高考英语二轮专题复习20阅读表达教学案(教师版).doc

高考英语二轮 专题复习 20阅读表达教学案（教师版）【2013高考考纲解读】从近几年的山东、天津和湖南等高考阅读表达题来看，该题型的测试目的是从多方位多角度考查考生通过阅读获取信息、处理信息并进行书面表达的能力。比传统的阅读理解题型更具综合性和主观性，更能体现对考生的 综合语言运用能力的考查。其命题特点是：1.阅读表达的题材和体裁与传统的阅读短文没有太大的区别，文章长度大致相同或比传统的阅读短文略短，总阅读量不会太大（约200300词）。2.生词量较大，有许多超“标”词汇，要求考生凭借上下文语境及生活常识予以推测感知。3.语篇意识和思维灵活性有所强化，文章的结构层次性更强。阅读表达题型具有多样性，概括起来一般采用以下7种形式：问题类型常见问题主旨概括Whats the best title of the passage?What is the purpose of the writers writing this passage?Whats the main idea of the passage/article?填空Please fill in the blank in the passage with a proper sentence / proper words or phrases.翻译句子Translate the underlined sentence in the paragraph into Chinese.同意句替换Please find out the sentence in the passage which can be replaced by the following one.封闭性问题Regular close-ended wh-questions based on the passage.开放性问题What would you do if you ? What other suggestions would you give?How would you settle the problem if you?其他类型每年的高考题将会从以上的七种类型中选出五类,问题的顺序也会结合问题的信息点在文章中出现的顺序进行排列.其他类型的题目属于不确定题型,是根据文章题材和体裁的具体特点设计的,与以上六种题型不同的问题类型.为了控制考生在该试题上所花费的时间,在每一个需要考生回答的问题后面都有具体字数的要求(翻译句子题除外).【重点知识整合】阅读表达题是自2007年开始山东省高考试题中增加的一种新的测试题型，要求考生阅读所给短文，然后按照题目要求回答文后的五个问题，每个问题3分，总分15分。该题型的测试目的是从多方位多角度考查考生通过阅读获取信息、处理信息并进行书面表达的能力。比传统的阅读理解题型更具综合性和主观性，更能体现对考生的综合语言运用能力的考查。 阅读表达题的解题方法与技巧 1、主旨概括：主要考查考生对文章内容的整体把握能力。要想答好该题考生必须有很强的概括能力或归纳能力，要善于寻找能够概括全文的主题段落或者主题句，剔除文中的细节事实或者作者所用的论据，即要分清主旨和细节。概括出来的中心意思一定要能够覆盖全文或整个段落，绝对不可太笼统离题太远或者以偏概全，文中标题格式可以是完整的句子、简洁的短语。也可以用问题的形式，同时要注意字数要求。具体的表达可以先根据文章内容找出关键词，再在此基础上确定文章标题或者文章的main idea。 2、同义句替换：只有准确理解所给句子的意义才能准确快速地找出原文中意义相同的句子。 3、填空：回答此类问题时一定首先注意弄清楚上下文的逻辑关系，如递进、转折、并列、对比、因果等等然后根据上下文的含义搞清楚空白处该填句子还是短语或者单词，再读上下文，最后确定答案。 4、翻译句子：在该类题目中要求翻译的句子往往是结果较为复杂或者包括一些特定习语的句子。因此再翻译之前一定要先分析句子结构并结合文章中心思想以及上下文弄清句子所在的语境，同时还要注意英、汉两种语言及其问题特征的差异，最后在忠实于原文的基础上把画线部分的句子翻译成符合汉语表达习惯的句子。 5、封闭性问题：封闭性问题是指答案是固定或唯一的问题，一般可在文章中找到明确的答案或依据，包括常见的wh-questions。 6、开放性问题：开放性问题是阅读表达中主观性最强的试题，要求考生结合个人的观点、经验来回答相关问题。 7、其他类型：该题是结合文章的不同题材和体裁给出的除以上6种类型以外的类型的题。比如设计图表题推理判断题等。下面通过山东卷的阅读表达实例对各种类型问题的答题技巧一一说明。An American friend of mine who was high up in a big corporation had worked out a way of handling a flood of e-mails before most of us had even heard of the concept. If any information he was sent was vital enough, his lack of response would ensure the sender rang him up, if the sender wasnt important enough to have his private number, the communication couldnt be that important, my friend is now even more senior in the same company so the strategy must work. Almost every week now there seems to be a report suggesting that we are all being driven crazy by the bother of e-mail. If this is the case, its only because we havent developed an appropriate discrimination in dealing with it. _. Firstly, you junk nothing with an exclamation mark or a string of capital letters, or from any address you dont recognize or feel confident about. Secondly, e-mails dont all have to be answered. Because e-mailing is so easy, theres a tendency for correspondence to carry on for ever, but it is permissible to stop an endless discussion or to accept a point of information sent by a colleague without acknowledging it. Thirdly, a reply e-mail doesnt have to be the same length as the original. We all have e-mail pals who send long, chatty e-mail, which are nice to receive, but who then expect an equally long reply. The charm of e-mail can consist in the simple, incomplete sentence, totally regardless of the format of the letter sent by post. You are perfectly within the bounds of politeness in responding to a marathon e-mail with a better reply. 