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What与how的感叹句感叹句一般是用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。英语感叹句常用what和how引导，what和how与所修饰的词置于句首，其它部分用陈述句语序。 一、 由what引导的感叹句：what意为多么用作定语，修饰名词（被强调部分），单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a/an,复数可数名词或不可数名词前不用冠词。这类句子的结构形式是： what+(a/an)+adj.+n.+主语+谓语+(it is). 如： What a clever girl she is! 多么聪明的姑娘呀！ What an interesting story it is! 多么有趣的故事呀！ What good children they are! 他们是多么好的孩子呀！ What beautiful flowers they are! 多么漂亮的花呀！ What delicious food it is! 多么有味的食物呀！ 二、由how引导的感叹句：how意为多么，用作状语，修饰形容词或副词（被强调部分）。如果修饰形容词，则句中的谓语动词用系动词；如果how修饰副词，则句中的谓语动词用行为动词，这类句子的结构形式是： How+adj.（adv.）+主语+谓语+(it is). 如： How cold it is today! 今天多么冷呀！ How nice the pictures are! 多么漂亮的图画呀！ How happy they look! 他们显得多么高兴呀！ How well she sings! 她唱得多好呀！ How hard they are working now! 他们干得多么起劲呀！ 三、在表示同一意义时，英语感叹既可用what引导，也可用how引导。如： What a hot day it is! How hot the day is ! 多么热的天气呀！ What tall buildings they are! How tall the buildings are! 多么高的楼房呀！ What bad weather it is! How bad the weather is! 多么糟糕的天气呀！ What bright sunshine it is! How bright the sunshine is! 多么明亮的阳光呀！感叹句练习题 ( )1._a clever girl she is ! A. What B. How C. Whats( )2._she sings! A. How good B. How well C. What well( )3._ exciting the news is! A. What a B. How C. How a( )4._his sister works! A. How careful B. How carefully C. What careful( )5._noisy the students are making! A. What B. How C. How a( )6._delicious fish! A. How B. What C. What a ( )7._heavy rain! A. What a B. What C. How( )8._old bike Tim is riding! A. What a B. What an C. How( )9._exciting moment it is! A. How B. How an C. What an( )10._ dinner were having today! A. What a delicious B. How delicious C. What delicious( )11._ bad weather it is today! A. How B. What a C. What( )12._fast the runners are running! A. What B. What a C. How( )13._the hamburgers are! A. How delicious B. What delicious C. What a delicious( )14._surprising news it is! A. How B. What C. What a( )15._time theyre having today! A. What a good B. How good C. What good( )16._I miss you ! A. What B. How C. How do( )17.Look! _beautiful that sea is! A. How B. What C. What a( )18. _ slowly Mike runs! A. How B. What C. What a( )19._lovely the baby looks! A. What B. How C. What a( )20._useful information it is! A. What an B. How C. What ( )21._beautiful flowers they are! A. How B. What C. What a( )22._lovely a girl she is! A. What B. How C. What a( )23._they love their country! A. What B. How C. What a()24._long hair she has! A. What a B. What C. How( )25._beautiful music the students are listening to! A. How B. What a C. What( )26._exciting a basketball match it is! A. What B. How C. What an( )27._hard-working Chinese people! A. How B. What C. How do( )28._time they had yesterday! A. How wonderful B. What wonderful C. What a wonderful( )29._worried they looked! A. What B. How C. How are( )30._ good advice the teacher gives us!A. What B. How C. What a 冠词冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面帮助指明名词的含义。