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第四部分 定语从句一、知识点拨（一）限制性定语从句(Restrictive Attributive Clause)问题一：常用关系代词的格和其在从句中作何成分？1常用关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that等，它们的格，见下表：主格宾格所有格指代人who/that whom/who/that whose指代物which/that which/that whose/of which2关系代词在从句中通常所作的成分，见下表：主语宾语定语表语Who/Whom/Whose/Which/That/As/Than/But/问题二：关系代词who和whom在运用中须注意什么？who指人，作为主格的who，在从句中作主语。whom也是指人，作为宾格的whom在从句中作宾语，可以省略。who有时可以代替whom。who与whom须注意的是：1当whom在从句中作介宾，且接在该介词之后时，只能用whom不能用who，（详见问题八：定语从句中充当宾语的关系代词在运用中须注意，意什么？3）如：The man who / whom you were talking about has come to inspect our school.= The man about whom you were talking has come to inspect our school.2注意分析关系代词在从句中究竟是作宾语还是主语。如：This is Professor Luxon, who I think has something interesting to tell us. (/)This is Professor Luxon, whom I think has something interesting to tell us. (X)（若认为关系代词是作I think的宾语而用whom，则是错误的 因为I think的宾语不是whom一个词，而是who has something interesting to tell us整个从句分。而在整个从句部分中，关系代词作主语，所以应用who。I think是插入语，若去掉插入语I think，I think，从句仍是个完整的从句who has something interesting to tell us。（另见（三）、定语从句其它注意点 问题二：如何分析含有插入语的定语从句？）问题三：关系代词所有格有哪些表示形式？表示人的所有格用whose。表示物的所有格用of which，但有时也用whose，如： People believe that surgeons are professionals whose skills sometimes mean the difference between life and death.The path whose sides / of which the sides / the sides of which are covered with trees extends to the forest.问题题四：关系代词which在运用中须圭意什么？which指物，在从句中通常作主语、宾语。有时，which也可在从句中作定语。如： Some forms of greeting which are good manners in China are not considered so in Britain or some other English-speaking countries. (作主语) Today Michelangelos works are still examples from which art students must learn, and visitors to such tourist attractions still cant help but admire them. （作宾语） My sister spent five years at university, during which time she studied medicine.（作定语） Five years of life in prison changed him greatly, for which reason she could hardly recognize him at first sight. （作定语）问题五：在何种情况下只能用关系代that？关系代词that只能引导限制性定语从句，在从句中，that可以代替who，whom和which。但下述情况下，我们通常只用that。1下列情况只用that。1) 当先行词是something, anything, everything, nothing , much, little, few, all, any, none, the one等不定代词时；或先行词被al1，every，few，little，much，some，any，no，one of等所修饰时。如： All is not gold that glitters. There is nothing that can be used to replace the work of human brains.2) 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰修饰时；或被序数词，如the first，the last等修饰时。如： This is the coolest cell phone that I have ever seen. The first thing that you have to do is find out thetruth.3) 当先行词被the only; the very修饰时。如： This is the very laptop that I am dying for. The only step that we can take at the moment is to work out the details of the plan.2当关系代词既指人又指物时。如：The tricycle knocked over a girl and her pet that were gamboling about in front of the fountain.3当关系代词在限制性定语从句中作表语时。如：He is not the naughty boy that you thought him to be.4当先行词为疑问代词，或主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，避免重复。如：Who that has been helped by him can forget his heroic action?但当先行词中有that或those时，通常用which, who或whom。如： God helps those who help themselves. That opera house which the Danish architect designed looks magnificent.5在ThereHere be句型中。如：Here is the paper that you left behind the other day.问题六：关系代词as该如何运用？1as在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，通常用于such . as, so . as., the same . as中引导限制性定语从句时。如：He is not such a fool as he looks.1) the same . as .和the same . that .定语从句的区別：用as引导的定语从句，表示它的内内容与主句内容“相似”，指同一类；用that引导的定语从句，表示它的内容与主句内容“相同”，指同一物。此外，as引导的从句常可采取省略形式，而that不可以。如： I am of the same opinions as you are. He is the same boy that came to knock at the door yesterday evening.2) 定语从句such /so . as .和状语从句such / so .的区别：定语从句such / so . as中，as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语；结果状语从句such / so . that中，that在从句中不作成分，从句的动词有其自己的宾语。