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八非谓语动词 I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式to doto be doingto have doneto be doneto have been done 在非谓语前加notfor sb. to do sth. 具有名词，副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表、状分词现在分词doinghaving done being donehaving been done 有副词和形容词的作用可做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done 动名词doinghaving done being donehaving been donesbs doing 具有名词的作用可做主、宾、定、表II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较：情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语的动词hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, considercant help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to两者都可以意义基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）意义相反stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）go on to do（接着做另外一件事）go on doing（接着做同一件事）try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）mean to do（打算做，企图做）mean doing （意识是，意味着）cant help to do（不能帮忙做） cant help doing（忍不住要做）III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成，如see sb do sthI heard him call me several times. have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make现在分词notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成，如see sb doing sthI found her listening to the radio. 过去分词动宾关系。如see sb done (sb与do被动关系)We found the village greatly changed. IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别：区别举例不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.I have no place to live in.（注意in不能省略）动名词通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系Shall we go to the swimming pool? 现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生the boiling water / the boiled waterthe developing country/the developed countrythe falling leaves / the fallen leaves 过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别：区别举例不定式多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。My dream is to become a teacher.To obey the law is important.(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主语时常用)动名词与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。It is no use saying that again and again.Teaching is my job. 分词无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。现在分词多含有令人之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有感到之意，主语多是人。The situation is encouraging.The book is well written.(常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式)VI 独立主格结构区别独立主格结构带有自己的逻辑主语，与主句主语不一致He stood there, his nose bleeding. （bleeding的逻辑主语是his nose,不是he）注意：在He stood there, his nose was bleeding.中，逗号前有分句，逗号后再出现分句时，要么用连接词，要么将其中一个分句（句子）改成分词结构或独立主格结构。一般的分词结构的逻辑主语往往是主句主语He stood there, bleeding. (bleeding的逻辑主语是主句主语he； bleed和he 是主动关系，且表示伴随状态，所以用bleeding)用法逻辑主语+doing/ having doneWeather permitting, we will go out to play. （weather 和permit 是主动关系，用现在分词）逻辑主语+done/ having been doneThe problems discussed, the members argued with each other.（讨论和争论同时进行）The problems having been solved, they went home. （先解决问题，后回家）逻辑主语+ to doLets clean the classroom, Tom to fetch some water.逻辑主语+无动词结构He came in, (with) a hat on his head.He stood there, sword in hand.
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