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初二英语学期知识要点复习 一、一般现在时 一般现在时指经常性或习惯性的动作或状态,常和often, usually, always, sometimes, every等时间状语连用。肯定句谓语动词用动词原形(单三+s), 否定句用dont /doesnt +动词原形,疑问句用Do/Does+动词原形? e.g. Tom does his homework every day.汤姆每天都做家庭作业。否定句:Tom doesnt do his homework every day.汤姆每天都不做家庭作业。疑问句:Does Tom do his homework every day? 汤姆每天都做家庭作业吗?Yes, he does./No, he doesnt. 是的。(不,不做。)二、现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法1.表示说话时正在进行的动作 常和now 连用,有时用一个look或listen来表now这一时间概念。 *Look! A train is coming .看,火车来了。 *Listen! He is playing the piano.听,他在弹琴。2.表示现阶段正在进行的动作 但不一定是说话时正在进行。常和at present ,this week ,these days等时间状语连用。 *What lesson are you studying this week?你们本周学哪一课了?(说话时并不在学)3.现在进行时有时可用来表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作 即是说可以用来代替将来时,但此时,一般要与表示将来时的时间状语连用,而且仅限于少量动词。如:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,sleep。 *Are you going to Tianjin tomorrow? 你明天去天津吗? *How many of you are coming to the party next week? 你们有多少人下周要来参加晚会?三、一般将来时 一般将来时 1.be going to+ 动词原形 对于将要发生的事,或打算、计划、决定要做的事情时,皆用be going to + 动词原形的句型来表示。 因为此句型有be动词,所以是用am,is,还是用are,取决于主语。 1.肯定句:主语+be (is, am, are) going to +动词原形 I am going to play football next Sunday. 下周日我打算踢足球。 He is going to travel around the world.他计划周游世界。 They are going to meet outside the school gate. 他们打算在校门口见面。 It is going to rain. 要下雨了。 2.否定句:主语+be (am, are, is) not going to +动词原形 We are not going to have any classes next week. 下周我们不上课。 Im not going to be a teacher. 我不打算当老师。 He isnt going to see his brother tomorrow. 他明天不准备去看他哥哥。 3.疑问句:Be (Am, Is, Are) +主语+ going to + 动词原形 Are you going to be a doctor when you grow up? 你长大了,打算当一名医生吗? Yes, I am. 是的,我打算当。 No, Im not. 不,我不打算当。 以今天为起点的所有将来时间,如: this afternoon / this evening = tonight / tomorrow/ tomorrow morning / afternoon / evening , the day after tomorrow / next week , next Wednesday / next month, next September / next year. 例句:1.Im going to be a teacher later on. 2.Well wait for you at the school gate. 3.Shall we go and get some food? “be going to + 动词原形” 表示计划、打算、将来发生的动作,常和this afternoon (今天下午),this evening = tonight (今晚),tomorrow (明天),tomorrow morning (afternoon , evening ) (明早,午,晚),the day after tomorrow(后天),next Sunday (下个星期天), next week (下周), next month (下个月), next year (明年)等的时间状语连用,前不加任何介词。另外,动作性动词go,come 和leave 等的现在进行时表示一般将来时动作。e.g.1. Im going to Beijing. 我要去北京。2. Hes leaving for Japan in two days. 他两天后要奔赴日本。四、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 1比较级:句子表示两者之间的比较时用比较级,其标志词是than, much, a little , even和still等。e.g. Her hair is much longer than mine.她的头发比我的长多了。 Im a little older than you. 我比你大一点儿。2最高级:句子表示三者或多者的比较时用最高级,其标志词是表示范围的in或of 介词短语。在句子中,形容词最高级前必须加the。e.g. The boy is the tallest in our class.这个男孩是我们班最高的。 Which is the biggest, the sun, the moon or the earth?形容词的比较级和最高级:形容词有三种等级:原级、比较级、最高级。3原级:句中只有一者时用原级,其标志词是very, so, too, quite等。e.g. His handwriting is very good.他的书法很好。 (一个人不作比较。)太阳、月亮和地球那个大?形容词比较级和最高级的构成:1.一般在原级后加er 构成比较级,加est构成最高级。e.g. small smaller smallest young younger youngest2.以不发音的字母e 结尾的形容词,直接加r 或st 构成比较级和最高级。