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精锐教育学科教师辅导讲义学员编号： 年 级： 课 时 数：学员姓名： 辅导科目：英语 学科教师： 授课类型C-雾霾文章C-首字母填空T首字母填空综合授课日期及时段教学内容首字母填空解题技巧首字母填空是阅读体中的一个重点和难点，但是只要掌握良好的解题技巧，静下心来认真对待，细心捉摸就一定能攻克这一堡垒。在做这道题是一般应该把握好如下步骤：1、 通读全文，理解短文大意，判断需填选项的词性，同时将一眼能够得出的答案迅速填上。2、 在理解作者的写作意图上进行换位思考，把自己想象成作者去努力使文章完整、通顺。对于一下子拿不定主意的空项要及时跳过，而不能在上面纠缠，因为往往后面的内容会给予更好的提示。3、 进一步阅读全文，力求整篇文章完整通顺，且符合情理，否则宁缺勿乱。4、 检查每一个答案的正确性，包括名词的数、动词的时态、形容词和副词的准确运用等等。一、题型背景首字母填空题答题时要求既要使所填的词在语法和语义上正确，又要使其符合短文内容与情景的需要，所给出的词首字母同时起着提示和限定的作用。它不仅考查学生在词汇、语法等方面的基础知识，还考察理解、推导、分析等综合能力。考查重点是名词、动词、形容词、副词和代词这几大词类。二、解题技巧 首字母填空是中考第一大难题，因为它是完形填空的变种，完形填空有四个完整的词汇供选择，而首字母填空只有一个首字母给到提示，所以难度大大增加，但是毕竟是考试题，还是有很多线索提供我们，而放在一个段落里考察，上下语境，以及前后逻辑就成了我们最大的提示。所以，不用担心，跟老师获取首字母填空的通关秘籍吧。例题解析：Dogs are good pets. They are very f 1 to people and also very beautiful. Most dogs get on very well with c 2 and their parents. Others are good watch-dogs because they cry loudly when a s 3arrives. When you buy a dog, an important thing to think about is its s 4 -buy a small dog if your home is small and a bigger one if y 5 is larger. Many people dont know how much to feed their dogs. Dogs eat a 6 anything! They like meat, rice and lots of other things. You can buy lots of food m 7 for dogs in shops. Dont let your dogs eat too much. Feed it only once a day. Always l 8 water for your dog. It can get thirsty very quickly, especially in s 9 . Remember that dogs need e 10 . You should take it for a walk every day. Dont keep your dog inside all day.【解题指导】本文最突出的一个特点就是决大多数需填词的后面都有一句或两句话的内容是对所填词的内容进行补充说明的。因此，同学们在做这种类型的题时，一定要注意分析上下文的内容，进行推理和归纳，正确的理解句意，最后决定出最佳的词及其正确形式。 【答案及简析】 1. friendly. 人们之所以把狗作为宠物来养，主要是因为它们比较通人性，且对人很友好，能给人们带来欢乐。根据“be very f 1 to people”来分析，此空应填一个形容词，表明狗对人的态度。friend是名词，friendly是形容词，故friendly是正确答案。 2. children. 宠物狗自然是在家中养， 它们除了听主人的话以外，与家中的小主人即孩子也是好朋友。由于是指大多数家庭的情况，并受their一词的提示，此处应填“孩子”的复数形式，即children。 3. stranger. 狗的天性是护家。文中的watch-dogs意为“看家狗”，专门指有生人来时发出叫喊的狗。“生人”在英文中即为stranger。 4. size. 这个空略微有点难。一是size一词平时用得较少，二是一般家庭都养小型犬，供狗活动的空间一般不成问题，因此，对狗的体积问题考虑的较少。从后面的句子来看，此处是在谈狗的体积的问题“如果你的家小，就买一只小狗；如果你的家大，就买一只大狗。” 5. yours. 这是一个名词性物主代词，代替上半句的your home。此句完整的说法应是buy a small dog if your home is small and buy a bigger one if your home is larger. 为避免词的重复使用，在英文句子中常用名词性物主代词代替前面的那个名词。 6. almost. “狗几乎什么都吃。”这一点我们从日常生活中也都知道，而且本句话的后面也进行了进一步的解释说明，“他们喜欢吃肉，米饭和其它的东西。” 7. made. 这是make的过去分词，在这里与for dogs一起做定语，修饰food，整句的意思是“你可以在食品店买到许多为狗做的食物。”这个空也是一个难点。若没有正确理解句意，很容易写成meat。 8. leave. 有养狗经验的同学都知道，每天一定要给狗留下供它喝的水。狗是靠舌头来散热的，因此它极易渴，特别是在夏天。 9. summer. 如果了解了狗的这一生理功能（靠舌头来散热），就不难填出summer一词。 10. exercise. 如果想让狗养成好习惯并不生病的话，就必须每天带它出去散步。从下面的句子You should take it for a walk every day. Dont keep your dog inside all day. 来看，说明狗也需要运动。exercise当“运动”讲时， 是一个不可数名词，不能在词尾加s。 首字母填空之通关秘籍第一招：判断词性通过句法分析弄清楚要填的词是在句中充当主语、谓语还是宾语等。如果是主语或宾语，要填的应当是名词或代词；如果是谓语，要填的就应是动词；如果是在名词前作定语或者在系动词后作表语，要填的应当是形容词；如像We _busy. He _fine.之类的句子，busy， fine都是形容词，也就是说句中还无动词，这一定是填系动词be， look等。如果是已经在文章前用方框给出了供选择的单词，通过这样的句法分析，就会将范围大大的缩小，可能就会只剩下一、两个单词了。第二招：语言逻辑就是利用上下文的意思与结构来填空，这个上下文可能是空格所处的那个句本身的前部分和后部分，也可能是空格前后的那个或那几句子，还有可能前后段落或对整篇文章的理解。有时甚至还要结合常识进行简单的逻辑推理才能准确判断出该填哪个词。中考英语段落还是比较简单的，所以出现的语言逻辑情况不多，纵观这几年的真题，基本上用好以下两个兵器就能解决了。兵器1、前后解释呼应Remember that dogs need e . You should take it for a walk every day. Dont keep your dog inside all day.【讲解】此空后面句子其实是对前面句子的进一步解释，尤其是划横线部分就相当于是对空格部分单词的对 应解释，所以联想到e开头的动词，应该就是exercise。When you buy a dog, an important thing to think about is its s buy a small dog if your home is small and a bigger one if your home is larger。【讲解】buy这一句是不是就是对前面那一空的解释？大房子就买大狗，小房子买小狗，那不就是说要注意 狗狗的大小吗。A long time, said the doctor. Maybe for the r 5 of your life. 【2011年上海中考真题】【讲解】一个人要表达一个意思往往不止说一句话，一般说完后，会再补充几句以更加说明自己的观点和意 思。此举就是对前面“a long time”的补充说明。 想到The rest of.句型了吧？ 兵器2、连词提示（转折、递进、因果等）Mum used to d 97 us to school, but now my sister and I have started riding our bikes to school. 