冠词分为不定冠词a（an）和定冠词the两种。不定冠词仅用在单数可数名词前面，表示“一”的意义，但不强调数目观念，只表示名词为不特定者。定冠词则表示名词为特定者，表示“这”、“那”、“这些”、“那些”的意思，在可数的单复数名词或不可数名词前面都可以用。I 不定冠词We need an apple and a knife.我们需要一个苹果和一把刀子。1.a和an的区别不定冠词有a+和an+Q两种形式，a用于辅音（不是辅音字母）开头的词前。an用于元音（不是元音字母）开头的词前。a boy, a university, a European countryu是元音字母，但发音是U(，是辅音。an hour ，an honor ，an islandh是辅音字母，但它不发音，它的音标是是元音。an elephant， an umbrella， an egg2（1）不定冠词的用法泛指类人或物。eg. This is a pencil case.指不具体的某个人或物。eg. I met an old man On my way home.用在序数词前,相当于another.eg. Theres a third boy near the shop.表示“每（个）”,相当于every.eg. They have music lessons twice a week.（2）不定冠词的位置不定冠词般放在所修饰的单数可数名词前。eg, a bike, an egg当名词被such, what, many修饰时，不定冠词放在这些词之后。eg.It took me half an hour to finish my homework.He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door.What a dangerous job it is！Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.当名词前的形容词前有so, how, too等词时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station.How nice a film this is！当名词前面有形容词和quite, rather, very时，不定冠词放在quite, rather之后,very之前。eg.It is quite a good book.That is rather a useful too1.This is a very interesting story.表示某一类人或事物时，以下三种方法都可以。如：The horse is a useful animal.（用定冠词）A horse is a useful animal.（用不定冠词）Horses are useful animals.（用复数）马是一种有用的动物。III.不用冠词的情况：（1）名词前有指示代词this, that, these, those时不用冠词。eg. That girl is my friend.（2）名词前有物主代词my, your, his her, their等时不用冠词。 eg. Lucy is her sister.（3）名词前有whose, which, any, each, every等代词时不用冠词。eg. Which man is Mr Green？Each student has a beautiful picture.（4）复数名词表示一类人或物时不用冠词。 eg. Those young men are teachers, not students.（5）物质名词表示种类时不用冠词。eg. Snow is white.（6）抽象名词表示一般概念时不用冠词。eg.Does she like music？（7）在球类运动和棋类游戏前时不用冠词。eg.play basketballsoccerchess（8）在三餐前不用冠词。eg. have breakfastlunchsupperdinner（9）在人名、地名、节假日、星期、月份前不用。eg.Tina, China, Tiananmen Square, New Years Day, Tuesday, January National Day 国庆节注意在民间节日，即以Festival 组成的节日名称前要加the 。如：the Spring festival 春节（10）在学科和节目名称前不用冠词。（11）家庭成员的名称、称呼语或只有一人担任的职务的名词前不用冠词。注意此时要用大写MotherFather is at home, but Mother isnt.此时要用大写Mother爸爸在家，妈妈不在家。Well make you monitor.我们会让你当上班长的。Sir, may you answer me a question?先生，您能回答我一个问题吗？My favorite is English.（12）在某些固定搭配中不用冠词。eg.at noon, at work, at home, by bus, by air, on foot, from morning till night, at night, go to school, go to bed, at last 介词I介词的功能介词是一种虚词，用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系，不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语。例如：The boy over there is Johns brother. (定语)The girl will be back in two hours. (状语)Our English teacher is from Australia. (表语)Help yourself to some fish. (宾语补足语)II表示时间的介词表示“时间”的介词如下：1.表示年、月、日、时刻等用at，in，on2.表示时间的前后用 before， after3.表示期限等用by，until，till4.表示期间等用for，during，through5.表示时间的起点等用 from， since6.表示时间的经过等用in，within(1) at，on，in1)at：用于表示时刻、时间的某一点at noon正午时 at night在夜间 at present目前at nine（oclock）在九点钟We usually have lunch at noon（at twelve）.