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如何做好首字母填空题首字母填空类短文题是近几年中考试题经常采用的题型之一，因为它有非常好的信度和效度，又能拉开考生间的分差、提高区分度。这种题型属于能力测试的范畴，它考查的范围极广，可以是英语知识的方方面面，还可能涉及其它学科。它要求考生在充分理解短文的基础上将单词拼写出来，并且单词形式合理，符合语法规范，符合短文需要。这种试题的首字母已给，所填的就必须是该字母开头的单词。这既是一种限制，又是一种提示。可是这种题型因难度相对较大，考生失分现象比较严重。学生要仔细阅读全文，利用上下文提供的有关信息，再仔细阅读相关句子，判断所缺单词的句子成分，才能完成练习。完型填空式中考试卷中最难的题型，最能测量考生实际运用语言的能力。要做好此类题目，考生不但要有较强的语感，善于体会上下文的内在联系，而且要有扎实的语言知识储备和较大的词汇量。考查重点是名词、动词、形容词、副词和代词这几大词类。 首字母填空特点及中考趋势：1) 首字母填空题答题时要求既要使所填的词在语法和语义上正确，又要使其符合短文内容与情景的需要，所给出的词首字母同时起着提示和限定的作用。它不仅考查学生在词汇、语法等方面的基础知识，还考察理解、推导、分析等综合能力。2) 从近几年的考题来看，短文填空题所考查的单词涉及的词性范围较广，几乎涉及到了十大词类；文中所涉及的语言知识面较宽，学生需运用已学过的词法、句法及常用词组、短语、惯用法等知识进行具体分析后再答题，有一定的难度。文章短小、精致，字数通常在100150之间。短文的体裁不一，有记叙文、说明文、议论文等。短文题材丰富，内容通俗易懂，与现代生活紧密相关，如：英国人分期付款购房；度假回来的路上买家具的小故事；食物对不同年龄段的人的不同影响；被驯化的动物可以为人们做事情等，可读性、趣味性强，符合初中生的认知特点。 首字母填空的解题方法和技巧：短文填空题失分率较高，其原因也是较多的。有些同学或急于求成，或过于自信，或为节省时间，在未通读完全文时便匆匆答题。殊不知这样做会适得其反，达不到良好的效果。因此，了解和掌握正确的解题方法和技巧是十分必要的。u 通读全文，了解大意 短文中虽有一些词未知，但不影响对文章主要内容的理解。在初步阅读中，可以跳过空格，尽量捕捉文章所提供的内容信息，以及语法结构方面的提示，有助于下一步的分析与判断。 u 再读全文，理清脉络 通读全文、掌握大意后，还应逐字逐句地仔细阅读，从文意中找出句与文、句与句、词与句、词与词之间的关系，尤其是一些不易察觉的、隐含的微妙关系，用已知信息去获取未知信息，以便初步确定答案。在答题过程中，同学们可以把有把握的词先填好，逐步减少空格对阅读造成的障碍，然后再仔细推敲剩下的难题。 u 仔细推敲，确保准确 词义判断正确了不等于答题正确，同学们还应从词法、句法、惯用法等方面考虑答案的准确性。有的学生经过思考确定了一个意思正确的词作为答案，但忽略了从语法角度再进行验证，因而出现了一些与时态、人称等有关的词形变化的错误。如果填的词是名词，首先要考虑到单、复数的问题；如果是动词，要考虑应使用什么时态和语态。 u 注意：填入的词既能使句意通顺，又能做到语法、用词搭配的正确。如bought易误答成buy；lights易误答成light；reaches易误答成reach; heavier易误答成heavy等。 因此，在初步确定答案后，一定还要反复考虑，仔细推敲，确保用词准确u 复读全文，全面检查 答题完毕后复读全文，进行核查是必不可少的。做完题后，一定要认真检查，尽量减少粗心所致的笔误或拼写错误，对有疑问的地方，更要根据文章的内容、上下文的语法结构、逻辑发展进行反复斟酌，这样才能尽量避免失分。专项题型解析例题解析 Dogs are good pets. They are very f 1 to people and also very beautiful. Most dogs get on very well with c 2 and their parents. Others are good watch-dogs because they cry loudly when a s 3 arrives. When you buy a dog, an important thing to think about is its s 4 buy a small dog if your home is small and a bigger one if y 5 is larger. Many people dont know how much to feed their dogs. Dogs eat a 6 anything! They like meat, rice and lots of other things. You can buy lots of food m 7 for dogs in shops. Dont let your dogs eat too much. Feed it only once a day. Always l 8 water for your dog. It can get thirsty very quickly, especially in s 9 . Remember that dogs need e 10 . You should take it for a walk every day. Dont keep your dog inside all day.答案及简析 1. friendly. 人们之所以把狗作为宠物来养，主要是因为它们比较通人性，且对人很友好，能给人们带来欢乐。根据“be very f 1 to people”来分析，此空应填一个形容词，表明狗对人的态度。friend是名词，friendly是形容词，故friendly是正确答案。 2. children. 宠物狗自然是在家中养， 它们除了听主人的话以外，与家中的小主人即孩子也是好朋友。由于是指大多数家庭的情况，并受their一词的提示，此处应填“孩子”的复数形式，即children。 3. stranger. 狗的天性是护家。文中的watch-dogs意为“看家狗”，专门指有生人来时发出叫喊的狗。“生人”在英文中即为stranger。 4. size. 这个空略微有点难。一是size一词平时用得较少，二是一般家庭都养小型犬，供狗活动的空间一般不成问题，因此，对狗的体积问题考虑的较少。从后面的句子来看，此处是在谈狗的体积的问题“如果你的家小，就买一只小狗；如果你的家大，就买一只大狗。” 5. yours. 这是一个名词性物主代词，代替上半句的your home。此句完整的说法应是buy a small dog if your home is small and buy a bigger one if your home is larger. 为避免词的重复使用，在英文句子中常用名词性物主代词代替前面的那个名词。本文最突出的一个特点就是决大多数需填词的后面都有一句或两句话的内容是对所填词的内容进行补充说明的。因此，在做这种类型的题时，一定要注意分析上下文的内容，进行推理和归纳，正确的理解句意，最后决定出最佳的词及其正确形式。 巩固练习：There was an old man who loved money very much. He n 1 gave anything to anybody. After some years he became r 2 . One day he was walking near the river with his friends when he fell into the river. His friends ran to help him. One of them held out his hand and cried, “Give me your hand, and Ill p 3 you out！”