76Which sentence in the passage is the closest in meaning to the following one? The possible existence of annoyance results from our inability to sort out e-mails _ 77Fill in the blank in Paragraph 3 with a proper sentence.(within 10 words ) _ 78What advice is given in the last paragraph? (within 10 words) _ 79For what purpose does the author mention his American friend in Paragraph 1 ?(within 10 words) _ 80Translate the underlined sentence in the last paragraph into Chinese. _ 答案与解析76. 答案If this is the case, its only because we havent developed an appropriate discrimination in dealing with it. 解析该题为同意句替换题，细读所给句子不难得出其意义“这些令人恼火的情况之所以存在，是因为我们没有对电子邮件进行分类的能力”。然后对照原文就很容易找到其同意句了。 77. 答案E-mail(s) can be handled in the following ways. / Here are the ways to deal with e-mail(s). / handling e-mail(s) is an art. 解析该题为填空题。做该类题目首先要根据上下文搞清楚所填内容是句子还是短语或单词。从该题要求来看我们可以知道此处要填入合适的句子。联系上下文可知，下文所列三条都是处理电子邮件的方法，那就不难知道此处所填句子内容应该是一个概括性较强的topic sentence。这样我们就不难知道该填什么内容了。 78. 答案You may reply to a long e-mail briefly./ You dont have to write a long reply e-mail. 解析该题为封闭性问题。要求答出最后一段所给的建议。做这种类型的题目时，首先要读懂该段要告诉读者的是什么信息，然后根据要求进行总结。因为有字数限制，所以答题时要特别注意如何用词和如何组织语言。从最后一段的第一句我们就可以知道这条建议是告诉读者“在回复e-mail时，不必和对方来信的长度一样”。其实这句话就是该问题的答案。但是由于有字数限定我们就必须改变一下说法，使答案的字数控制在10个单词以内。这样就可以避免学生照抄原文，从而达到考察学生灵活运用语言能力的目的。 79. 答案To show a way of handling e-mail(s) with an example. / To introduce the topic of the text. 解析该题属于其他类型的题目。要求考生写出作者在第一段中提到他美国朋友的写作意图。纵观全文不难知道该短文的主旨是向读者介绍处理电子邮件的方法。而作者在第一段引用他美国朋友处理邮件的方法做为例子，目的正是为了揭示文章主题。 80. 答案用简短的话回复冗长的邮件完全不失礼节。用简短的话回复马拉松式的电子邮件也是礼貌的。 解析该题为句子翻译题。做该题时应先分析句子成分，搞清每个意群的含义，然后结合上下文以及文章的中心思想。调整成符合汉语表达习惯的通顺的汉语句子。翻译该句：关键是搞清处两个短语的含义，一个是within the bound of (在范围内), 另一个是in responding to。【高频考点突破】高考题型:Fill in the blank in paragraph 3 with a propersentence.(within 10 words);Fill in the blank inparagraph 4 with proper words.(Please answer within 6words.)解题策略:整体理解,仔细推敲,注意上下文的逻辑性,关注文中表示对比、转折、递进、并列、因果等关系的关联词;分析句子结构,用适当单词、短语或句子的正确形式填空;把握作者的思路,简练表达,切忌偏离主题、断章取义;放回原文中检查,确保上下文连贯,语法正确。考点三、翻译句子该题型要求将短文中指定的句子翻译成通顺的汉语。高考题型:You are perfectly within the bounds of po-liteness in responding to a marathon e-mail with a brief reply解题策略:分析把握句子结构;遵循忠实通顺的原则,表达完整;注意英汉语序的差异,译文要求符合汉语表达习惯;翻译关键词;语言简练。考点四、英文释义该题型要求根据所给的英文释义句子,在短文中寻找相同的句子。此类试题较简单,相当于传统阅读理解中的转换理解,答案较固定。一般出题方式:Which sentence in the passage can breplaced by the following one?例如:Which sentence in tpassage is the closest in meaning to the following one?Tpossible existence of annoyance results from our inability sort out e-mails.解题策略:通过上下文,整体理解所给句子;分析所给句子的结构、含义、实际用意;在文中找相同含义的句子;不能增加或减少,所找句子必须准确、完整。考点五、封闭型问题该题型要求学生结合文中某个问题进行解答。一般出题方式有:Regular Wh-Questions based on thpassage.例如:What advice is given in the last paragrap(within 10 words)(2007年高考);List three activities thmight develop into addictions based on the text.(Please aswer within 8 words.)(2008年高考)解题策略:面对该类问题,学生可以结合文中的具体依据进行回答,答案是固定的、唯一的。考点六、开放型问题该题型要求学生结合个人的观点、态度进行表述。一般出题方式有:what would you do if you were.What do you think.?Which of.do you think is the best fyou,why?解题策略:面对该类题型,学生可以依据自己的看法结合原文理解作出回答,注意扬长避短,避难就易。考点七、其他题型除了上述较为常见的题型外,高考命题人员还有可能根据阅读理解文章的题材和体裁设置其他题目。每年的高考题将会从以上的七种类型中选出五类，问题的顺序也会结合问题的信息点在文章种出现的顺序进行排列。其他类型的题目属于不确定题型，是根据文章题材和体裁的具体特点设计的与以上六种题型不同的问题类型。还有就是为了控制考生在该试题上所化肥的时间，在每一个需要考生回答的 问题后面都有具体字数的要求（翻译句子和句子填空题除外）【难点探究】山东省高考改革的一大特色就是在高考中增加了阅读表达这一题型。阅读表达题是一种综合性的题型，既考查学生的阅读理解能力，又考查书面表达能力，同时，这类题目不但选材紧跟时代步伐，而且体裁多样、结构严谨、层次分明，是一种不错的试题。然而，同学们对这一题型却感到束手无策，不知从何下笔。针对这一情况，我们应在平时的训练中不断总结做题方法，探索答题规律，掌握这类题目的解题技巧。下面让我们一起剖析一下它的内部结构。 1.概括文章大意、标题，或指出作者写作的主要意图 What is the purpose of the writers writing this passage? Whats the best title of the passage? Whats the main idea of the passage/article? 2.补全文章中空缺的句子 Please fill in the blank in the passage with a proper sentence/proper words or phrases. 