我们通常中午吃午饭（十二点吃午饭）。(2)on：用于某天，某一天的上、下午（指具体的某一天时，一律用on）注意 :泛指一般的上午（下午）时用in，但特指某日的上午（下午）时用on。in the morning在早上on sun day morning在周日早上on Monday在周一on Tuesday morning在周二早上on June 6在6月6日on May 4，1996在1996年5月4日on a cold night在一个寒冷的夜晚on the night of July（the） first在七月一日的夜晚We didnt listen to the lecture on Wednesday afternoon上周三下午我们没去听演讲。(3)in：用于表示周、月、季节、年，泛指的上午、下午、晚上。注意:在this，last，next，every等词前面不能再加介词。this morning今天上午last Friday 上周五 next Sunday下周日every Monday（week， spring）每周一（每星期，每个春季）in the week在这周 in May在五月 in spring在春季in 1995在1995年 in September，1995在1995年9月in the morning在上午 in the afternoon在下午in the evening在晚上People go skating in winter人们冬天去滑冰。(2)before，after1)before：在之前Wash your hands before dinner.（before作介词）吃饭前请洗手。He will call me before he leaves here.（before作连词）他离开这儿之前，他将给我打电话。2)after：在之后注意:before和after这两个词都是既可作介词，又可作连词。Lets Sing some songs after school.（after作介饲）放学后咱们唱歌吧！Pleas close the door after you leave the room.（after作连词）离开房间后请关门。(3) by，until（till）1)by：在前（时间）；截至（到）注意:由until（till）形成的句子，句中的动词如果是点动词，则必须用否定句。How many English books had you read by the end of last year？到去年年底以前你看过多少本英文书？2)until（till）：直到为止（时间）比较by和until by seven oclock截至（到）7点钟（一般和完成时连用）until seven oclock直到7点（7点以前）We didnt begin to watch TV until（till） nine oclock.（begin是点动词，所以用否定式）一直到九点，我们才开始看电视。Ill wait for him until he comes here我将在这儿一直等到他来。（wait是延续动词，用肯定式）注意until和till可以通用。它们可以作连词（见上例）而by不能作连词。(4) for，during，through1)for：达之久（表示经过了多少时间）常用的短语for a year 一年 for a few days几天 for twenty weeks 二十周during the lesson 上课期间during the war （the night）战争期间，夜间 （一整夜）可以和一般现在时、过去时、将来时连用，但经常和完成时连用。He has lived here for 20 years.他在这儿已经住了二十年了。We will stay in the city for two days.我们要在那里呆两天。2)during： 在期间They are going to have a good rest during the summer holidays.暑假中他们打算好好休息一下。比较:for和 duringfor之后大多跟表示时间、天数等的数字名词。而during后决不能跟表数字的名词。3 )through：一直（从开始到结束）They played the cards through the night.他们打了一整夜的牌。(5) from，since1)from：从起（时间）表示从开始时，一般都是用词组fromto，而单纯表示确切的从几点开始时用at。The meeting will be held from eight to ten.这个会议将从8点开到10点。The meeting will be held at eight.会议将从八点钟开始。比较:since和from since表示时间时，一般只用于完成时的句子；而from也用于现在时、过去时及将来时态。另外since还可以作连词（见下例）；而from则不可以，它只能作介词。2)since：自从以来（表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续）I have been sick since yesterday.我从昨天就病了。（一直到现在）The doctor has saved a lot of lives since he became a doctor.（since作连词）这个医生自当医生以来已经拯救了许多人的生命。(6 )in，within1)in：过后（未来时间）注意:如果用于过去时，用after +时间。She went to Nanjing last May，and she came back after a month.去年五月她去了南京，一个月之后她又回来了。大多用在将来时（一般将来时和过去将来时）。in an hour 一小时之后in a week or so 一个多星期之后He will be back in five hours.他五小时之后回来。They said they would arrive here in a week.他们说他们一周后到达。2)within：不超过的范围比较:within和in with in强调在时间之内，没有时态的限制。in是以现在为基准，in an hour是指从现在起1小时之后，所以一般只用于将来时。within 3 hours 3小时之内I must finish painting the cat within five minutes.我必须在五分钟之内画好这只猫。They worked hard. They finished the workwithin 2 days at last.他们努力工作，结果终于他们在两天之内完成了这项工作。