10-Unit-4-Diogenes-and-Alexander-教案讲义

备 课 纸任教课程 年 月 日Unit 4一、授课时间：第8、9周二授课类型：理论课9课时；实践课3课时三授课题目：Diogenes and Alexander四授课时数：12五教学目的和要求：通过讲授课文使大学生了解有关犬儒哲学的有关知识，学会用英语解释句子以达到学以致用的目的。要求学生主动地预习课文，课前准备练习，学会分析文章体裁和进行段落划分。六教学重点和难点：1）背景知识的传授：Diogenes and Cynicism (doggishness)；2）文章的体裁分析及段落划分；3）语言点的理解：Word study: account; possess; form; roll; elaborateGrammar Focus: The function of adverbial modifier in different sentences; Patterns: the first/second, ect./the next/last+to-infinitive; the first, ect. + who/that clause七教学基本内容和纲要Part One Warm up1.1 Warm-up Questions1.2 Define the following words and phrasesPart Two Background Information2.1 Differences and similarities between Diogenes and AlexanderPart Three Text Appreciation3.1 Text Analysis3.1.1 Theme of the text 3.1.2 Structure of the text3.2 Writing Devices3.2.1 Contrast3.2.2 Developing paragraphs by examples3.2.3 Other ways of developing paragraphs?3.3 Sentence ParaphrasePart Four Language Study4.1 Phrases and Expressions 4.1.1 Word list:4.1.2 Phrases and expressions list: 4.1.3 Word Building4.2 Grammar 4.2.1 Object Part Five Extension5.1 Group discussion八、教学方法和措施本单元将运用黑板、粉笔、多媒体网络辅助教学设备等教学手段，主要采用以学生为主体、教师为主导的任务型、合作型等教学模式，具体运用教师讲授法、师生讨论、生生讨论等方法进行教学。九作业，讨论题，思考题完成课后练习；多看英语报刊杂志及英语经典小说，扩大阅读量；精听与泛听相结合，逐步提高自己的听力水平；积极参加英语角等有助于提高英语口语的活动；坚持用英语写日记；做一些专四相关练习；十参考资料：1) 杨立民主编,现代大学英语精读（3）第二版，学生用书。北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2012。2) 杨立民主编,现代大学英语精读（3）第二版，教师用书。北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2012。3) 李观仪主编，新编英语教程（第三、四册）。上海:上海外语教学研究出版, 1999。4) 黄源深，虞苏美等主编，综合英语教程（1-4册）。北京：高等教育出版社，1998。 5) 高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲，北京：外语教学研究出版社，2000。6) Judy Pearsall主编，新牛津英语词典。上海：上海外语教育出版社，1998。7) 丁往道、吴冰等编著，英语写作手册。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。8) 张道真，现代英语用法词典（重排本）。北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1994。9) 张道真，温志达, 英语语法大全上、下卷。北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998。十一、课后小结Unit 4 Diogenes and AlexanderPart One Warm up1.1 Warm-up Questions1. What does the author tell us about Diogenes? Who was he? What was his philosophy? What did he think was the problem with people? How did he intend to help them? What were the key values he promoted? How, in his opinion, could we find true happiness?2. What does the author tell us about Alexander? What did this king have in common with Diogenes, the beggar? Why was Alexander considered a man of destiny?3. How would you contrast the two characters? Why did Alexander decide to visit Diogenes? What did Diogenes really mean when he said that Alexander was blocking the sunlight?1.2 Define the following words and phrases1. a mischievous pebble 2. elaborate3. by design 4. restrained5. chivalrousPart Two Background Information2.1 Differences and similarities between Diogenes and Alexander1. Who was Diogenes? A beggarA philosopherA missionary2. Doctrine: Cynicism the doctrine that scorned worldly needs and pleasures and held that virtue was the key to the only good3. Cynicism in modern sense: the belief of a cynic, who maintains that people are all motivated by selfishness, that no one will help others for good and sincere reasons4. What are the major tenets (principles) of Cynicism? Do you find any expressions of these principles in the text?self-sufficiencyshamelessnessoutspokennessperfection of virtue5. AlexanderMacedonian King: son of PhilipThe Thinker: student of AristotleThe Conqueror: Greece, Asia, EgyptWhy do you think he wanted to bring so many regions under his rule?the Great Empire Part Three Text Appreciation3.1 Text Analysis3.1.1 Character AnalysisDiogenes: the beggar (paras. 1-3)Diogenes: a free manOther people: half-menSheltercask, a storage jar made of earthenwarea house (big, with many rooms)Furniturenonebeds, chairs, etc. (elaborate)Dressblanket (half-naked)clothes (expensive)Foodbits of food begged from others, drinking from his hollowed handselaboratePossessionsnonehorses, servants, bank accounts (anxious)Nature of the lifea life by choice, out of principle natural, healthy, independent a life as slaves of their possessions artificial, anxious, loss of virtueThere are contrasts within the broad contrast. How did Diogenes contrast with ordinary homeless people?Diogenes: the philosopher (para. 4)“A Socrates gone mad”: repositioning of convention below nature and reasonThree key principles:living in accord with naturetotal disregard of conventionindependence (freedom) being the only true, lasting goodDiogenes: the missionary (para. 5)Comparison with ordinary hermitsSimilarities: Both grew tired of human society with its complications and wanted to live simply.Differences:hermitswent away to live simplyon a small farm, in a quiet village or a caveDiogeneshad a sense of mission, deliberately chose to live in the busy streets in Athens or Corinth, in order to convert people What was his mission?