以从关于抑郁症的新研究中推断出什么？A. Traditional drugs for depression work slowly and are less efficient. A. 传统的治疗抑郁症的药物作用缓慢，更难以见效。B. Sleep deprivation works better for patients with sleep disorders. B. 剥夺睡眠对有睡眠障碍的病人效果更好。C. Mice were deprived of sleep for several days in the experiment. C. 小鼠在实验中被剥夺了数天的睡眠。D. Patients with depression usually suffer from sleep problems. D. 抑郁症患者通常有睡眠问题。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词new research可以定位到文章第四段，本段最后一句说到“这种干预可以立即缓解抑郁症，这与传统的抗抑郁药形成鲜明对比（in stark contrast with traditional antidepressants），传统的抗抑郁药需要六到八周才能起作用。”，说明传统的抗抑郁药效果缓慢，这一新的干预方法见效更快。因此A选项“传统的治疗抑郁症的药物作用缓慢，更难以见效。”正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“剥夺睡眠对有睡眠障碍的病人效果更好。”文章中说的是这一研究发现可以帮助治疗抑郁症和睡眠障碍，没有提到对于哪种疾病效果更好，属于无中生有；C选项“小鼠在实验中被剥夺了数天的睡眠。”，文章中说的是老鼠正常睡眠，属于反向干扰；D选项“抑郁症患者通常有睡眠问题。”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。8. 单选题Culture is transmitted largely by language and by the necessity for people in close contact to cooperate. The more extensive the communications network, the greater the exchange of ideas and beliefs and the more alike people becomein toleration of diversity if nothing else. Members of a culture or a nation are generally in closer contact with one another than with members of other cultures or nations. They become more like each other and more unlike others. In this way, there develops “ national character”，which is the statistical tendency for a group of people to share values and follow similar behavior patterns.Frequently, the members of one culture will interpret the “national characteristics” of another group in terms of their own values. For example, the inhabitants of a South Pacific island may be considered “lazy” by citizens of some industrialized nations. On the other hand, it may be that the islanders place a great value on social relationships but little value on “productivity”，and crops grow with little attention. The negative connotation of the label “lazy” is thus unjustified from the point of view of the island culture.Stereotypes, such as “lazy”，“inscrutable,” and “dishonest” give people the security of labels with which to react to others in a superficial way, but they are damaging to real understanding among members of different cultures. People react more to labels than to reality. A black American Peace Corps volunteer, for instance, is considered and called a white man by black Africans. The “we-they” distinction applies to whatever characteristic the “ wes have and the “ theys do not haveand the characteristics attributed to the “theys” are usually ones with a negative value.The distinction becomes most obvious in times of conflict. For this reason, it is often suggested the only thing that might join all men together on this planet would be an invasion from outer space. “We”，the earthlings, would then fight “them”，the outsiders.Given the great diversitiesreal and imaginedamong people of the world, is there any foundation for hope that someday all men might join together to form a single and legitimate world government? The outcome will probably depend on the political evolution of mankind.1.What makes people more tolerant of diversity between different groups?2.“National character” is built among people who（ ）.3.To some industrialized nations, the mentioned South Pacific islanders are（ ）.4.With stereotypes, people tend to（ ）.5.What is true about the black American Peace Corps volunteer?6.It is possible to form a single and legitimate world government only when（ ）.问题1选项A.Extensive communications.B.Language development.C.Close cooperation.D.Direct interactions.问题2选项A.like each otherB.share the same valuesC.speak the same languageD.think in the same way问题3选项A.idleB.carefreeC.inefficientD.well-organized问题4选项A.react to each other on a regular basisB.see different cultures in different waysC.take their own culture as the best of allD.describe other cultures with labels问题5选项A.He was wronged by his fellow African Americans.B.He was considered as a distinguished volunteer.C.He was discriminated against by the whites.D.He was excluded from the black Africans.问题6选项A.people are willing to abandon their “national character”B.people of different nations hold similar political viewsC.human beings as a whole have one common enemyD.human beings are able to contact beings in outer space.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D第6题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第一段第二句。“The more extensive the communications network, the greater the exchange of ideas and beliefs and the more alike people become（交际网络越广泛，思想和信仰的交流就越多，人与人之间的相似之处也就越多。）”