III 表示场所、方向的介词1.表示场所的介词：at，in，on，under，by，near，between.2.表示方向的介词：into，out of，along，across，through.(1 )at，in1) at：在某地点（表示比较狭窄的场所）at school 上学 at home 在家at 2 Baker Street 在贝克街2号at a factory 在一家工厂Ill meet him at the Beijing railway station.我将去北京站接他。2)in：在某地（表示比较宽敞的场所）in Beijing 在北京 in China 在中国in the world 在世界上 in the street 在街上(2) on，under，over，above，below1)on：a.在上面，有接触面a. )on the desk 在桌子上面There are two maps on the wall.墙上有两张地图。b.)在靠近的地方on the right 在右边2)above：在上方Our plane flew above the clouds.我们的飞机在云端上飞行。3)over在正上方，是under的反义词There is a light over Li Ming.李明的正上方有一盏灯。A few birds were flying over the sea.有几只鸟在海上飞。注意:over的其他意思a.遍及 all over the world 全世界b.超过（=more than）We have over（=more than）40 books.我们有四十多本书。c.越过，在那边over there在那边 over the wall越过墙比较over与above的区别over是“正上方”，而above只表示“在上方”但不定在“正上方”。4)under：在下面；在之内under the table 桌子下面 under the jacket 在夹克内The dog is under the table. 这只狗在桌子下面。5)below：在下方（不一定是正下方）正下方是under，below是above的反义词。There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water.水面下有许多各式各样的鱼。(3)near，by1)near：近的，不远的near =not far是far的反义词。near还可以指时间。in the near future在不久的将来。Is there a bus stop near here？这儿附近有公共汽车站吗？2)by：在旁边距离比near要近注意:在旁边，有时也用 beside。by the window 在窗户旁边by me 我旁边 The boy is standing by the window.(4) between，among，around1)between：在两者之间My teacher is sitting between Tom and Mike.我们的老师正坐在汤姆和迈克之间。Whats the difference between A and B？A和B之间有什么区别？2)among：在三者或更多的之中There is a beautiful house among the trees.在树林之中有一间漂亮的房子。He is very popular among the students.他在学生之中很受欢迎（很出名）。3)around：环绕，在周围，在四周We sat around the table.我们在桌子四周坐下来。They walked around the street.他们在街上到处走。(5) in front of，behind1)in front of：在的前面；在的前部注意in front of和 before均是“在之前”的意思，但表示场所时要用in front of而不用before。（）in front of the room （）before the roomThere is a tree in front of the house.在房屋前面有一棵树。There is a big desk for the teacher in the front of the classroom.在教室的前部有一张大讲桌。2)behind：在后面behind是in front of的反义词。There is a tree behind the house.房子后面有一棵树。at the back of my house 在我家房屋的后面注意可以用 at the back of=behind()6 in，into，out of1)in：在之内，用于表示静止的位置The students are in the classroom.学生们在教室里。注意out of与from的区别表示“由内往外”的动作时用out of；表示“从起”（起点）时，使用from。Tom went out of the room with Li Ming.汤姆和李明走出房间。The train is from Boston.这辆火车是从波士顿开来的。2)into：进入用于表示有特定终点的运动的方向。通常用于表示动作的动词之后，如：go，come，walk，run The students run into the classroom.学生们跑进教室。He jumped into the water.他跳入水中。3)out of：和into 一样，也表示有一定的运动方向The students rushed out of the room.学生们冲出房间。(7 )along，across，through1)along：沿着I was walking along the river when it began to rain，我正沿着河边散步，突然下起雨来了。2)across：横过I often swim across the river.我常游泳横渡这条河。3)through：贯穿，通过The river was through the city.这条河穿过这个城市。(8 )to，for，from1)to：到达地点（目的地）注意:to与towards的区别to：表示到达某地，（一般指目的地）towards：指方向、朝向，而不是目的地。He walked to wards the gate of the park.他朝着公园大门走去。（大门不是目的地）。He came to Japan in 1980. 他1980年来到日本。Tom has gone to school. 汤姆已经去学校了。2)for：表示目的地，“向”Ill leave for America next week.