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2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语（北京卷）第二部分：知识运用（共两节，45分）第一节 单项填空（共15小题：每小题1分，共15分）从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。例：Its so nice to hear from her again _, we last met more than thirty years ago.A. Whats more B. Thats to say C. In other words D. Believe it or not答案是D。21.Look at those clouds!Dont worry. _ it rains, well still have a great time.A. Even if B.As though C. In case D. If only22. By the time you have finished this book, your meal _ cold.A. gets B. has got C. will get D.is getting23. One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.A. corrects B. correct C.to correct D. correcting24. Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt _ he could have expressed it differently.A. why B. how C. that D. whether25. George said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he _.A. wouldnt B. didnt C. hasnt D. hadnt 26. When deeply absorbed in work, _ he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping. A. that B. which C. where D. when 27. _ with care, one tin will last for six weeks.A. Use B. Using C. Used D. To use28. Many people have donated that type of blood; however, the blood bank needs _.A. some B. less C. much D. more29. Have you heard about that fire in the market? Yes, fortunately no one _.A. hurt B. was hurt C. has hurt D. had been hurt30. Our friendship _ quickly over the weeks that followed.A. had developed B. was developingC. would develop D. developed31. _ at the door before you enter my room, please.A. Knock B. Knocking C. Knocked D. To knock33. We _ the difficulty together, but why didnt you tell me?A. should face B. might face C. could have faced D. must have faced34. Do you think this shirt is too tight _ the shoulders?A. at B. on C. to D. across35. Dont handle the vase as if it _ made of steel.A. is B. were C. has been D. had been答案及解析21A 考从属连词，解题方法，看前后逻辑关系选择词义符合的从属连词。A是即使，B是好象，C 是以妨，D是如果。就22. C 考时态，时间状语从句中的主将从现23. D and连接并列成分，所以选择和making形式一样的correcting.24. C 考名词从句，名词从句结构完整不缺少含义，that不做成份没意义，A和B即做成份也有含义，D有含义不做成份25. B 考时态，他没有来这个动作发生在过去，跟现在无关，用一般过去时态26. B 考定语从句，非限定性定语从句27. C 考非谓语，第一步先看是主动还是被动判断出被动就可直接选C28. D 考代词，29. B 考时态，被动，发生在过去30. D 考时态，动作发生在过去所以一般过去时31. A 考动词，本句是祈使句，所以选能充分谓语的动词原形，其他三个均为非谓语32. A 考非谓语，目的还未发生，选不定式33. C 考情态动词对过去的推测用法，采用基本翻译译法，“我们本来能一起面对困难。”34. D 考介词，这道题是旧题了35. B 考虚拟,as if 后面与真实相反，对现在虚拟所以退回到过去时态第二节 完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，共30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Inspiration“Mama, when I grow up, Im going to be one of those!” I said this after seeing the Capital Dancing Company perform when I was three. It was the first time that my _36_ took on a vivid form and acted as something important to start my training. As I grew older and was _37_ to more, my interests in the world of dance _38_ varied but that little girls dream of someday becoming a _39_ in the company never left me. In the summer of 2005 when I was 18, I received the phone call which made that dream a _40_; I became a member of the company _41_ back to 1925.As I look back on that day now, it surely _42_ any sense of reality. I believe I stayed in a state of pleasant disbelief _43_ I was halfway through rehearsals (排练) on my first day. I never actually _44_ to get the job. After being offered the position, I was completely _45_. I remember shaking with excitement.Though I was absolutely thrilled with the change, it did not come without its fair share of _46_. Through the strict rehearsal period of dancing six days a week, I found it vital to _47_ up the material fast with every last bit of concentration. It is that extreme _48_ to detail (细节) and stress on practice that set us _49_. To then follow those high-energy rehearsals _50_ a busy show schedule of up to five performances a day, I discovered a new _51_ of the words “hard work.” What I thought were my physical _52_ were pushed much further than I thought _53_. I learned to make each performance better than the last.Today, when I look at the unbelievable company that I have the great _54_ of being a part of, not only as a member, but as a dance captain, I see a _55_ that