e.g. nice nicer nicest late later latest3.以辅音字母+y 结尾的形容词,变y为i ,再加er 或est, 构成比较级和最高级。e.g. busy busier busiest heavy heavier heaviest4.在重读闭音节中,末尾只有一个辅音字母的形容词,要先双写这个辅音字母,再加er或est, 构成比较级和最高级。e.g. hot hotter hottest big bigger biggest5.个别形容词的比较级和最高级是不规则变化,需个别记忆。e.g. good (well) better bestbad (badly, ill) worse worstmany (much) more mostlittle less leastfar farther farthest 或 further furthest 副词的比较级和最高级:1.以ly 结尾的副词,除early 变为 earlier 和 earliest 外, 其余一律在其前加more 和most。 如:carefully more carefully most carefully2.规则变化直接加er 和 est 。 如:fast fasterfastest3.个别词是不规则变化,需要特别记忆。如:well better best far farther fastestbadly worse worst4.句子中,副词最高级前的the 可省略也可以不省略,但形容词最高级前面的the 绝对不能去掉。e.g. Who runs (the) fastest, Tom, Jim or Mike?五、提建议的表达方法、表示需要、询问方向、指点方向 表示建议的基本句型1. Shall I / we + 动词原形?2. Why dont you + 动词原形 = Why not + 动词原形3. Lets + 动词原形4. What/ How about + doing sth. 表示需要的基本句型1.表示需要用need。 它可当情态动词和行为动词用。 e.g. We need your help.(行为动词) 我们需要你的帮助。 They need finish reading the book today. (情态动词) 他们需要今天看完这本书。2.询问方向,主要有以下几种表达方式: Is there a bus station near here? 附近有汽车站吗? Where is the nearest bus stop / station? 最近的汽车站在哪里? Which is the way to the bus station ? 去汽车站的路是那一条? How can I go to the bus station? 如何去公共汽车站?3.指点方向,主要有以下几种表达方式: Go / walk along the road / street. 沿着这条路/街走。 Take the first (second) turning on the right / left. 在第一(二)个路口向右/左转。 Its next to (in front of , behind) 它在旁边(前面,后面) Its about a hundred metres along on the left. 它在左前方大约一百米处。 Turn right / left. = turn to the right / left. 向右/左拐。六、一般过去时 一般过去时主要表示过去的动作或状态。在句子中由主语+动词的过去式来表达。 1.He walks to school. (一般现在时)2.He walked to school. (一般过去时)例如: 例1中的动词walks时现在式, 由于主语是第三人称单数he, 因此原因的walk必须加上 “s”,表示目前习惯性、经常性动作。可译为“他现在经常步行上学”。 例2中的动词walked是过去式,过去式是叙述过去事情的动词形式,所以这句话时表示的是过去的某时,例如昨天、上周或学生时代等过去的某一时间,这句可译为“他曾经步行上学”。 be 动词的过去式 be 动词的过去时的句型如下: 肯定句: 主语 +be动词的过去式(was, were).否定句: 主语 + be动词的过去式(was, were)+ not.疑问句: Be动词的过去式(Was,Were)+ 主语 ? He was busy yesterday. (肯定句) 他昨天很忙。 He was not busy yesterday. (否定句) 他昨天不忙。 Was he busy yesterday? (疑问句) 他昨天忙吗? 1.be动词过去时的肯定句 Mike was in the United States last year. 麦克去年在美国。 比较be 动词的现在式和过去式: 现在时 过去时 I(第一人称单数) am was He, She, It(第三人称单数) is You(第二人称单、复数) are were I was very tired last night. 我昨天晚上很累。 You were absent from school two days ago. 两天前你没到学校(缺席)。 There were some books there. 那儿曾经有一些书。 There is (are) 的句型用于一般过去时需把is,are变为它们的过去式:There was (were) 2.be动词过去时的否定句He was not in Canada last year. 他去年不在加拿大。 be动词过去时的否定句的结构和现在时一样,只要在be动词过去式(was, were)后面加上not就可以了。否定式的was not, were not 大多使用缩写形式wasnt 和 werent。I wasnt busy the other day. 前几天我不忙。 There werent any boys in the classroom. 教室里一个男孩儿也没有。 3.be动词的过去时的疑问句(一般疑问句/特殊疑问句) Was it raining in Beijing yesterday? No, it wasnt . I t was cloudy. 昨天北京下雨了吗?不,没下雨。昨天北京阴天。 Where were you yesterday morning? I was at school. 你昨天上午上去哪了?我在学校。 be 动词过去时一般疑问句的结构和一般现在时一样,只要把be 动词的过去式was, were 调到主语前面即可。 Was (Were ) + 主语 ? 回答时,需要用Yes, was (were).或 No, wasnt (werent). Was your father free this morning? 今天上午你爸爸有空吗? Yes, he was . 是的,他有空。 No, he wasnt. 不,他没空。 Was there any water in the bottle? 