3.根据语境翻译句子 Translate the underlined sentence in the paragraph into Chinese. 4.同义语句替换 Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one? Please find out the sentence in the passage which can be replaced by the following one. 5.封闭性问题和开放性问题 （1）回答问题 Which of the_do you think is the best/most important for you/sb else? Why? Do you think it is good/bad/better if _? Why? (Please answer within _ words.) （2）陈述个人观点 What would you do if you? How would you settle the problem if you? Have you ever done? 下面结合自己的做法提出对英语阅读理解题的技巧与策略。 一、带着问题去阅读。先看试题，再读文章才能掌握问题的类型。了解题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，才能有针对性地阅读，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。这样既提高了做题的准确率，也节省了宝贵的时间。 二、对于概括文章大意、标题,或指出作者写作的主要意图这一类型的题目，要快速浏览全文，抓住文章大意和主题句，明确作者的态度和意图。对于大多数文章而言，在第一段往往就交待了该文章的中心内容，首段中的首句或尾句通常会点明该段的中心，因此一般而言，通过归纳第一段的首尾句便可写出该文章的标题。在答题时，切记要有关键词，简明扼要，且不要出现语法错误。 三、句子替换题型。只要准确理解所给句子的意义，抓住所给句子中的关键词，就能准确快速地找出原文中意义相同的句子。 在答题时，要求考生在文章中准确找到原句并将其完整地抄写在答题纸所给定的位置上，切不可只是写上第“X”个句子了事，这样是不能得分的。 四、完成句子题型。这种题型要求考生抓住事实和细节，弄明白空缺的句子及其上下文的内容，而且要弄清其间的关系，根据这些关系猜测出空缺处的内容，然后再读上下文，最后确定答案。 五、开放性问题。这类题型是阅读表达中的主观性试题，要求考生根据文章涉及的问题，结合个人的观点、经验来回答。此类问题的解答比较容易，考生可根据自己的观点选择较容易回答的来回答。这种题目往往设计有两个题目，回答此题时必须回答完整，即怎么问就怎么答。注意别出现语法错误。 六、翻译题目。这一题目是对学生综合语言知识理解和运用的考察，要求翻译的句子往往是结构较为复杂或者包括一些特定短语的句子。考生不仅要理解英语语句，而且需要将其转译成汉语，因此又是对汉语表达水平的一种检测。因此，在翻译之前一定要先分析句子结构，并结合句子所在的语境，在忠实原文的基础上，把画线部分的句子翻译成符合汉语表达习惯的句子，避免出现“英语式的汉语”或句子的漏译、错译等错误。 总之，提高英语阅读表达水平不是一朝一夕的事情，教师持之以恒地结合教材内容对学生进行训练是提高其阅读表达水平的重要途径。在训练过程中，教师加强对学生的指导是提高学生阅读表达水平的重要保证。【历届高考】2012高考英语试题【2012山东卷】阅读表达（共5小题，每小题3分，满分15分）阅读下面短文并回答问题，然后将答案写到答案卡相应的位置上（请注意76至79四个小题后面的词数要求）。1 Ashley Powers mother bought a computer for her when she was eight. When she was thirteen, she was surfing the Internet regularly, but she couldnt find anywhere for teenagers to meet and talk. And one day she thought, “If I had my own website, Id make it a really interesting site for teenagers.”2So, when Ashley was sixteen, she launched her own website, called Goosehead. She had no idea how big a success it would be, but three years later, the site was the most successful teen site in the USA! It was getting 100,000 hits every day, and Ashley had about 30 employees. 3 After a few years, the website closed down. Then Ashley, who lives in Los Angeles, was asked to write a book called The Goosehead Guide to Life. The book is about how to design a website and start a business. It begins with a section called “All About Ashley,” where Ashley tells readers what it is like to be the boss of a company when you are only sixteen. “ I was so happy. But it was crazy in a lot of ways. I got very stressed. I mean, I was only sixteen I didnt even have a car! If you were sixteen and you had your own company, youd be stressed, too！“4 In an interview Ashley gave advice to teenagers who wanted to start their own business, “Just be strong and have your dreams and work hard at them. And dont listen when _, because I heard no a lot. Just keep going until you hear yes!”76. For what purpose did Ashley create GooseHead?(no more than 10 words) _77. What is the main idea of Paragraph 2？ （no more than 6 words）_78. According to paragraph 3, what did Ashley do after GooseHead closed down?(no more than 10 words)_79. How did Ashley feel as a young boss of a company?(no more than 5 words)_80. Fill in the blank in Paragraph 4 with proper words. _【考点定位】考查细节理解题。79.【答案】Happy, crazy and stressed.【解析】根据第三段Power的自述中可知。【考点定位】考查细节理解题。80.【答案】others say something/others give you advice/people talk about you【解析】根据后句中的because I heard “no” a lot可以推断，此处表达的应该是“不要听别人说”。【考点定位】考查细节理解题。2012天津卷 阅读短文，并按照题目要求用英语回答问题。