has inspired not only generations of little girls but a splendid company that continues to develop and grow-and inspires people every day to follow their dreams.36. A. hobby B. plan C. dream D. word37.A connected B. expanded C. exposed D. extended38. A. rarely B. certainly C. probably D. consistently39.A. director B. trainer C. leader D. dancer40. A. symbol B. memory C. truth D. reality41. A. bouncing B. dating C. turning D. tracking42. A. lacksB. addsC. makesD. brings43. A. while B. since C. until D. when44.A. Cared B. Expected C. Asked D. Decided45.A. motivated B. relaxed C. convinced D. astonished46.A. challenges B. profits C. advantages D. adventures47.A. put B. mix C. build D. pick 48.A. Attention B. association C. attraction D. adaptation49.A. apart B. aside C. off D. back50.A. over B. by C. with D. beyond51.A. function B. meaning C. expression D. usage52.A. boundaries B. problems C. barriers D. efforts53.A. necessary B. perfect C. properD. possible54.A. talent B. honor C. potential D. responsibility55.A. victory B. trend C. tradition D. desire答案及解析36. C 名词辨析。根据名词根据上下文提示原则，通过but that little girls dream of someday 中的dream 可知 本题应该选择dream一词.37. C 动词辨析。A中的connected 通常不与to搭配，后一般接with 表示与某人联系，B中的expand 为扩张 后一般接into 表示扩大为 D中的extended 为扩大 扩展。而这里主要讲的是伴随着成长作者对其梦想接触的就越多 be exposed to 表示的是与相接处 遭受感染。38. B副词辨析。根据前后文的关系可知，作者对于舞蹈接触多了，理所当然对于舞蹈世界产生的兴趣也会增多，变得丰富多彩起来。前后一种承接的必然关系A很少的罕见的，转折C 可能不表示必然的结果Dconsistently始终如一地 一致的 表并列 而非承接。39. D 名词辨析。全文都在讲dance的问题自然作者想成为的是一名dancer。40. D 名词辨析。考察词组固定搭配 make dream reality让梦想变为现实。而且上下文找同义词通过any sense of reality 可知选择reality。41. B动词辨析。date back to表示追溯到追溯回A bounce 表示反弹，C turn back to表示翻回到，重新提到Dtrack本身即表追溯 不许加back to42. A动词辨析。作者站在现在的角度回顾过去自然会觉得当初的想法缺乏现实的感，毕竟作为孩子都爱做梦的而且通过介词of 可知与lack 搭配lack of 表示缺少缺乏。43. C 连词辨析。该句考查直到.才得用法。其前后文的意思是相反的。44. B 动词辨析。由于前文中作者在排练中直到了自己的不足。所以不认为自己能得到这一工作 be expected to 表示期待 期望。A cared 表示关心 在乎C 询问 要求D 决定45. D 形容词辨析。作者前文中不认为自己能得到这一工作 。当她得到这份工作时肯定会感到惊讶D astonished 表示的是惊讶46. A 名词辨析。Though 前后表转折。前半句是尽管我为这一改变而激动不已，后半句转折肯定不是正向词了 因此BC 作为正向词排除 而D表示的是探险冒险，用在这里词意过大。而A challenge挑战。作者既然得到了这一工作，而由于自己存在不足。自然会面临挑战。47. D词组辨析。Put up 举起张贴，mix up搅合，build up增进，pick up挑出，拣出，在这里是指快速的挑出一些重要动作。48. A名词辨析。通过后面的and可知前后是并列。Stress on 表示着重在，而attention to 表示把注意力集中于。两者意思等价股为A49. A 介词辨析。Set apart 表示区别使分离。Set aside留出，驳回，撤销。Set off 出发，动身。Set back 推迟，受到重创。这里是指将我们区分开来用A50. C 介词辨析。在这里with表示伴随。表示强压的排练，这一排练是版对着繁忙的演出日程表的。51. B 名词辨析。我发现了“努力工作”的一个新的意义。Afunction 表示作用Cexpression 表示表达 而usage 表示作用用途。这里只是作者在训练过程中懂得了其一个新的意义。后文并对其进行了解释。52. A 名词辨析。作者的体力极限远远超过了作者认为的可能的极限。在这里作为界限讲的只能是A boundary， 而B 指问题，C 指障碍，D指努力都不符合53. D 形容词辨析。解析参照5254. B名词解析。在这里作者回顾在公司里难以置信的经历时。觉得因为成为其中的一份子而感到光荣。 Be honor of表示感到光荣， A talent 表示天赋，C potential 表示潜力，D responsibility 表示责任。55. C名词辨析victory 表示胜利，trend 表示趋势，tradition 表示惯例，desire表示欲望心愿。作者看到的是一个传统，一个惯例对其小女孩及一个公司的影响，也就是坚持自己的梦想。第三部分：阅读理解（共两节，40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，共30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AThe Basics of MathMade ClearBasic Math introduces students to the basic concepts of mathematics, as well as the fundamentals of more tricky areas. These 30 fantastic lectures are designed to provide students with an understanding of arithmetic and to prepare them for Algebra(代数) and beyond.The lessons in Basic Math cover every basic aspect of arithmetic. They also look into exponents(指数), the order of operations, and square roots. In addition to learning how to perform various mathematical operations, students discover why these operations work, how a particular mathematical topic relates to other branches of mathematics, and how these operations can be used practically.Basic Math starts from the relatively easier concepts and gradually moves on to the more troublesome ones, so as to allow for steady and sure understanding of the material by students. The lectures offer students the chance to “make sense” of mathematical knowledge that may have seemed so frightening. They also help students prepare for college mathematics and overcome their anxiety about this amazingand completely understandablefield of study.By the conclusion of the course, students will have improved their understanding of basic math. They will be able