【2009上海中考真题】【讲解】but是一个标志性词，标志着前后句意思是转折对比关系。现在是骑车到学校，那和这个相对比， 之前的是什么呢？肯丢只有drive了We stopped taking long baths and had short showers i 95 . 【2009上海中考】【讲解】文章就是讲节约能源的方法的，所以这句and前后其实内容是对比关系，instead都是至于句尾的， 表达转折关系的词。Most sunshine recorders o 102 record direct (直接的) sunshine. Neils is more accurate and this is very important for research into ways of using solar power. Neil plans to keep inventing.【2008年上海中考】【讲解】一看到more，就意味着什么？对，比较！那就是比较这两句，more所在这句意思是递进的，更“精 确”，前面的肯定就是不够精确了，为什么不够精确呢？看到direct 马上会想到indirect。所以联想， 会不会是，大多数记录者only记录了direct sunshine，而没有记录indirect sunshine。引导学生，看 到more，but这种标志性连词，要高度兴奋。第三招：常识常理Alana was on a diet, but she didnt like it at all. She was not a 2 to eat her favourite food by the doctor.【2011上海中考真题】【讲解】减肥期间，医生肯定是不让你随便吃东西的。这是常识常理。女生会更有感触。When people study the weather, its important to be able to record the sunshine accurately. We need to know how many h 101 of sunshine we have and how strong it is.【2008上海中考】【讲解】看到how many，应该判断这个空应该是个可数名词，还像是一个量词，因为后面有 of sunshine， 再根据常识，记录阳光精确，是要记录我们感受阳光的时间阳光本身的强度。 特别提示！1、考虑词形变化 是名词或代词要考虑是该用单数还是用复数；是人称代词是用主格还是宾格；如果是动词就要考虑是谓语动词还是非谓语动词；是谓语动词是主动语态还是被动语态，还要考虑该用哪一种时态；是非谓语动词是用-ing形式，不定式还是用过去分词。等等。切不可一确定是填哪个单词后，就在不作任何考虑的情况下填上去，犯了不该犯的错。 2、注意固定搭配根据空格前后之间的固定搭配关系来分析。如be good at， be interested in， make progress， at least， at most， at last， in this way， pay a visit to， take care of， a lot of， have a population of， get on well with， have a party， give sb. sth. ， ask sb. to do sth. ， be / get used to， spenddoing， sothat等等。首字母阅读高频词汇梳理：动词A: allowed answer attract appearedB: bring become C: call catch come correct collect closed care completed cleaning changed confuses choose complain causedD: disappeared deal/do decided discoveredE: enjoying encourages exchange end examinedF: finds follow failed followed flew finish falling feelG: giveH: help hurried happened hideI: is including invented improvedJ: judgeK: knownL: leave locked love like learned look live/lead lie loseM: means makesN: named needO: offered openedP: Proved played protect planned payR: refused relax read received realize repair rememberS: spend stopped shout sleep seem showed Suppose spread sell suffered searched stepped saved(saving) swim smell stop smileT: think try talks turning U: used understand形容词A: any angry another active asleep alone B: beautiful best black blue broken betterC: closer certain common cheap confident cold careful crazy/curiousD: daily different difficult E: easy excited (exciting) enjoyable every empty enough everyones/everybodys/each/every F: free few first full G: greater good H: heavy happy highest hungry healthyI: interested (interesting) important impossibleK: kind L: less little long (longer) lower M: many/most modern much N: noisy/noisier natural/necessary noO: own otherP: prefect prettier pleased possible popular publicR: right reasonable real rude recentS: safe sorry same special small sick safe sick straightT: two tired traditional these/three thicker thankful top副词A: along around always almost also according actually again anywhereB: backC: completely carefully/closely D: down E: exactly especially easily even ever F: finally further G: hardly how hardI: inside instead L: luckily lateN: not neverO: only off outsideP: probably Perhaps properlyQ: quietly / quicklyR: really rather S: still Slowly seriously sometimes( soon seldom safely simply SoftlyT: terribly through then togetherU: usuallyW: when well with代词anyone anything either nothing ones himself herself hers Ourselves others mine myself nothing nobody something self These/They them yourself名词A: address actress(actor) amount arrangement area/attraction Army arm(s) B: bus bedroom building C: country culture class customers chance color college D: diseases dream days differenceE: exercise experience example