下周我将动身去美国。for表目的时，一般是和固定词搭配。leave for 动身去start for 出发去3)from：从地点起Its about ten minutes walk from here to the cinema.从这儿到电影院大约需步行十分钟。How tar is it from our school to the hospital？从我们学校到医院有多远？IV其他介词介词除了表示“时间”、“场所”以外，也表示“手段”、“材料”等(1 )表示手段和材料的介词用 with，in，by1)with：和在一起比较in和 with用in，with表工具或方法时，在译成中文时区别不大，但在英语上的用法却不大相同。a.用“with”时，后面的名词要加上冠词或代词。with my ear用我的耳朵with a pencil用一支铅笔b.用in时，后面加物质名词，不能加冠词。in ink 用墨水 in pencil 用铅笔Will you please go with me？你和我一起去好吗？c.具有、带有He was a handsome boy with large bright eyes.他是有着一双大眼睛的英俊男孩子。d.用某工具或方法Li Li cut her hand with a knife.莉莉用刀把手弄破了。I see with my eyes.我用眼睛看。He wrote the letter with a new pen.他用一支新钢笔写这封信。2)in：表示用什么材料（例如用墨水、铅笔）等，或用什么语言，或者表示衣着、声调特点时，不用with，而用in。She wrote a letter in black ink.她用黑色的墨水写信。Dont write it in pencil but in ink.别用铅笔写，用钢笔（水）写。3）by：通过方法、手段He goes to school by bicycle.他骑自行车上学。（2 ）of，from1）of：（属于）的；表示的数量或种类This is a map of China.这是一幅中国地图。Will you please give me a cup of tea？请您给我一杯茶好吗？2）from：来自（某地、某人）；以起始；（时间或地点）Im from Nanjing.我是南京人。I have got a letter from my friend.我收到了一封我朋友的来信。比较：makeof与makefrom这两个词组都是“由制成”的意思，它们的区别在于：如果制造出来的东西还看得出原料是什么，用“makeof”；看不出原料是什么，用“makefrom”。The box is made of wood.这箱子是木料做的。The paper is made from rice straw.这纸是用稻草造的。（3） without，like，as1）without：没有，是with的反义词Men cant live without air and water.人类没有空气和水不能生存。I cant read the book without using a dictionary.不用字典，我看不了这本书。Please give me a cup of coffee without milk.请给我一杯不加奶的咖啡。Please give me a cup of coffee with milk.请给我一杯加奶的咖啡。2）like：像一样Nancy is just like her mother.南希和她的妈妈一样。前句还可写成 Nancy looks like her mother.（南希和她妈妈长得一样）。用look时，强调外表。（3）as：作为He is famous as a scientist here.他在此地作为一个科学家而闻名。（4 ）against，about1）against：反对；靠着He is against the plan.（Li Ming）他反对这个计划。（他反对李明）。The teacher is standing against the blackboard.老师正靠着黑板站着。2）about：a.关于；各处；身旁Tell me something about your life.告诉我你的生活情况。He looked about himself.他向四处张望。I have no money about（=with）me.我身上没带钱。b.询问某人某物的情况或提出建议What about your sister？你姐姐情况如何？How about going to the park？去公园怎么样？注意What about ？与How about？的用法没有区别。(5)for , to for表示“为了.” to 表示动作对象, “对, 向”， 如: He would do anything for his motherland. Did you mention this to my father? 你对我父亲提起过这件事吗?for 表示“就某情况而说 ”, to 表示“对某对象而言”如：Its quite warm today for February.就二月的天气，今天够暖和的。What he told you just now was not new to me。他刚才对你所说的话对我并不新鲜。for 表示“目的,用途”。与go, come 动词连用。（6）except , besides except 表示“从总体中排除一部分”, 与but 同义， besides 表示“除了一部分还有另一部分” We all failed except him. 我们都失败了，但他没有。He speaks German besides French. 除法语外， 他还会讲英语。(2)介词短语介词和动词、形容词或名词相结合后，形成复合词，有特定的意思，应一一背诵。将介词短语分类如下：3.介词+名词 （at home，on foot，in time）1)动词+介词talk about（sth.）：谈论某事They are talking about their school.他们正在谈论他们的学校。2)talk to sb.（=talk with sb.）：和某人谈论Dont talk to your desk mate，Li Ming.李明，不要和你的同桌说话。3)look at：注视She looked at the blackboard，but saw nothing.4)listen to：倾听I listened to him，but heard nothing.我注意听他说话，但什么也听不见。5)call on（sb.）：拜访He called on his uncle yesterday.昨天他看望了他的叔叔。