Born in 1949, Diana Nyad took an early interest in swimming as a sport and was a Florida State High School swimming champion. Like many young athletes, she had Olympic dreams, but a serious illness kept her from competing in the Games. The disappointment didnt stop her from going forward. Instead, she became interested in marathon swimming. A brilliant athlete, she was wellconditioned for spending long periods of time in the water. As a longdistance swimmer, she would compete against herself and the obstacles presented by distance, danger, cold, and exhaustion.For ten years Nyad devoted herself to becoming one of the worlds best longdistance swimmers. In 1970, she swam a tenmile marathon in Lake Ontario, setting the womens record for the course. In 1972 she set another record by swimming 102.5 miles from an island in the Bahamas to the coast of Florida. Then she broke a third record when swimming around Manhattan Island in 1975.Nyad attempted to swim the distance between Florida and Cuba in 1978. Though the span of water is less than 100 miles wide, it is rough and dangerous. After battling the water for two days, she had to give up for the sake of her own health and safety. Even so, she impressed the world with her courage and strong desire to succeed. For Nyad her strength of purpose was just as important as reaching Cuba. That is how she defined success. It did not matter that her swim came up short; she believed she had touched the other shore.When Nyad ended her career as a swimmer, she continued to try new thingstravelling the world as a reporter, writing books and giving public speeches about her life. Diana Nyad works to inspire others, just as she did when she swam the waters of the world.56What prevented Nyad from taking part in the Olympic Games？(No more than 5 words)_57What does the underlined word“obstacles” mean？(1 word)_58What achievement did Nyad make in 1970？(No more than 10 words)_59Why did Nyad believe that she had touched the other shore？(No more than 10 words)_60Please explain how you are inspired by Nyad.(No more than 20 words)_答案 56A serious illness (did)57Difficulties/Problems/Trouble(s)/Challenges.58She swam a tenmile marathon and set the womens record./She swam a tenmile marathon, setting the womens record./She set the womens record for a tenmile marathon swimming.59Because she had tried her best (to fulfill the task)/Her strength of purpose was as important as reaching Cuba.60I am encouraged by her determination and strong will./I am inspired by her courage and strong desire to succeed./From her I learned that once we set a goal, we should try hard to achieve it./We should never give up in the face of difficulty/failure./We should never stop trying new things and we may achieve success in different fields.2012湖南卷 Section A (10 marks) Directions：Read the following passage. Fill in the numbered blanks by using the information from the passage. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Since the earliest civilizations，people have controlled rivers to meet societys demands. Today, rivers are controlled for many reasons, primarily to maintain reliable water supplies for daily, agricultural and industrial needs, for power generation, for navigation(航行), and to prevent flooding.River control is achieved by channelization, a term that covers a range of river engineering works, including widening, deepening, straightening and stabilization of banks, and by the construction of dams.An important period of channelization took place in Europe during the 19th century, when many large rivers were