The rich m 4 head went down the water a 5 then came up again, but he did not g 6 his hand to his friend. Again another of his friends tried, but again the s 7 thing happened. Then a 8 friend, Nasreddin, said, “Take my hand and Ill pull you out!” The rich man took his hand and Nasreddin pulled him out of the water. “You dont know your friend very w 9 .” Nasreddin said to the others. “When you say Give！ to him, he d 10 nothing, but when you say Take！ he always takes.” 答案与简析： 守财奴闹出了笑话。文中谈了一次救人的过程，解题时要根据当时的情况特别注意“give”和“take”的妙用。 1. never. 因为love money,所以他决不会“给予”。never意为“从不”。 2. rich. rich是形容词，作表语。由于从不施舍，几年后他就富有了。 3. pull. pull.out意为“把拉出来”。 4. mans. head 为名词，要选用man的所有格形式。 5. and. and then.意为“后来又”。and起并列作用。 6. give. give.to.意为“把给”。 7. same. 句意为：又发生了同样的情况。 8. another. another表示不定指的“又一个，另一个”。 9. well. well为副词，know well意思是“很了解”。 10. does. 这句话是引述原话，故用一般现在时。do nothing表示“什么事都不干”。 例题解析Do you know the word “brunch”? In the West, many people like to have brunchlate (1)b_ or early lunch. People often have brunch (2) b_ 10 a. m. and 2 p.m. on Sunday because they prefer to get up (3) l_ after a weeks hard work or want to enjoy brunch with their parents, or friends. That is a relaxing and interesting (4)w_ of eating for most families.Today, brunch has become (5) p_ in big hotels. One can (6) e_ ask for or cook it himself. To make it (7) l_ like both breakfast and lunch, people choose to have lots of dishes. You may often see the following (8) f_ on the table, meat, eggs, fruit, (9) v_, orange juice, tea and bacon. Do you have brunch at (10) w_? If not, why not try? 答案与解析:这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了近年来在西方流行的brunch(早午餐)。brunch 一词是由breakfast 与lunch 中的字母br和unch 合在一起构成的。 1. breakfast, 由下句“early lunch” 和前面的对应词late 可知 brunch 是比breakfast 要晚，而比lunch 要早。2. between, 这里的betweenand 是固定搭配。3. late, 根据句中的状语“on Sunday” 和“after a weeks hard work”可知在周末由于人们都在家休息，所以起床会较完。4. way, 对大部分家庭来说，这种brunch只是一种新的放松有趣的进餐方式。5. popular, 目前在西方，brunch 已经成为一种时尚，越来越受到人们的欢迎。6. either, 这是一个等立连词，eitheror，意思是”或者或者”。7. look, 由于brunch介于breakfast 和lunch 之间，所以人们在做起brunch 来，既要像breakfast，又要像lunch。look like 的意思就是”看起来好像”。8. food, 根据下面所列举的内容可知答案。9. vegetables, 英语中，以字母v 开头的food 就是vegetables 了。10.weekend, 根据文章的介绍，brunch 是在周末人们所享用的进餐方式。巩固练习Most people have f_ a kite or have seen one rise and dip in the strong spring wind. Not so many people know that kites were first made in China t_ of years ago. The a_ Chinese were making flying kites even before they were writing. A long time ago, the Chinese made kites to use in the wars. They would fly these war kites in the d_. The kites were fixed so that they made strong sounds. Men who were at war with them would hear these sounds and run away. They thought those strong sounds were m_ by god in the sky. The ancient Chinese also flew kites to b_ good luck and to make their crops grow rich and tall. Sometimes they tied long strings and hooks to the kites. Then they fly the kites o_ water letting the hooks hang down to catch fish. The Chinese use sticks, strings and paper for their kites. Some of the kites look like animals or trees. O_ look like birds or houses.首字母填空训练：(1)At different times in a mans life his food has different effects (影响) on his body. Among children f 1 is quickly changed to the power(力量) to run and play games. Most of a young mans food is spent on growing t 2 ; We grow upwards only d 3 the first twenty years of our l 4 , not later. Working men get their strong bodies from their food; and if they work h 5 , they do not get fat. Office workers eat well and s 6 down a lot, and may begin to grow fat when s 7 quite young. Many older people t 8 to work much and walk often. P 9 the most difficult time is when a man r 10 sixty years of age. His body and mind b 11 restful, without much work or interest. That is when food changes quickly to f 12 .