to clear away the mystery(神秘性) of mathematics and face their studies with more confidence than they ever imagined. In addition, they will strengthen their ability to accept new and exciting mathematical challenges.Professor H. Siegel, honored by Kentucky Educational Television as “the best math teacher in America,” is a devoted teacher and has a gift for explaining mathematical concepts in ways that make them seem clear and obvious. From the basic concrete ideas to the more abstract problems, he is master in making math lectures learner-friendlier and less scary.With a PhD in Mathematics Education from Georgia State University, Dr. Siegel teaches mathematics at Central Arizona College. His courses include various make-up classes and a number of lectures for future primary school teachers.If the course fails to provide complete satisfaction to you, you can easily exchange it for any other course that we offer. Or you can get your money back.56. What does the course Basic Math mainly cover? A. Algebra. B. College Mathematics. C. Arithmetic. D. Mathematics Education.57. What benefits can students expect from Basic Math? A. Stronger imaginative ability. B. Additional presentation skills. C. More mathematical confidence. D. Greater chances of becoming teachers.58. What can we learn about Professor H. Siegel? A. He is a guest lecturer at Kentucky Educational Television. B. He is to deliver 30 lectures in Basic Math. C. He works in Georgia State University. D. He specializes in training teachers.59. Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from? A. A news report. B. A book review C. A lesson plan. D. An advertisement答案及解析56. C 细节题，文中第二段The lessons in Basic Math cover every basic aspect of arithmetic.57. C 细节题，第四段 By the conclusion of the course, students will have improved their understanding of basic math. They will be able to clear away the mystery (神秘性) of mathematics and face their studies with more confidence than they ever imagined.58. B 细节综合题 根据第五六段，可排除ACD项。59. D 最后一段可推出If the course fails to provide complete satisfaction to you, you can easily exchange it for any other course that we offer. Or you can get your money back.BPeanuts to ThisProudly reading my words, I glanced around the room, only to find my classmates bearing big smiles on their faces and tears in their eyes. Confused, I glanced toward my stone-faced teacher. Having no choice, I slowly raised the report I had slaved over, hoping to hide myself. “What could be causing everyone to act this way?”Quickly, I flashed back to the day Miss Lancelot gave me the task. This was the first real talk I received in my new school. It seemed simple: go on the Internet and find information about a man named George Washington. Since my idea of history came from an ancient teacher in my home country, I had never heard of that name before. As I searched the name of this fellow, it became evident that there were two people bearing the same name who looked completely different! One invented hundreds of uses for peanuts, while the other led some sort of army across America. I stared at the screen, wondering which one my teacher meant. I called my grandfather for a golden piece of advice; flip (掷) a coin. Headsthe commander, and tailsthe peanuts guy. Ah! Tails, my report would be about the great man who invented peanut butter, George Washington Carver.Weeks later, standing before this unfriendly mass, I was totally lost. Oh well, I lowered the paper and sat down at my desk, burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report, it all became clear, “My report is on George Washington, the man who started the American Revolution.” The whole world became quite! How could I know that she meant that George Washington?Obviously, my grade was awful. Heartbroken but fearless, I decided to turn this around. I talked to Miss Lancelot, but she insisted: No re-dos; no new grade. I felt that the punishment was not justified, and I believed I deserved a second chance. Consequently, I threw myself heartily into my work for the rest of the school year. Ten months later, that chance unfolded as I found myself sitting in the headmasters office