endF: film future friendship flatG: game gradesH: housework happiness hobbies homes/houses history hole hair hopesI: information ideaJ: journey jackets jobL: lesson list living life luck leg lengthM: milk moments (moment) minutes men money messagesN: name number P: popular part problems people/persons performanceR: radio rest responsibility rule reasonsS: summer story smile stars saying surprise side skills连词As(After) and before because but(however) until since unless whether though so that what when/while学法总结： 首字母填空题答题时要求既要使所填的词在语法和语义上正确，又要使其符合短文内容与情景的需要，所给出的词首字母同时起着提示和限定的作用。它不仅考查学生在词汇、语法等方面的基础知识，还考察理解、推导、分析等综合能力。各区县初三二模考题汇编宝山区C.Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words（在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺。每空格限填一词，首字母已给)（14分）Nowadays more and more people are crazy about travelling. Why do people travel? “To see more of the world,” many people would say. But travelling abroad now means much more than that for the growing number of Chinese tourists. Of course it o 86 us good opportunities to meet people from other countries, learn about their culture and customs.According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), more than 1 billion people travelled to a 87 country in 2012. In 2012, Chinese people travelled abroad 30 percent more than in 2011. The prosperity (繁荣) of the tourism industry can also bring both our country and foreign countries in economy of great benefits. Chinese people usually join large tourist groups and visit several countries in one trip. “A Chinese person is not going to the Mediterranean (地中海地区) just to visit one placeThese are the travelers of the future,” said the UNWTO.Chinese people dont just travel for s 88 , either.The China International Travel Service Company said that all their tour trips sold out a month before Christmas Day. Stores offered discounts during that time. So shopping in Europe and the United States is popular a 89 Chinese travelers.In December, China is going through a very cold winter. So many people like go to some countries in Southeast Asia because the weather there is quite p 90 . “I want to enjoy the sunshine and beaches there, rather than the cold in Beijing,” said Hong Qian, who took a holiday to Malaysia. He spent ten days there with his family. His wife was very interested in Penang, an island city in Malaysia.The improvement of living standards means more Chinese can travel abroad. But many of them dont have a s 91 of public manners. A report by Living Social website in March 2012 even listed Chinese as the worlds second worst tourists, after Americans.If you want to change that bad name, remember to avoid the following: littering, spitting, snatching (抢夺) bus seats, line-jumping, taking off shoes in public, talking l 92 and smoking in non-smoking areas. Besides, we should learn some necessary manners of foreign countries. 86. offers 87. another 88. sightseeing 89. among 90. pleasant 91. sense 92. loudly2.奉贤区C.Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words（在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给)（14分）Wonder why you can get angry so easily while your friend smiles all the time? Its p_86_ because you both have different personalities(性格) . Personality is also about how people think, behave, and react(反应) to e_87_ around them from day to day. So what makes people think and behave in certain ways?Part of the reason is that people are born like this. A baby gets its blood type, genes（基因）and other physical things when its still inside its mother. These things may help decide what the baby will be l_88_.But ones personality doesnt stop here. Family life, school learning and life experience can also make you the person you are. This doesnt mean its i_89_ to change your