高中英语阅读理解4事实细节议论文、夹叙夹议.doc

精锐教育学科教师辅导讲义讲义编号_ _ _ 学员编号： 年 级： 课时数及课时进度：3（ / ）学员姓名： 辅导科目： 英语 学科教师： 学科组长/带头人签名及日期课 题 阅读理解事实细节（议论文、夹叙夹议）授课时间：备课时间：教学目标掌握事实细节题在议论文、夹叙夹议文体中的出题方式与答题技巧重点、难点1、 辨析文体。2、 掌握事实细节题目的做题方法。考点及考试要求阅读理解事实细节在议论文、夹叙夹议文体中的命题方向与解决办法。教学内容Part I: 引课 阅读是获得更综合、更复杂、更精确信息的必要手段，我们考生在做阅读理解时，不仅要看懂文章的字面意思，还需要针对不同题材和体裁的篇目运用不同的方法作出正确的选择。一般来说，词汇、阅读速度和理解能力是阅读理解中三个最重要并且有相互联系的因素。在阅读的方法上，可以使用以下几种方法：1、跳读。就是快速地、一步阅读法。实际上是有选择的阅读，即在文章中找到一个或关键几个词。用这种阅读方法回答who、what、when、where之类的问题最为有效。2、略读。所谓略读是指比跳读慢些的二步阅读法。也就是泛泛地、粗略地快速阅读，目的是了解大意，对文章有个总的概念。此种阅读方法能回答why、how之类的问题。3、精读。所谓精读就是用最细致、最慢、最深层的方法阅读，目的是求得对所读文章的全部意义的理解与掌握。在应用这种阅读方法前，首先应用跳读法找到与问题有关联的地方，然后细读。有时候文中有直接回答，有时候回答分布在整篇短文中，需要考生找出，进行释义、归纳、概括等。此种阅读方法能回答需推断、归纳和演绎的题目。根据试题类型可分为：文章主旨题、事实细节题、推理判断题以及词义猜测题。本次课讲解议论文中的事实细节题。 Part II. 讲授新课一、事实细节题主要考查考生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力,问题主要包询问人 (who)、 物(what)、时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(cause)、结果(effect)、数据(data)等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考具体细节。可分为如下两种类型题目：.直接事实题：先阅读题干，确定读材料的时候要查找的细节及事实的范围，然后利用略读的手法找出出处。.间接事实题：需结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断。二、常见议论文、夹叙夹议文体中问题形式：1).三正一误(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)或三误一正(三项错误，只有一项符合原文容)：.Which of the following is true/false except？.Which of the following is mentioned except？2) .定义 3) .年代与数字 4) .比较 5) .原因和结果三、常见选项分类有：A.正确答案的特点：与原文情节表达手法不同，但所表达的意思相同。B.干扰选项的特点：. 是原文信息，但与题目要求不符；. 符合常识，但不符合原文内容；. 与原文情节极为相似，只是在程度上有些变动；. 选项中所提供的信息部分正确，部分错误；. 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。四、示范例题：It is reported that conservation groups in North America have been arguing about the benefits and dangers of wolves. Some groups believe wolves should be killed. Other people believe wolves must be protected so that they will not disappear from the wilderness (荒野). For Killing WolvesIn Alaska, the wolf almost disappeared a few years ago，because hunters were killing hundreds of them for sport. However, laws were established to protect the wolves from sportsmen and people who catch the animals for their fur. So the woIf population has greatly increased. Now there are so many wolves that they are destroying their own food supply. A wolf naturally eats animals in the deer family. People in the wilderness also hunt deer for food. Many of the animals have been destroyed by the very cold winters recently and by changes in the wilderness plant life. When the deer cant find enough food, they die. If the wolves continue to kill large numbers of deer, their prey (猎物) will disappear some day. And the wolves will, too. So we must change the cycle of life in the wilderness to balance the ecology. If we killed more wolves, we would save them and their prey from dying out. Wed also save some farm animals. In another northern state, wolves attack cows and chickens for food. Farmers want the government to send biologists to study the problem. They believe it necessary to kill wolves in some areas and to protect them in places where there is a small woIf population. Against Killing Wolves If you had lived long ago, you would have heard many different stories about the dangerous wolf. According to most stories, hungry wolves often kill people for food. Even today, the stories of the “big bad woIf will not disappear. But the fact is wolves are afraid of people, and they seldom travel in areas where there is a human smell. When wolves eat other animals, they usually kill the very young or the sick and injured. The strongest survive. No kind of animal would have survived through the centuries if the weak members had lived. That has always been a law of nature. Although some people say it is good sense to kill wolves, we say it is nonsense! Researchers have found wolves and their prey living in balance. The wolves keep the deer population from becoming too large, and that keeps a balance in the wilderness plant life. The real problem is that the areas where wolves can live are being used by people. Even if wilderness land is not used directly for human needs, the wolves cant always find enough food. So they travel to the nearest source, which is often a farm.Then there is danger. The “big bad wolf” has arrived! And everyone knows what happens next.1. According to the passage，some people in North America favor killing wolves for all the following reasons EXCEPT that _.A. there are