with my grandfather, now having an entirely different conversation. I smiled and flashed back to the embarrassing moment at the beginning of the year as the headmaster informed me of my option to skip the sixth grade. Justice is sweet!60. What did the authors classmates think about his report?A. Controversial. B. Ridiculous.C. Boring. D. Puzzling.61. Why was the author confused about the task?A. He was unfamiliar with American history.B. He followed the advice and flipped a coin.C. He forgot his teachers instruction.D. He was new at the school.62. The underlined word “burning” in Para. 3 probably means _.A. annoyed B. ashamedC. ready D. eager63. In the end, the author turned things around _.A. by redoing his taskB. through his own effortsC. with the help of his grandfatherD. under the guidance of his headmaster答案及解析60.B 推断题 第二、三段61.A 推断题 第一段和第二段62.D 词义猜测题63.B 推断，最后一段Consequently, I threw myself heartily into my work for the rest of the school year.CDecision-making under StressA new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (负面的) consequences of a decision.The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.“Stress affects how people learn,” says Professor Mara Mather. “People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress.”For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images(影像) with either rewards or punishments. In one experiment, some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water. In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadnt gone through the stress.This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress at those moments, only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind. But the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect. Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also easily recalled.The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women. While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress, their responses to risk turn out to be different.Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way. In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more, however, women will win.This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men: they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.64. We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend to _.A. keep rewards better in their memoryB. recall consequences more effortlesslyC. make risky decisions more frequentlyD. learn a subject more effectively65. According to the research, stress affects people most probably in their _.A. ways of making choicesB. preference for pleasureC. tolerance of punishmentsD. responses to suggestions66.The research has proved that in a stressful situation, _.A. women find it easier to fall into certain habitsB. men have a greater tendency to slow downC. women focus more on outcomesD. men are more likely to take risks答案及解析64.A 细节题。由题干的people under pressure可定位至第三段：Stress affects how people learn, says Professor Mara Mather. People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress. A选项的keep in memory, rewards, better分别和这一段中的learn, positive outcomes, better相对应，是对原文的同义改写，所以正确。另外一处依据是第四段最后一句话：In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadnt gone through the stress.65.A. 细节题。由题干的stress affect people可定位到第六段第一句话：The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women. A选项对应于这一句话中的decision-making，所以正确。另外，在全文最后一段中也出现了make choices。66.D推理题。用排除法即可做出此题。A项是无中生有。B项张冠李戴，tend to slow down说的是women。C项也是错误的，依据是第六段第二句话的前半句：While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequces。所以选D项。另一种方法是，由全文最后一段也可直接推出D项。最后一段they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.中的they指的是women,由这一句话可知men are more likely to take risks.所以选D。DWilderness“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world.” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved. As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans needthe rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr.Sauven, these ”ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation.Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materia
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