瓶子里有过水吗? Yes, there was. 是的,曾经有过。 NO, there wasnt. 不, 没有过。 一般动词的过去时 一般动词过去式的基本句型如下: 肯定句: 主语+ 动词的过去式 .否定句: 主语+ did not + 动词原形. 疑问句: Did + 主语 + 动词原形? He played tennis last week. (肯定句) 他上周打网球了。 He did not play tennis last week. (否定句) 上周他没打网球。 Did he play tennis last week? (疑问句) 上周他打网球了吗? 1.一般动词过去时的肯定句We had a good time yesterday.昨天我们过得很愉快。 He had a good time yesterday.昨天他过得很高兴。 一般过去时没有人称和数的变化。因此,主语即使是单数、第三人称,也和其他人称一样变化。 I watched TV for an hour. 我看了一个小时的电视。 She studied Russian two years ago. 两年前他学俄语。 We said good-bye to Li Ming at five. 五点钟时,我们和李明说过了再见。 2.一般动词过去时的否定句 We did not have a good time yesterday.昨天我们过得不好。 He did not do his homework.他没有做作业。 一般动词过去时的否定句的结构和一般现在时否定句的结构一样, 不论主语是第几人称,还是单、复数,在主语后面加上did not (而不是do not,或 does not)就可以了。 否定式did not 常用缩写形式didnt。 He didnt have classes this morning. 今天上午他没课. You didnt do your best to do it. 你没有尽力去做。 3.一般动词过去时的疑问句 Did he go there?他去那了吗? Yes, he did. (No, he didnt.) 是的,他去了。 (不,他没去。) When did you get up this morning? At six.今天早晨你几点钟起床的? 六点钟。 一般动词过去时的一般疑问句的结构和一般现在时的一般疑问句的结构一样,无论主语是第几人称,单数、复数,在主语前面加上did即可。 Did Tom go with you?汤姆和你一起去的吗? Yes, he did . (No, he didnt .)是的。(不,不是的) How many subjects did you study last term?上学期你们学习几门功课? We studied seven.我们学习七门课。 比较一般动词的现在时和过去时 一般现在时 一般过去时 肯定句 I go . He goes . I went . He went . 否定句 I dont go . He doesnt go . I didnt go . He didnt go . 疑问句 Do you go ? Does he go ? Did you go ? Did he go ? 一般过去时的基本用法 1.带有确定的过去时间状语时,要用过去时 如:yesterday (昨天) , two days ago(两天前), last year(去年)., the other day(前几天), once upon a time(过去曾经), just now(刚才), in the old days(过去的日子里), before liberation(解放前), when I was 8 years old(当我八岁时). Did you have a party the other day?前几天,你们开了晚会了吗? Lei Feng was a good soldier.雷锋是个好战士。 2.表示过去连续发生的动作时,要用过去时 这种情况下,往往没有表示过去的时间状语,而通过上下文来表示。 The boy opened his eyes for a moment, looked at the captain , and died.那男孩把眼睛张开了一会儿,看看船长,然后就去世了。 3.表示过去一段时间内经常反复的动作。 常与always, never 等连用。 Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella.彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞。(只是说明她过去的动作,不表明她现在是否常带着伞。) 试比较:Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella.彼得太太老是带着伞。(说明这是她的习惯,表明她现在仍然还习惯总带着一把伞。) I never drank wine.我以前从不喝酒。(不涉及到现在,不说明现在是否喝酒。) 4.如果强调已经终止的习惯时要用used to do He used to drink.他过去喝酒。(意味着他现在不喝酒了。喝酒这个动作终止了。) I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。(意味着现在不在早上散步了。) 5.有些句子,虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语,但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话,也要用过去时,这一点,我们要特别注意。I didnt know you were in Pairs.我不知道你在巴黎。(因为在说话时,我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话前,所以只能用过去时表示。实际上,这句话暗指:But now I know you are here.) I thought you were ill.我以为你病了呢。(这句话应是在说话前,我以为你病了,但是现在我知道你没病。) Li Ming studied English this morning. (把此句变为一般疑问句。) ()1.Did Li Ming studied English this morning? (动词应该用原形) ()2.Does Li Ming study English this morning? (时态应该用原句子的时态。) ()3.Was Li Ming studied English this morning? (应该用一般动词,而不是be动词) ()4.Did Li Ming study English this morning? 七、反意疑问句 .反意疑问句 (Tag questions) 在陈述句之后加上一个意思与之相反的简短问句,这种句子叫做反意疑问句。