也就是说，如果引导从句的词后面若是一句完整的句子，则该从句就是状语从句。如：Here is so heavy a case as no one can move. （定语从句，as在从句中作move的宾语）Here is so heavy a case that no one can move it.（状语从句，move有自己的宾语it）问题七：关系代词than和but该如何用？than在定语从句中作主语或宾语，通常用于“比较级 + than”中。but在定语从句中通常作作主语。意义相当于who . not, that . not或which . not。如： There is no rule but has exceptions. (= which does not have exceptions.) There are few but admire his talents. ( = who do not admire his talents.)问题八：定语从句中充当宾语的关系代词在运用中须注意什么？1在定语从句中充当介词宾语的关系代词which和whom可以同介词一起位于主句和从句之间，也可以把该介词置于从句中相关动词后。 如：The little girl whom the ugly man was smiling at was scared to death.= The little girl at whom the ugly man was smiling was scared to death.2通常一些含有介词的短语动词不能与其介词分开，介词必须接在相应动词后，常见的此类短语动词有look after, look for, put off, give up, take care of, pay attention to等。如：The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.3当关系代词that或who在定语从句中担当介词宾语时，该介词不能置于that或who前，而必须跟在从句中相应动词后。否则，关系代词只能用which或whom。如：The flat that / which she lives in is a large one. = The flat in which she lives is a large one.问题九：关系代词在什么情况下可以省略？1在定语从句中充当动词宾语的关系代词可以省略：如：Spiders are the enemies of insects and the friends of humans. Thats something (that) Chinese farmers realized years ago and scientist are only beginning to understand today.2当关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，若该介词位于从句中相应动词之后时，该关系代词可省略；但若该介词在关系代词之前，该关系代词不可省。如：Fortunatftely, I have obtained the job (which /that) I applied for.Fortunatftely, I have obtained the job for which I applied.3在从句中作表语的关系代词可以省略。如：The modern computer is not the machine (that) it was when first invented.4way后面引导定语从句的in which或that可以省略：如：We all have the twenty-four hours of the day, but differ in the way (in which / that) we use them.5从句部分为“there be .”结构时，作主语的关系代词可以省略：如：This is the only book (that) there is on this subject.问题十：关系副词when，where和why在运用中须注意什么？1when指代时间，在从句中作时间状语，相当于一个相应的介词加上which。如：He wont forget the day when / on which he had his leg broken in the traffic accident.2where指代地点，在从句中作地点状语，相当于一个相应的介词加which。如：Stratford-on-Avon is the place where / in which Shakespeare was born.注意：where引导的定语从句不仅可以修饰地点名词，还可以修饰其它如case，conditions，point，position，situation，system等表示“情况，方面”的名词。这时where意为“在这种情况下”。如： They were in a difficujcult situation where all efforts were in vain. We are in a position where we may lose a large sum of money.3why引导的定语从句通常修饰reason等表示原因的名词，在从句中作原因状语，相当于for + which。如：Small children dont really know the reason why / for which Father Christmas will come and bring them presents during their sleep.问题十一：如何判断关系代词和关系副词？如果指代时间、地点或原因的关系词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语，则要用关系代词which或that，而不用关系副词when，where或why。因此，究竟用关系代词还是关系副词关键取决于先行词在从句中所作的成分。如： Ill never forget the days when(X) / which(/) we spent together and the days when (/) / which (X) we worked together.（which在从句中作spent的宾语）（when在从句中作时间状语） This is the reason why (X) / which(/) he told me before he resigned.（which在从句中作told的宾语） Is this the museum where the ancient Chinese paintings and calligraphy are on display?（where在从句中作地点状语）Is this the museum which you visited the other day?（which在从句中作visited的宾语）Is this museum the one (that) you visited the other day?（the one为先行词）问题十二：when和where引导的到底是定语从句还是状语从句？由关系副词when和where引导的定语从句和由从属连词when和where引引导的状语从句有时很容易混淆，关键是要看从句前是否有其所修饰的名词。如果有，该名词就是先行词，从句就是定语从句；如果没有，从句就是状语从句。如： Leave him where he is. （地点状语从句）Leave him at the place where he is. （定语从句，place为先行词） Put down a note where you dont understand. (地点状语从句）Put down a note at the place where you have questions. （定语从句，place为先行词） The whole city was sleeping when the fire broke out. （时间状语从句）The whole city was sleeping at the time when the fire broke out. （定语从句，time为先行词）（二）非限制性定语从句（Non-restrictive Attributive Clause）除了关系代词that，than，和but以及关系副词why，其它的关系代词和关系副词都可用于非限制性定语从句。问题一：在何种情况下只能用非限制性定语从句？限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，是先行词不可或缺的定语；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不密切，只是对先行词作附加说明。