personality. You can always try to make yourself better. Dont get too worried about your weak points. Just a_90_ them. This is a good way to start making changes.If you dont know how to make friends, find out why. Is it because you are too s_91_? Tell yourself to smile at people. Start talking to people using warm greetings. Dont give yourself a hard time about it all. Its not easy to change life h_92_ in one night. Keep working at it. One day youll see that you can turn over a new leaf and be a new one.86. probably/possibly 87. everything 88. like 89. impossible 90. accept 91. shy 92. habits3、虹口区C. Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words. (在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，首字母已给，每格限填一词): (共14分)When I came out of my office, it was dark. In order to get home as soon as possible, I took a taxi. The car was flying along the road, but later it was in a traffic jam in darkness. I b_86_ the silence for fear that the driver might be too tired to drive. “When do you go back home in the evenings?”“Nine oclock. Ill go home after this t_87_.”“Then when do you come out in the mornings?” I threw out another question.“Nine oclock, too. And I go home for lunch and dinner, just as if I worked at an office.” His words s_88_ me, because every time I ride in a taxi, what I hear from the driver is only complaints. They complain that they have to work from morning till night, that it is hard to earn money, that they are bullied(欺负)by the police, or that the leaders enjoy the fruits of their work. It s_89_ they are not satisfied with everything. But this driver told me, “I find it tiring to be a section chief as I was before. I dont like management work. I like driving, just out of pleasure. Its lucky that I s_90_ drive without a passenger. So I can earn three or four thousand yuan a month easily. Any trick? Yes, I never follow an e_91_taxi. If it goes southward, I go northward. If it goes along the highway, I turn into a narrow street. In this way I always get customers.”His words showed his satisfaction with his life and the pride he took in his job. Such feelings are so rare among people nowadays just as oxygen in high mountains. How many people nowadays can show high ideals(理想；完美) by s_92_ living and go with a calm mind? I couldnt help feeling moved when I found such a state of mind in a stranger on a cold winter night.86. broke 87. trip 88. surprised 89. seems 90. seldom 91. empty 92. simple4、黄浦区C. Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words. (在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给)（14分）It may be possible to enjoy a higher standard (标准) of living if you have a small family. There are clear advantages to having a small family. H_86_, there can also be serious disadvantages if it is a small family. The parents have big responsibilities (责任) of raising children by themselves if they have no help from other family m_87_. Today, it is quite common for both parents to work full time in order to pay for the basic cost of living of family. When the parents come home, they are often very t_88_ from a hard day at work. Still, they have to take care of the children, cook, clean, wash clothes, shop, etc. When there is only one parent, of course the responsibilities of looking after the children are much h_89_ for him or her. They have to work out all the things by themselves. They just hope that everything goes right every day. More and more, people in small families have been trying to create their own extended families (大家庭) to meet their needs. They often try to develop a net-work of friends and neighbors to be part of their self-created extended family. For example, small families may celebrate holidays t_90_ and, if there are children, they may share responsibilities of child raising. Your child might go to a neighbors h_91_ or apartment after school on certain days, and then you would do something in e_92_ to help your neighbor out. Many of these arrangements are very successful and helpful for those families.86.However 87.members 88.tierd 89.heavier(harder) 90.together 91.house 92.exchange5、金山区DC.Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words.（在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给。) （14分）Do you have sleeping problems? Is it hard for you to remember or pay attention in class? Do you get angry e 86 ? If your answer is yes, you may be under stress (压力).Stress is a normal physical response to things that make people feel worried. In China, 70 percent of the 2,000 students about to take the college or high school entrance examination are under high stress, according to a recent s 87 by Wuhan University of Hubei province.Sometimes stress is good for people. It p 88 people to do their best, like while getting ready before a big competition or exam. H 89 , too much or long-term stress makes people feel a stress overload (负荷过多), and affects peoples health.When you feel stressed, there are some ways you can deal with it. Learning to work out small problems in everyday life is h 90 . It can help build confidence to move on to lifes bigger ones. Try s 91 some positive (积极的) words to yourself, like “I will do the best that I can,” or “I can handle (处理) this if I take one step at a time.” That encourages you to work toward your goal. It is also important to relax sometimes, for example by getting a good nights sleep, doing exercises or taking a bath.But if you are under high stress and cant deal with it by yourself, it is also good to ask parents or friends for help. Everyone has stress. It is not a shame to tell o 92 that you are having a hard time. They may comfort (安慰) you or give you some useful advice. You may feel better from sharing your problems with them. 86. easily 87. survey/study 88. pushes 89. However 90. helpful 91. saying 92. others课后作业：西南位育中学D. Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words（在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给）:（14分）The whole family objected（拒绝）strongly when I said I was going to Europe over the Christmas holidays with a college friend of m_92_. Mother said that since there was going to be a family reunion（团聚）I really o_93_ to stay at home. Although I always enjoyed these occasions（场合）, nobody could persuade me to change my mind.A week before Christmas, my friend and I flew to Madrid and then traveled by train through Spain, France and Germany. On Christmas Eve we arrived at a small town in southern Germany and were greatly surprised to find so many a_94_ in the town. The streets were c_95_ with people, and the shops were full of all kinds of interesting things. We walked around for hours and just before midnight we went to listen to Christmas songs sung by children around the brightly lighted tree in the main square. We returned to our hotel late that night, looking forward to the next day when we planned to have Christmas d_96_ at the best restaurant in the town.However, in the morning no people were to be seen in the street. To make the matter worse, every shop was closed up tight, even the restaurants. We searched uselessly for hours and finally had to return to our hotel feeling unhappy and l_97_. Our Christmas meal was a bag of fruit that my friend had happened to buy the day before. Our thought sadly turned to h_98_. At that moment, our families must have been wishing us a “Merry Christmas”!Keys: mine ought activities crowded dinner lonely home 世界外国语中学Moblog is a combination of two words. The first word is m
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