反意疑问句必须由意思相反的两部分组成,在前一部分(陈述句)之后用逗号,后一部分(简短问句)之后用问号。反意疑问句的否定句必须用缩略形成,同时它的主语必须用人称代词,不能用名词。前一部分用降调,后一部分在表示疑问句时用升调。 反意疑问句分为两类: 1.前一部分为肯定式,后一部分是否定式。 2.前一部分为否定式,后一部分是肯定句。 陈述句(肯定式),+ 疑问部分(否定式)? 1.be 动词和一般动词(实意动词)构成的反意疑问句 be动词句型现在 ,isnt (arent ) + 主语?过去, wasnt (werent ) + 主语? 一般动词句型:现在 , dont (doesnt ) + 主语?过去 , didnt + 主语? The pen is yours, isnt it?这笔是你的,不是吗? Lucy likes English, doesnt she?露西喜欢英语,不是吗?Yes, she does. 是的,她喜欢。No, she doesnt 不,她不喜欢。 That was a wonderful night , wasnt it?那是个奇妙的夜晚,不是吗?Yes, it was. 是的,它是。No, it wasnt. 不,它不是。 Your sister helped him, didnt she? 你姐姐帮助了他,不是吗? Yes, she did. 是的,她帮助他。 No, she didnt. 不。她没有帮助他。 Tom is skating, isnt he? (进行时) 汤姆在滑冰,不是吗? Yes, he is. 是的。 No, he isnt. 不。 She is loved by her parents, isnt she? (被动语态)她被她的父母疼爱着,是吗?Yes, she is. 是的。No, she isnt. 不。 2.情态动词的反意疑问句 Your brother can swim, cant he?你的哥哥会游泳,不是吗?Yes, he can.No, he cant. We have to finish it, dont we?我们不得不完成它,不是吗?Yes, we do.No, we dont. The workers had to take the first bus, didnt they?工人们不得不上头班车,不是吗?Yes, they did.No, they didnt. 陈述句(否定式),+ 疑问句(肯定句)? 这种反意疑问句的结构和第一部分一样,只不过颠倒一下肯定句和否定句的位置。 这部分的难点在于回答,回答和汉语习惯不同。 在这种问句中,先不要管yes和no ,按实际情况,如果答语是肯定式的,就要用Yes + 肯定结构,如果答语是否定的,就要用No+ 否定结构。You arent a teacher, are you?你不是老师,是吗?Yes, I am. 不,我是。No, I am not. 是的,我不是。 You dont study Chinese, do you?你们不学中文,是吗?Yes, we do. 不,我们学中文。 Your classmates didnt have a good time last summer, did they?你的同学们去年暑假没过好,是吗?Yes, they did. 不,他们过得很好。No, they didnt. 是的,他们过的不好。 其他类型的反意疑问句 1.祈使句的反意疑问句 a在肯定的祈使句后,为了使祈使句听起来比较婉转、客气,可加一个简短的问句,如:will you? would you? wont you? can you? could you? cant you?最常见的是will you?或 wont you? Speak louder, will you?请大声点儿,好吗? Open the window, will you?请打开窗子,好吗? Give me a hand, wont you?请帮我一下,好吗? b.在lets 祈使句后加上shall we? 或 shant we? 在let us(me, him)后加上will you? 或wont you? Lets go, shall we?咱们走吧,好吗?Lets have a cup of tea, shall we?我们去喝茶,好吗? Let her play the piano, will you?让她弹钢琴吧,你说行吗? Let me sing a song for you, will you?让我为你唱一首歌,好吗? 2.陈述部分如果有表示否定意义的某些词,如:never, seldom, hardly, few, little, nobody, no one, nothing, neither,疑问部分必须用肯定式。 He never watches TV, does he?他从不看电视,是吗?Yes, he does. 不,他看。No, he doesnt 是的, 他不看。 No one can help me, can he (they)没人能帮助我,是吗?Yes, he (they ) can. 不,有人会帮你。No, he (they) cant. 是的,没人会帮你。 Very few people understand what he said, do they?很少人听得懂他说的话,是吗?Yes, they do. 不,很多人听得懂。No, they dont. 是的,很少人听得懂。 3.陈述部分是there be 结构时,疑问部分用there,省略主语代词。 There is something wrong with the radio, isnt there?收音机出毛病了,是吗? There wont be any meetings next week, will there?下周什么会也没有,是吗? There is a post office near your house, isnt there?在你家附近有一个邮局,是吗? 4.陈述句部分如果有everything, nothing . 表示事物的词作主语时,疑问部分的主语用it ,陈述部分如果有everyone , no one, someone . 表示人的不定代词作主语时,疑问部分常用they (有时也用he). Everything here is dirty, isnt it?这的所有东西都脏,不是吗? Everybody knows the answer, dont they?任何一个人都知道答案,不是吗? 八、邀请和应答、请求许可 英语中表达请求允许的句型很多,在不同的场合要用不同的句式来表达。 1.常见表示“请求”“允许”的句式。 May I ? 我可以干吗? Can / Could I ? 我能干吗? Shall I / we ? 我/咱们干好吗? Would you like / love to ? 你愿意干吗? Will (would) you please? 请你干好吗? What / How about doing ? 干怎么样? 2.常见“应答”的句式: Yes, of course. 