a) 当先行词的所指非常明确时，通常用非限制性定语从句。这具体指：1) 当先行词是专有名词时，包括人名、地名、日子名等。如： Cindy, whose sister works in a bank, is not good with money. Mary is going to spend the holiday in Rome, where she has some friends. May Day, which is the time to celebrate the leaving of winter and welcome the coming of spring and summer, falls on the first of May.2) 当先行词是sun, moon等世上独一无二的事物或当先行词是father、mothe、husband、wife等唯一有关者时。如：The boys mother, who loves him very much, has made many sacrifices for his happiness.3) 当先行词是上下文已提到过的人或物，或者根据语境是有定指的时候。如：David is my neighbour. He, who takes after his father, must knock at my door at dinner time.b) 当关系代词作介词of的宾语，而且前有被这一介词短语修饰的数词、代词或名词时，通常用非限制性定语从句。如： The students, some of whom had already started to leave the classroom, were called back by the teacher. These are two different words, the spellings of which are easily confused.c) 当关系代词which或whom作复杂介词如at the back of, at the end of, at the bottom of, as a result of, because of, by means of, in front of, in the centre / middle of, on account of, in / with reference to, in consequence of等的宾语时，通常用非限制性定语。如：We visited the famous opera, in the center of which stands an ancient Greek sculpture.d) 修饰整个主句部分时，要用以which或as引导的非限制性定语从句。此时的关系代词which或as代表整个主句。问题二：引导非限制性定语从句的which和as有何区别？1which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句之前、之后或之中。如：Richard passed all his examinations, which pleased his parents.As is expected, the result is satisfactory.= The result, as.is expected, is satisfactory.= The result is satisfactory, as is expected.2which仅表示“这件事，这（个点）”等，相当于and this或and that；而as表示“正如正象”等。所以由as引导的定语从句通常在意义上与主句保持和谐一致，且多为肯定句。若定语从句在意义上与主句相悖，则用which引导。在下列一些固定结构日中，用 as而不用which：as we (all) know, as is well known, as we (all) can see, as you say, as is said / mentioned above, as you may have heard, as you may remember, as is often the case, as often happens等。 Today the languid man came to the meeting on time, which(/) / as(X) was unexpected. Dick is fined for drunken driving, as is often the case.3在“as + iswas + 过去分词”结构中的is或was可略，而which引导的该结构中，is或was不可省略。如：Lincoln was shot in a theatre, as (was) described in this film.问题三：在非限制性定语从句中作表语的关系代词用什么？在限制性定语从句中作表语的关系代词只用that，且可以省略；但由于that不可引导非限制制性定句，所以在非限制性定语从句中，作表语的关系代词不管是指人还是指物，仍用which，且不可以省略。如： My sister is a good designer, which I am not. He wrote a grear novel, which it still is today.问题四：在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省略吗？在限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词有时可省略，但在非限制性定语从句中的关系代词不可以省略：如：The musical The Phantom of the Opera, which we enjoyed in the Shanghai Grand Theatre last night enjoys a high reputation in the world.（三）定语从句其它注意点问题一：什么时候用关系代词，什么时候用and？对初学者来说，必须搞清楚以which，who或whom引导的是定语从句，而以and连接的是并列句。例如： He falled to keephis promise, which / and that disappointed me. He has a lot of magazines, some of which / and some of them are about sport. There are fifty students in the class, three-fifths of whom / and three-fifths of them are girls.问题二：如何分析含有插入语的定语从句？经常在定语从句中做插入语的有I / we believe / think / know, every body believes / thinks / knows等。如：Jim is the new comer who I believe has great potential.若认为该例句中关系代词是作I believe的宾语而用whom，则是错误的。因为I believe的宾语不是whom一个词，而是who has great potential整个从句部分，而在整个从句中关系代词是作主语，所以应用who。事实上I believe是插入语，若去掉此插入语，从句部分仍是个完整的从句：who has great potential。问题三：如何区别定语从甸和强调句？1强调句型It is . that .可以强调名词、副词、介词短语或从句。当强调名词时，注意勿与主句部分是个“主语 + 系动词 + 表语”的结构的定语从句混淆。如： It was in the company that my father worked with for ten years.（定语从句）It was in the company that my father worked for ten years.（强调句） - Where did you have a shampoo and set?- It was in the hairdressing salon that you recommended to me.（定语从句）- It was in the hairdressing salon that I had a shampoo and set.（强调句） It/This is the first time (that) I have visited Scotland. （定语从句）It was for the first time that I visited Scotland.