too many wolves B. they kill large numbers of deerC. they attack cows and chickens for food D. they destroy the wilderness plant life2. Some people are against killing wolves because _.A. wolves help to keep the ecological balance in the wildernessB. there is too small a wolf population in the wildernessC. there are too many deer in the wildernessD. wolves are afraid of people and never attack people3 According to those against killing wolves, when wolves eat other animals, _.A. they never eat strong and healthy onesB. they always go against the law of natureC. they might help this kind of animals survive in natureD. they disturb the ecological balance in the wilderness4 The last sentence “And everyone knows what happens next” implies that in such cases _.A. farm animals will be in danger and have to be shipped awayB. woIves will kill people and people will in turn kill themC. wolves wilI find enough food sources on farmsD. people will leave the areas where wolves can live例题解析：本文为议论文，主要介绍了在北美两派人对于狼的优点与缺点所引起的辩论。一方认为狼应该被杀；另一方面认为狼必须受到保护以确保他们不会消失在荒野中。1. D 事实细节题。作此题首先锁定 For Killing Wolves, 即在这一栏去寻找选项。由该栏的后一段提到了C项，即他们袭击奶牛和小鸡并以他们为食。2. A 事实细节题。由倒数第二段最后一句：.keeps a balance in the wilderness plant life. 可知狼能够帮助保持生态平衡，故选A项。3. C 推理判断题。由倒数第三段第二、三、四句可知狼杀死老弱病残的其他动物，而强者生存，这符合自然法则适者生存，让其他动物优胜劣汰，也就是说帮助这种动物在自然界生存。故选C项。4. B 推理判断题。由最后一段最后几句可知。狼来到农场寻找食物，应该是有可能伤害人，而人也有可能反过来伤害它，故选B项。Part III. 随堂练习Imagine，one day，getting out of bed in Beijing and being at your office in Shanghai in only a couple of hours，and then，after a full day of work，going back home to Beijing and having dinner thereSounds unusual，doesnt it? But its not that unrealistic，with the development of Chinas highspeed railway systemAnd thats not a11China has an even greater highspeed railway planto connect the country with Southeast Asia，and eventually Eastern EuropeChina is negotiating to extend its own high-speed railway network to up to 17 countries in 1 0 to 15 years，eventually reaching London and SingaporeChina has proposed three such projectsThe first would possibly connect Kunming with Singapore via Vietnam and MalaysiaAnother could start in Urumqi and go through Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan，and possibly to GermanyThe third would start in the northeast and go north through Russia and then into Western EuropeIf Chinas plan for the high-speed railway goes forward，people could zip over from London to Beijing in under two daysThe new system would still follow Chinas highspeed railway standardAnd the trains would be able to go 346 kilometers an hour，almost as fast as some airplanes Chinas bullet train(高速客车)，the one connecting Wuhan to Guangzhou，already has the Worlds fastest average speedIt covers 1,069 kilometers in about three hoursOf course，there are some technical challenges to overcomeThere are so many issues that need to be settled，such as safety，rail gauge(轨距)，maintenance of railway tracksSo，its important to pay attention to every detailBut the key issue is really moneyChina is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan on domestic railway expansionChina prefers that the other countries pay in natural resources rather than with capital investmentResources from those countries could stream into China to sustain developmentIt11 be a win-win project. For other countries，the railway network will definitely create more opportunities for business，tourism and so on，not to mention the better communication among those countriesFor China，such a project would not only connect it with the rest of Asia and bring some much-needed resources，but would also help develop Chinas far westWe foresee that in the coming decades，millions of people will migrate to the western regions，where the land is empty and resources unusedWith high-speed trains，people will set up factories and business centers in the west once and for a11And they11 trade with Central Asian and Eastern European countries1Chinas new high-speed railway plan will be a win-win project because AChina will get much-needed resources and develop its western regions BChina and the countries involved will benefit from the project in various ways CChina will develop its railway system and communication with other countriesD the foreign countries involved will develop their railway transportation，business and tourism2According to the passage，the greatest challenge to the new high-speed railway plan is Atechnical issues Bsafety of the system Cfinancial problems Dmaintenance of railway tracks3Which of the following words best describes the authors attitude towards Chinas high-speed railway plan? ACritical BReserved CDoubtful D. Positive4Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? ANew Railway Standards BBig Railway Dreams CHighspeed Bullet Trains DInternational Railway Network本文采用夹叙夹议手法，主要介绍了中国高铁的计划，中国打算与亚洲东南亚国家相连，最终达到伦敦和新加坡。