straightened and their beds deepened. One of the most dramatically changed was the Tisza River, a branch of the Danube that flows through Hungary. The controlling of the Tisza, designed to reduce flooding and make land for agriculture, included cutting off more than 100 meanders (河曲), shortening the rivers length by nearly 400 kilometers.One of the most common ways in which people control rivers is by damming them. The past 50 years or so has seen an increase in dam construction worldwide, and at the beginning of the 21st century, there were about 800,000 dams globally, some towering more than 200 meters in height.Despite their successes, many dams also cause significant environmental changes that prove harmful. Some particularly deep reservoirs (水库) can bring about earthquakes due to the stress on their bottom rocks caused by huge volumes of water. Downstream of a reservoir, the river is certainly influenced in many ways: water volume, speed and quality are all affected, leading to changes in the landscape and among plants and animals.71. River Control 72. Reasons 73. supply 74. agriculture 75. flooding 76. deepening 77. stabilizing 78. shortening 79. dam construction 80. the environment【要点综述】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了人们控制河流的原因及方式。71. River Control文章标题题。考查文章标题的总结。文章的第一段就提到controlled rivers，第二段更直接提到River control，接下来的各段多次提到这些词语。72. Reasons段落大意题。考查对一个段落的概括总结。根据第一段的rivers are controlled for many reasons可知答案。73. supply词性转换题。考查名词转换为动词。根据第一段的to maintain reliable water supplies再根据空前的不定式符号，可知要将名词supplies转化为动词。74. agriculture词性转换题。考查形容词转换为名词。根据第一段的agricultural和空格前后的名词形式可知答案。75. flooding信息查询题。直接在原文中查找信息。根据第一段的to prevent flooding可直接找到答案。76. deepening信息查询题。直接在原文中查找信息。根据第二段的including widening, 阅读简答O42012湖南卷 Section B (10 marks)Directions: Read the following passage. Answer the questions according to the information given in the passage. A wise teacher once told me that every teenager needs to experience a notsofun first job from working at a grocery store to the fast food industry. Now I still remember my first day at a fast food restaurant three years ago. I wanted to save up money and buy my own car, so I applied everywhere I could that summer. The restaurant called me right away and I thought to myself, this is going to be easy. Within four hours of my first shift (轮班), I had angry customers who complained how slow I was. I watched in fear as a kid spilled his milk everywhere, and I heard the words that no 16yearold boy or anyone for that matter wants to hear: “Mike, theres a problem in the mens bathroom and you might want gloves for this one.” I realized right away that working at the restaurant was not going to be a picnic. The manager expected a clean environment and, particularly, fast service with a friendly smile. Over three years later I still work at that restaurant whenever I go home during vacations. I love my coworkers there and all the customers know who I am. Every morning the same senior citizens come in and get their morning coffees. They chat with us workers and joke around. Our smiles have just as much to do with them making us a part of their everyday lives as the coffee does. From my first job at the restaurant, I learned teamwork and devotion. I also learned staying positive no matter how rough things seem to get. I will forever carry the experience that I gained at the restaurant with me as I go forward in my life.81. Why did the author apply everywhere that summer? (No more than 12 words) (2 marks)_82. What did the manager particularly expect the workers to do? (No more than 14 words) (3 marks)_