“to restamp the currency”call people back to the natural way of lifetrue lifeDiogenes: ways of teaching (para. 6)How did Diogenes differ from other philosophers of his time?Plato: taught his private pupils in his Academy, which he founded as one of the earliest centers of advanced learning in the world. Aristotle: taught his own private pupils by the use of laboratory, instruments, and specimens.Diogenes: taught all those who would care to listen by his own example or by taking people around him for examples. He carried a lighted lamp in broad daylight and inspected the face of everyone he met.“When you are all so busy, I feel I ought to do something!”Alexander: citizen of the world (paras. 11-13)1. King: different from other Macedonians drinking?women?fighting?2. Thinker: Aristotles pupil, he learned culturephilosophyprinciples of scientific research3. Conquerortook command of the League of Greek Statescommander-in-chief of a new expedition against old, rich, corrupt AsiaThe Dramatic Encounter (paras. 14-17)The differences and similarities between the two historical characters. DifferencesDiogenes Alexander Physical appearancelying on the bare earth, shoeless, bearded, half-naked, like a beggar, a doghandsome face, fiery glance, strong body, purple and gold cloak, air of destinyIdentificationphilosopher, missionarygreat monarch, conquerorStatuslow, treated with contempt and disapproval high, treated with respect, greeted with a bow and acclamationPossessions & Powernone, rejecting possession or powerland and absolute powerMission“restamp the currency”: to call people back to the simple and natural lifetrue valuebring people of the whole world to the light of civilizationSimilarities 1. Both were great thinkers.2. Both had a sense of mission.3. Both were “citizens of the world,” admiring the heroic figure of Hercules, who labored for mankind.4. Both were free. 3.1.2 Structure of the textParas. 1-10Diogenes (life, philosophy, mission, ways of teaching)Paras. 11-13Alexander (a philosopher king with an inquiring, noble mind)Paras. 14-17their dramatic encounterRelevant questions:1. Question: What do you know about the historical background of the people discussed in the essay?2. Question: What does the essay tell us about Diogenes and Alexander?3. Question: What is a possible reason for an author to take the time to write an essay like this describing people who are long dead and gone?4.Question: How is the essay structured?5. Question: Try to find more information about these two historical figures to share with your classmates.6. Question: Underline the parts of the text that you find particularly well-put and interesting.7. Question: Be ready to give comments on the essay.3.2 Writing Devices1 Comparison & Contrast examplesuse transitional words or expressions to make comparison and achieve unity: not so (para. 5), the otherbut for (para. 6)He was one, but not the other. (para.1)Not so Diogenes. (para. 5)But for Diogenes, (para.6)Alexander was far older and wiser than his years. (para. 12)Like all Macedonians he loved (para. 12)he was a magnificent commander, but he was not merely a military automaton. (para.12)Only Diogenes, although he lived in Corinth, did not visit the new monarch. (para.13)Diogenes merely sat upDiogenes said nothing. (para. 14)He understood Cynicism as the others could not. (para. 17)Like Diogenes, he admired (para. 17)who labored to help mankind while all others toiled (para.17)use transitional paragraph to achieve coherence2. Parallelism achieve increased strength, sounding more powerful, more effective, e.g. para. 143. Euphemism e.g. done his business, natural acts4. Transferred Epitheta figure of speech that carries the modifier across and puts it on to another word which is not normally modified by it, so as to stress the emotions or feelingse.g. a mischievous pebble (para. 1) (It is Diogenes, not the pebble, that is mischievous.); amazed silence (para. 17) (It is the crowd, not the silence, that is amazed.)5. Analogye.g. drawing a parallel between “change the values” and “restamp the currency” (para. 5)3.3 Sentence Paraphrase1. Sometimes they threw bits of food, and got scant thanks; sometimes a mischievous pebble, and got a shower of stones and abuse. (para. 1)Sometimes people would throw bits of food to him, but he hardly thanked them at all. Sometimes they would throw a pebble at him for fun, but get a shower of stones and a stream of abuse in return. 