6)arrive at（in）：到达We arrived at the station at noon.我们中午到达车站。We arrived in Beijing last year.我们去年到（达）北京。注意arrive at（in）中的介词at用于比较小的地方。in用于比较大的地方。口语中常用get to代替arrive at（in）。Ill get to the factory at three.我将在三点钟到工厂。7)take care of：照顾The old men were taken good care of.老人们受到了很好的照顾。8)wait for：等待Ill wait for you until eight oclock.我等你到八点钟。9)look for：寻找I looked for my watch every place but I didnt find it.我到处找我的表，但是没找到。其他重要的介词短语speak to 和说话 stay with 和某人呆在一起think about 考虑有关 write to 给某人写信2 )be动词+形容词+介词1.be kind to：对某人亲切His step-mother was kind to him.他的继母对他很好。2.be good at：在做得好；擅长于Are you good at speaking English？你英语说得好吗？3.be late for：迟到He is always late for school.他上学总是迟到。4.be afraid of：害怕The boy isnt afraid of big dogs.5.be sorry for（sth.）：为抱歉Im sorry for being late.抱歉，我迟到了。3) 介词+名词1.at：at home 在家 at school 在学校at least 至少 at present 目前 at first 起初at once 立刻 at last 最后（终于）at night 夜晚语词互换be good at=canwell他游泳游得很好。He is good at swimming.He can swim well be full of=be filled with箱子里都是（装满了）苹果。The box is full of apples.The box is filled with apples.2.on：on foot 步行 on ones way 在去某地的路上on the telephone 用电话 on time 准时3.for：for a while 一会儿 for example 例如for oneself 为了自己for hours（days， years）有好几小时（天，年）4.in：in English 用英语 in those days在当时 in class 课上in time 及时5.by：by the way 顺便说 by oneself 独自地A:形容词1、 形容词及其用法 形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常， 可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。2)叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。（错）He is an ill man.（对）The man is ill.（错）She is an afraid girl.（对）The girl is afraid.这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如： something nice2. 以-ly结尾的形容词1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。改错：(错） She sang lovely. （错） He spoke to me very friendly. （对） Her singing was lovely. （对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.3 用形容词表示类别和整体1） 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The poor are losing hope.2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。 the British，the English，the French，the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor.4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为： 限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) -出处-材料性质，类别-名词 a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car典型例题:1） Tony is going camping with _ boys. A.little two otherB. two little otherC.two other little D.little other two(1)表示“终极”意义或绝对概念的形容词或副词。如：absolute(ly), blind, dead, excellent, entire, living, full, perfect(ly), round, relative, wrong等。(2)表示时间、方位或方向的形容词或副词。如：back, backward, forward, front, past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, vertical等。(3)部分表示事物性质、物质材料或结构成分的形容词。如：atomic, cultural, economic, educational, golden, political, scientific, silken, urban, wooden等。(4)本身具有“最”或“唯一”概念的形容词。如：maximal, mere, minimal, matchless, sole, only unique等。B: 副词及其基本用法1 副词的种
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