（强调句）这些定语从句的主句部分是个“主语 + 系动词 + 表语”的结构，that在从句部分担当成分。如果去掉it is . that .，句子结构就不完整了。而在这些强调句中，it是个引导词，没有具体含义。如果去掉it is . that .，只须把语序稍加调整，句子构仍是完整的。2注意带有定语从句的强调句型“It is + 被强调的名词 + 定语从句 + thatwho + 强调句其余部分”。如： It was in that hairdressing salon which / that was managed by Coney that I met the pop star. It is always the mouth which talks too much that arouses troubles. It is only a man who has seen much of the world that can be a Ieader.问题四：定语从句中的主谓一致问题有哪些？1定语从句中的动词单复数取决于先行词，而不是关系代词，所以，从句中的谓语动词要与先行词的人称和数相一致。如：I, who am your true friend, have to point out the serious error youve made because of your neglect of duty.2在“one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”结构中，先行词是该复数名词，故若关系代词作主语，后面的谓语动词用复数；但在“the (only) one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”结构中，先行词是the (only) one，故若关系代词作主语，后面的谓语动词则用单数。如：That is one of the movies which have pleased me.That is the only one of the movies which has pleased me.3当先行词是集体名词时，若集体名词是指整体，则关系代词用which，关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句中谓语动词用单数。若集体名词是指其中的各个成员，则关系代词用who或whom，关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句中谓语动词用复数。如：The football team, which is playing well, will come out first.The football team, who are having a rest, will give an interview to the reporters.问题五：定语从句可以转化成哪些形式？1定语从句与介词短语的转换：将定语从句中“whowhichthat isare”省略，简化成介词短语。如：The vase which / that is on the shelf is very nice. =The vase on the shelf is very nice.2定语从句与分词短语的转換： 将定语从句中“who / which / that is / are”省略，转换成分词短语。如： Lets splash some water on the fire which is burning.=Lets splash some water on the burning fire. They live near the bridge which was built in 1878.=They live near the bridge built in 1878. 当全句是叙述习惯性的、一般性的或不变的情况，并非指某一次的行为或习惯，可将定语从句转换成分词短语。如： The children who attend the high school receive a good education.=The children attending the high school receive a good education. We long for an apartment which overlooks the sea.=We long for an apartment overlooking the sea. 如果从句中动词所表示的动作发生在主句动作之前或从句中有明显的时间状语，这时只能用定语从句，不能用分词短语表示。如： Have you heard of the earthquake which happened in Tangshan in 1976?(/)Have you heard of the earthquake happening in Tangshan in 1976?(X) He is the man who especially came to visit you this morning.(/)He is the man especially coming to visit you this morning.(X) 分词短语作后置定语时，没有完成式。如：The problem which has been discussed (/) / discussed (/) having been discussed (X) at the meeting is very imporiant.3定语从句与不定式短语的转换： 当定语从句的先行词有“the first, the second, ., the last, the only, the + 形容词最高级”时，定语从句可转换成不定式短语。如： This the only step that we can take.=This is the only step to take. Are you going to the party which will be held this Friday evening?=Are you going to the party to be held this Friday? 含有“can, may, must, should, will, shall, have to, want to, need to”的定语从句，可转换成不定式短。从句中情态动词、不定式的逻辑主语可以省略。如： I have several letters that I must / should write.=I have several letters to write. Do you have anything that you want to say?=Do you have anything to say? The children want to move to the country so that they will have a garden that they can play in.=The chilciren want to move to the country so that they will have a garden to play in. 当关系代词在定语从句中作介宾时，可转化成“介词 + 关系代词whomwhich + 不定式”；也可省略关系代词，转换成“不定式 + 介词”。如： She is a good colleague with whom you can work.=She is a good colleague with whom to work / to work with. He has not reached the proper age at which he can marry.=He has not reached the proper age at which to marry / to marry at. The poor fellow has no money with which he can buyfood.=The poor fellow has no money with which to buy food / to buy food with. I want a chair on which I can sit.=I want a chair on which to sit / to sit on. The old man has no house in which he can live.=The old man has no house in which to live / to live in.二、典型试题分析l. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., _ many people have gone home. （1995年上海高考题）A. whose time ie B. thatC. on which D. by which time答案为D。从句中谓语动词是完成时have gone，故四个选项中只能考虑以by引导的时间状语。在该非.限制性定语从句中，关系代词which作定语，修饰time。2. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _ in the forest. （1997年上海高考题）A. once they grew B. they grew once C. that once grew D. once grew答案为C。选项A和B在语法结构上明显错误。此处引导定语从句的关系代词that在从句中作主语，所以不能省略，故选C。3. He made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science.（1998年上海高考题）A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think is答案为A。在该非限制性定语从句中，which是主语，不能省略；I think是插入语。4. He was very rude to the Customs Officer, _ of course made things even worse.(1998年上海高考题）A. who B. whom C. what D. which答案为D。此处which引导非限制性定语从句，which指代整个主句部分。5. Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had _ went wrong. （1998年上海高考題）A. it B. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repaired答案为C。该限制性定语从句she had had repaired省略了在从句中作宾语的关系代词that或which。从句中谓语是have sth done结构的过去完成时。6. _ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing. (1999年上海高考题）A. Which B. As C. That D. It答案为B。此处as引导的是非限制性定语从句，修饰整个主句部分，在意意义上与主句保持和谐一致。as表示“正如正象”。as is mentioned above为固定结构，意为“正如以上所提到的那样”。7. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable.（2000年上海高考题）A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose答案答案为B。关系代词表示物的所有格用of which，有时也用whose。故该处应为the price of which，of which the price或whose price。8. Hes got himself into a dangerous situation _ he is likely to lose control over the plane. （2001年上海高考题）A. where B. which C. while D. why答案为A。关系词在该定语从句中不是作主语或宾语，而是作状语，故不能用which而只能用where。where引导的定语从句不仅可以修饰地点名词，还可以修饰其它如case，conditions，point，position，situation，system等表示“情况，方面”的名词 这时where意为“在这种情况下”。9. Alec asked the ie policeman _ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident. (2002上海高考题）A. with him B. who C. with whom D. whom答案为C。该定语从句中谓语动词worked是不及物动词，故须跟上介词with。who可以代替whom，但当whom在从句中作介宾，且接在该介词之后时，只能用whom不能用who。10. If a shop has chairs _ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. (2005年上海高考题)A. that B. which C. when D. where答案为D。关系词在该定语从句中不是作主语或宾语，而是作点状语，故不能用关系代词that或which，而只能用关系副词where。三、自测练习I Choicel.1. Carol said the work would be done by October, _ personally I doubt very much. (1999年全国高考题）A. it B. that C. when D. which2. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course, made the others unhappy. (2000年全国高考題）A. who B. which C. this D. what3. The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. (2001年全国高考題）A. until B. that C. when D. where4. The home improvements have taken what little there is _ my spare time. (2001年全国高考题)A. from B.in C.of D. at5. _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (2001年全国高考题)A. It B. As C. That D. What6. George Orwell, _ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. (2004年全国高考题)A. the real name B. what his real name C. his real name D. whose real name7. _ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two cio countries are making progress. （2004年全国高考題）A. It B. As C. That D. What8. - Why does she always ask you for help? - There is no one else _, is there? (2005年全国高考題)A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to tum D. for her to turn9. I can think of many cases _ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay. (2003年上海高考題)A. why B. which C. as D. where10. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently. (2004年上海高考題）A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom11. Luckily, wed brought a road map without _ we would have lost our way. (2001北京春季高考题)A. it B. that C. this D. which12. Do you still remember the chicken farm _ we visited three months ago? (2005年北京春季高考题)A. where B. when C. that D. what13. The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest.（2005年江苏省高考題）A. which .
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