当然可以。 Sure/ Certainly. 当然可以。 Thats OK. / Thats all right. 好吧,行。 Yes, please. 好的,请(做吧)。 Id love / like to. 很乐意。 With pleasure. 很乐意。 Good idea! 好主意。 3.表示“不允许”的答语有: Im sorry, but 对不起,不过 Im sorry , but . 对不起,你不能。 Youd better not . 你最好别 Im afraid I cant. 恐怕我不行。 No, thanks. 不,谢谢。 定语从句一、定语从句的功用和结构在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如:This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.Do you know everybody who came to the party?I still remember the night when I first came to the village?This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.二、各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法1. who 指人,在定语从句中作主语。例如:The person who broke the window must pay for it.The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.2. whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语。例如:Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate?Mr Lee (whom) you want to see has come.3. whose 指人,在定语从句中作定语。例如:The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.I know the boy whose father is a professor.4. which指物,在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如:A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.5. that多指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如:Ive read the newspaper that (which) carries the important news.Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?6. when 指时间,在定语从句中作状语。例如:Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm.He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.7. where 指地点,在定语从句中作状语。例如:This is the house where we lived last year.The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.三、关系代词和关系副词的功用关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句,在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用,使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词做主语,宾语,定语,关系副词可作状语。1. 作主语:关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如:I dont like people who talk much but do little.The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.2. 作宾语:She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”.3. 作定语关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如:Whats the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.4. 作状语Ill never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.This is the house where I was born.四、具体使用时还要注意下列问题:1. 只能使用that,不用which 的情况:(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。例如: All that he said is true. (2) 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修 饰,关系代词常用that,不用which。例如: He is the only foreigner that has been to that place. (3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如: He was the second (person) that told me the secret.(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。 This is the best book (that) I have read this year.(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如: He talked about the people and the things that he remembered.2. 只能用which,不用that 的情况:(1) 在非限制性定语从中。例如: The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.(2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导,先行词是物时。