1、 B 事实细节题。由本文最后两段可知，中国和相关国家可在多方面收益，其余三项均为不全面的细节，故不能选。2、 C 事实细节题。由倒数第四段第一句“but the key issue is really money.可知最大的问题是经济问题。故选C项。3、 D 推理判断题。由第二段第二句“但那并非是不可能实现的”和倒数第二段第一句“这是一项双赢的项目”可知作者对中国高铁的态度是乐观的，故选D项。4、 B 主旨大意题。综观全文可知本文主要介绍了中国高铁的计划，故“高铁之梦”为最佳答案。A项“新高铁标准”不是本文主题；C项“告诉客车”，尽管在文中出现，但过于宽乏，也不是主题；D项“国际高铁网络”太泛了，也不能选。Part IV. 课堂小结：细节题主要考查考生对文章(或某一段落)中某一特定事实信息的捕捉和理解能力，通常包括直接细节理解题和间接细节理解题。直接细节理解题与原文挂钩，在文中可直接找到答案，但往往与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。间接细节理解题需要通过有关词语和句子的转换，依靠主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系进行加工或整理后方能得出结论，此类试题在高考试题中占大多数。Part V. HomeworkThe term “multitasking” originally referred to a computers ability to carry out several tasks at one time. For many people, multitasking has become a way of life and even a key to success. In fact, some excellent mental aerobic exercises (大脑训练) involve engaging the brain in two or more challenging activities at a time. Although checking e-mail while talking on a phone and reading the newspaper may be second nature for some people, many times multitasking can make us less productive, rather than more. And studies show that too much multitasking can lead to increased stress, anxiety and memory loss. In order to multitask, the brain uses an area known as the prefrontal cortex (前额叶脑皮层). Brian scans of volunteers performing multiple tasks together show that as they shift from task to task, this front part of the brain actually takes a moment of rest between tasks. You may have experienced a prefrontal cortex “moment of rest” yourself if youve ever dialed (拨电话) a phone number and suddenly forgotten who you dialed when the line is answered. What probably occurred is that between the dialing and the answering, your mind shifted to anther thought or task, and then took that “moment” to come back. Research has also shown that for many volunteers, job efficiency (效率) declines while multitasking, as compared to when they perform only one task at a time. k*s5u Multitasking is easiest when at least one of the tasks is habitual, or requires little thought. Most people dont find it difficult to eat and read the newspaper at the same time. However, when two or more attention-requiring tasks are attempted at one time, people sometimes make mistakes. We often dont remember things as well when were trying to manage several details at the same time. Without mental focus, we may not pay enough attention to new information coming in, so it never makes it into our memory stores. That is one of the main reasons we forget peoples names-even sometimes right after they have introduced themselves. Multitasking can also affect our relationships. If someone checks their e-mail while on the phone with a friend, they may come off as absent-minded or disinterested. It can also cause that person to miss or overlook key information being passed on to them. 1. Why are some mental aerobic exercises designed to engage people in multitasking? A. To make them more productive. B. To reduce their stress and anxiety. C. To develop their communication skills. D. To help them perform daily tasks more easily.2.According to Paragraph 2, why may a person suddenly forget who has called? A. He may leave his prefrontal cortex temporarily damaged. B. He is probably interrupted by another task. C. He is probably not very familiar with the person he has called. D. He may need a rest between dialing and speaking. k*s5u3.People tend to make mistake when _. A. they perform several challenging tasks at a time. B. new messages are processed one after another C. their relationships with others are affected D. the tasks require little thought4.What is the main idea of the passage? A. Multitasking has become a way of life. B. Multitasking often leads to efficiency decline. C. Multitasking exercises need to be improved. D. Multitasking enables people to remember things better.