，从而得出本题答案。2.细节事实题。根据题干信息。可将信息点定位至原文第一段最后一句。 “In this way, there develops national character, which is the statistical tendency for a group of people to share values and follow similar behavior patterns（这样，就形成了“民族性”，这是一群人分享价值观和遵循相似行为模式的统计趋势）”，即可得出本题答案。3.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第二段。“For example, the inhabitants of a South Pacific island may be considered lazy by.（例如，南太平洋岛屿的居民可能被认为是“懒惰的”）”，从而得出本题答案。4.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第三段第一句。根据 “give people the security of labels with which to react to others（给人们安全的标签，让他们对他人做出反应）”，即可得出本题答案。5.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第三段第三句。根据“A black American Peace Corps volunteer, for instance, is considered and called a white man by black Africans.（例如，美国和平队的黑人志愿者被非洲黑人认为是白人，并被称为白人。）” 即可得出本题答案。6.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文最后一段。“The outcome will probably depend on the political evolution of mankind.（其结果可能将取决于人类的政治演变。）”从而得出本题答案。9. 单选题His fame proved to be a flash in the panhis first book was popular but he hasnt written anything（ ） since.问题1选项A.innovativeB.descriptiveC.intangibleD.intelligible【答案】A【解析】考察形容词辨析。innovative “创新的”；descriptive “描述的”；intangible “无形的，难以琢磨的”；intelli “容易理解的”。句意：他的名气犹如昙花一现他的第一本书很畅销，但之后再也没有写出有新意的东西。选项A符合句意。10. 写作题Directions: Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below. Use the space provided on your Answer Sheet II.TOPICMany people judge the value of things by their practicality or usefulness. What is your opinion on this topic? Support your argument with reasons or examples.【答案】【参考范文】People tend to judge the value of things by their practicality or usefulness. Although I understand why people do so, I still hold that the value of things should not be judged only by their practicality or usefulness.To start with, the value of things cannot be judged by any one-dimensional standard. A thing may have different values in the eyes of different people. Judging the value of things by their practicality or usefulness is just one dimension but not necessarily the best dimension. From a mundane outlook, practical things may bring people more benefits and rewards. Looking from a historical perspective, we could find the origin of such a utilitarian outlook in some hard times. During those historical periods when a scarcity of food was a ubiquitous phenomenon, survival was of the utmost priority, and judging the value of things from their usefulness could ensure human beings survival to a maximum extent. After all, there was little chance for people to waste their precious resources on useless things.However, as the living standard is rising higher and higher in modern society, nowadays people are much less worried about the adequacy of living substances than they were in the bygone ages. At this time, how to judge the value of things has become a multidimensional choice. Some individuals begin to cherish spiritual or aesthetic value of things. New generations are often pursuing different kinds of value in a postmodern society, and the practicality is no longer the single standard to measure the value of things.Furthermore, the aesthetic value of things is also a dimension which deserves our attention. Few of us could resist the temptation of a beautiful fresh flower, as well as the healing power of an unforgettable melody, and the colorful glamour of an exquisite painting. There may be little practical use in art or artistic objects, but they do have a value in the eyes of an appreciating admirer. Although the spiritual value of a thing looks intangible, it could really exert a profound influence on people. For instance, gazing at the world famous painting “Sunflower” on the wall, we could feel Vincent van Goghs burning vitality and get inspired when we are in a gloomy mood. Listening to Mozarts music do help us relax in a pleasant mood.Therefore, there are many ways we can employ to measure the value of things. It is one-sided to judge the value of things only by their practicality or usefulness.11. 单选题Unless you are one of those fortunate few who met their soul-mate in grade school, married right out of high school，and spent the next 60 years in wedded bliss you are going to go through what millions before you have gone through, and what millions after you will go through - a broken heart. （1）While some simply shake the dust off and get right back into the elating game, others are left so devastated th