例如: The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.(3) which还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部 分概念。在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思是与and this 相似,并可以指人。例如: He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.3. 介词与关系代词:关系代词 whom, which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面,如:That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.初二语法:宾语从句一、 复合句-宾语从句1. 在一个主句后面充当一个宾语,是名词性从句的一种。2. 宾语从句由三种:(1) 当宾语从句是一个陈述句时:Kate was good at cartooning. He was not good at sports.用that连接。He said (that) Kate was good at cartooning. He said (that) he was not good at sports.that 在这两个句子种可以省略,因本身无意义,不从当宾语从句中的任何成分。(2) 当宾语从句是一个一般疑问句时: Had Miss Gao arrived yet? 用whether/ if 连接。He asked me if / whether Miss Gao had arrived yet.(3) 当宾语从句是一个特殊疑问句时:When will you start off? 连接词是when,句子的语序要用陈述句语序。I dont know when you will start off.(4) 宾语从句的否定转移,当主句的谓语动词是think, believe, suppose等,而主句的主语又是第一人称时,后接宾语从句的否定词要前移到主句的谓语中。He thinks he will not come with you. He doesnt think he will come with you.3. 宾语从句的注意事项:(1)主句与从句的时态一致问题。 A当主句是现在的时态时,( 包括: 现在一般时,现在完成时,现在进行时),从句的时态可 根据实际情况而定。 a. I remember he gave me a book yesterday. b. I have told him that I am going to Shanghai. B当主句是过去时态时,(过去一般时,过去进行时)从句的时态要用过去时态,( 过去一般 时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时)。 a. He told me that he would take part in the high jump. b. He wondered if I had taken his wallet. C当宾语从句表示客观事实或真理时,即使主句是过去时,也要用一般现在时态。 a. My teacher told me that the earth goes round the sun. b. He said Yao Ming is one of the tallest basketball players.(2)宾语从句的语序问题。 a. 当句子用what或who 作主语时,在做从句时,语序不变。例如: What is happening? My mother asked what was happening. b. 当从句是特殊疑问句时,Where does he live? 在复合句中,要恢复陈述句语序。 I want to know where he lives.(3)宾语从句的引导词问题。例题: a. -Could you tell me _ the school is? -Walk along this street, and then turn left at the first crossing. It is just opposite the post office. A. how big B. what C. where D. how 应当选C。 b. - Who knows _ the moon is? -The satellite going around the earth. A. where B. how C. what D. how far 应当选C。直接引语、间接引语引述别人的话有两种方式:一是使用引号引出人家的原话,这叫做直接引语;一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来,这叫做间接引语。这两种引述的转化是中学阶段英语学习的重点之一。我们今天主要学习从直接引语向间接引语转化时,应该注意哪些变化。一、人称人称变化可以遵循如下顺口溜“一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化,如: She said. “My brother wants to go with me.” She said her brother wanted to go with her. “二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时,若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称,或被第二人“你”所修饰,从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语,也可以用第一人称,如: He said to Kate,How is your sister now? He asked Kate how her sister was then.“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化,如: Mr. Smith said,“Jack is a good worker.”Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker.二、时态直接引语在改为间接引语时,时态需要做相应的调整。其基本法则和我们刚刚学过的宾语从句的时态变化一致,也就是说从句时态要和主句时态一致。如果从句是过去时,主句要向后退一格时态,变成一种过去时。1. She said. “I have lost a pen.” She said she had lost a pen.
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