2. His lifes aim was clear to him: it was “to restamp the currency”: to take the clean metal of human life, to erase the old false conventional markings, and to imprint it with its true values. (para. 5)His purpose in life was clear to him: it was “to reprint the coins.” Human life can be taken as the clean coins which are imprinted with false markings. He was to remove the false markings and print the true values on it. In other words, his aim in life was to call on people to reject the false, conventional way of life and return to the simple and natural life. 3. He had done his business like a dog at the roadside.He had emptied his bowels or passed water like a dog at the roadside.4. He was not the first to inhabit such a thing. But he was the first who ever did so by choice, out of principle.He was not the first to live in a cask. But he was the first who ever did so because he wanted to,not by necessity, not being forced to. He based it on a principle.5. But he taught chiefly by examplesDiogenes also taught by talking to people, but he mainly taught by setting an example for others to learn from.6. In order to procure a quantity of false, perishable goods he has sold the only true, lasting good, his own independence.In order to get a certain amount of material property or worldly possessions which actually have no value and will not last, he has allowed himself to be controlled by these things and has given away his own independence which is the only thing that is true and can last.7. Only twenty, Alexander was far older and wiser than his years.Alexander looked far older than a man of his age normally does, and was much wiser than a manof his age normally is.8. Live without conventions, which are artificial and false; escape complexities and extravagances(para. 4)Live simply and freely. Pay no attention to conventions, which are unnatural and useless. Avoid or get rid of all those unnecessary things that make our life complicated and wasteful9. They possess him. He is their slave. In order to procure a quantity of false, perishable goods he has sold the only true, lasting good, his own independence. (para. 4)They own and control him. He is their slave. In order to get some goods that have no true value and will be useless very soon, he has sold the only true, lasting good, his own independence.10. His lifes aim was clear to him: it was “to restamp the currency”(para. 5)He knew very well what he lived for: it was to change peoples values, to make them know the true meaning of life12. He was the man of the hour, of the century(para. 13)He was the most popular/important/successful person at this particular moment or this centuryPart Four Language Study4.1 Phrases and Expressions 1. Having no work to go to and no family to provide _, he was free. (para. 1) provide for: give sb the things that they need to live, such as food, clothingTranslation他要供养他年迈的父母以及两个正在上学的妹妹。 He has to provide for his aged parents and two sister who are still at school.道路被切断，无法给部队提供给养。 The road was cut off and supplies could not be provided for the troops.2. As the market place _ up with shoppers and merchants and slaves and foreigners, he had _ through it for an hour or two. (para. 1) Cf. wander, roam, ramble, strollTranslation中间还有两个小时，因此她逛了一趟商业中心。 There were still two hours to go, so she strolled through the shopping mall.漫步海边，感觉太好了。Its wonderful to take a stroll along the seaside. 3. He thought everybody lived far too _, expensively, anxiously. What good is a house? (para. 2) Translation彼得制定了一个非常详尽的计划来筹措资金。Peter worked out an elaborate scheme for raising the fund.他们为局长准备了一桌精美的饭菜，结果被狠狠批评了一顿。They prepared a very elaborate meal for the bureau head only to be severely criticized. 4. No one needs beds and chairs and such furniture: the animals _ and sleep on the ground. All we require, since nature did not dress us properly, is one garment to keep us warm, and some shelter from rain and wind. (para. 2) Translation这名警察死时很年轻，但他的一生过得很有意义。The policeman died young, but he lived a meaningful life.作为一个探险者，他的一生充满了冒险。As an explorer, he lived an adventurous life.5. he spent much of his life inCorinth, mocking and satirizing its people, and occasionally _ one of them. (para. 2) convert: to make sb change from one religion or belief to another Ann has converted to Islam recently. Marxist literature converted him into a staunch revolutionary. Cf. to make sth change from one form, system to a different one This is part of the process of converting iron into steel. to change from one object into another I cant see how this plastic sheet converts into a tent. 6. He was not the first to _ such a thing. But he was the first who ever did so _ choice, _ principle. (para. 3) inhabit Some of the rare species inhabit the area.by choice She took the job in the West by choice. out of Just out of curiosity, why did you take that job?7. They _ him. He is their slave. In order to procure a quantity of false, perishable goods he has sold the only true, lasting good, his own independence. (para. 4) Cf.What possessed him to say a stupid thing like that?She seemed possessed. Nobody could talk her out of it. 8. Therefore, he chose to live in Athens or Corinth, where travelers from all over the Mediterranean world constantly came and went. And, design, he publicly behaved in such ways as to show people what real life was. (para. 6) Translation世界是有意缔造的呢，还是偶然形成的呢？ Was the world made by design or did it come into existence by chance?9. The little square began to fill with peoplepage boys, soldiersthey all gradually formed a circle around Diogenes. He looked them _, as a sober man looks at a crowd of tottering drunks, and shook his head. (para. 11) look over: (here) examine, scrutinizeMore examples with “over”: think over, talk over, read over, go over10. With his handsome face, his f_ glance, his strong body, his purple and gold cloak, and his air of d_, he moved through the parting crowd toward the Dogs k_. (para. 14) 11. Looking at the poor broken cask, the single r_ garment, and the rough figure lying on the ground, he said: “Is there anything I can do for you, Diogenes?” (para. 15) more examples: beloved wife, blessed morning, a wicked man, my aged parents, a rugged coastline12. The Macedonian officers, after deciding that Diogenes was not _ the trouble of kicking, were starting to _ and nudge one another. (para. 17) Cf. worth, worthwhile, worthya worthwhile cause/discussion/jobHigh prices in the UK make it worthwhile for buyers to look abroad.be worthy of attention/consideration/mentionA number of the findings are worthy of note.a worthy champion/winner/sonCf. grin, guffaw, titter, chuckle, gigglegrin: to make a wide smileguffaw: to laugh loudlytitter: to laugh in a suppressed waychuckle: to laugh softly in a low tonegiggle: to laugh quietly in a silly, childish, uncontrolled way4.2 Grammar 4.2.1 Recognize and learn to use present participles as adverbial modifiers.4.2.1.1 Recognize the type of adverbial modifier in these sentences.Pattern 1Indicating reason/causeHaving no work to go to and no family to provide for, he was free.Pattern 2Indicating simultaneous eventsReading through Vernes books, one finds it hard to believe that they were written almost 100 years ago.Pattern 3Indicating an action immediately after anotherOpening it the package, she set the button unit on the table.1. Being the only child, the boy keenly feels the pressure to live up to his familys expectations. indicating reason/cause2. Lighting a torch, the wool merchant led his family out into the nightmare of the streets. indicating an action immediately followed by another3. Slashing off green branches with his knife, the boy cut his hand. indicating simultaneous events4. Seeing that camping cost $12, I replied, “No, that all right. Ill try something else.”indicating reason/cause 5. Then, hurrying downstairs, I burst through the front door and ran to the woods. indicating an action immediately followed 6. Having admitted he was wrong, he felt all the better. indicating reason/cause7. Following Ausable down the corridor of the gloomy French hotel, Fowler felt disappointed.indicating simultaneous events 8. Hearing I had no money and would take none, people bought me food or shared whatever they happened to have with them. indicating simultaneous events9. Keeping his body twisted so that his gun still covered(掩护) the fat man and his guest, the man at the window swung his other leg up and over the window sill. indicating an action immediately followed by another10. Having read her fathers last letter to her, she bitterly regretted ever having quarreled with him. indicating reason/causeRewrite the sentences using present participles1. They talked to her for a good hour and tried to persuade her to stay on.They talked to her for a good hour, trying to persuade her to stay on.2. When she read the book again, she discovered that she had missed a lot in the first reading. Reading the book again, she discovered that she had missed a lot in the first reading.3. The door opened. It was Harley, who entered. He looked dirty and tired and was carrying a suitcase and an umbrella. The door opened. It was Harley, who entered, looking dirty and tired, carrying a suitcase and an umbrella.4. The taxi driver took the injured boy and his parents to hospital. Then he left quietly. Having taken the injured boy and his parents to hospital, the taxi driver left quietly.5. All those years, she would often sit by the window and look out. She hoped to see her son returning home. All those years, she would often sit by the window and look out, hoping to see her son returning home.6. When Galileo died on January 8, 1642, he left the world he loved better informed than it was when he entered it. When Galileo died on January 8, 1642, leaving the world he loved better informed than it was when he entere