（1）1.food 2. tall 3. during 4. lives 5. hard 6. sit 7. still 8. try 9. Perhaps 10. reaches 11. become 12. fat(2)Bats(蝙蝠) are the only flying animals in the world. It is k 1 to all that they cannot see very well. As b 2 as a bat is often heard. Yet, they have no t 3 flying on the darkest nights and f 4 their way round very well. Why can bats fly and see at night? They fly b 5 radar(雷达). The bats radar w 6 the same way as the radar on ships and planes. As a bat flies t 7 the air, it makes a sound. If the sounds hit t 8 , they will come back and the bats ears will r 9 the message. In this way, the bat is a 10 to know where the things are. Bats go out for f 11 at night. In the daytime, they hang in some d 12 places. 1.known 2. blind 3.trouble 4. finding 5.by 6.works 7. through 8.things 9. reaches 10. able 11. food 12. dark（3）Tennis is in its second life. Its first game b 1 in France. The name of the game comes from the French word tennez. The English men c 2 the game tennis when they watched the Frenchmen play 800 years ago. The Englishmen liked the French game. Tennis courts were built in every park, in every city,just l 3 today. The two countries played a 4 each other. At first they played for honor. Then they w 5 money. Later people began cheating（欺骗）to get money. Three hundred years ago the game was forbidden（禁止）to stop the cheating. The game a 6 disappeared. Americans found the old courts when they went to Europe 100 years ago. They learned w 7 they could do about the game. They liked the game as the Englishmen had b 8 . After returning home, the Americans built tennis courts. Tennis began to become p 9 in all the United States. Now it is one of the most e 10 games in the world again.1. began 2. called 3. like 4. against 5. won 6. almost 7. what 8. before 9. popular 10. Exciting(4)There are four people in my family. Every day my parents are very busy t 1 to make money in order to pay the high tuition(学费）for my brother and me. They h 2 say I love you or send f 3 to each other. Besides，my father has a bad temper(脾气). It is easy for him to lose his temper w 4 hes very tired from the hard work. I didnt know whether there was love between them u 5 one spring. At that time，my father suddenly got badly sick .My mother had to stay with him in the hospital for a month. When they returned from the hospital, they both looked very w 6 as if both of them had a serious illness.After they were back, my mother helped my father walk slowly on the country road every day in the morning and dusk. H 7 after two months my father still couldnt walk by h 8 . All of us were worried about him.Dad，how are you f 9 now? I asked him one day.Susan, dont worry about me. he said I 10 a low voice. I just like walking with your mom. I like this kind of life. Reading his eyes, I know he loves my mother very much. Once I thought love m 11 flowers, presents and sweet kisses. But from this e 12 , I understand that love is inside, making life strong and warm. 1. trying 2. hardly 3. flowers 4. when 5. until 6. weak 7. However 8. himself 9. feeling 10. in 11. meant 12. Experience(5)A woman was eating in a restaurant. She asked the waiter to do many t 1 for her. Now she was g 2 the waiter a lot of trouble. F 3 , she asked the waiter to turn on the air conditioner because she f 4 too hot. Then she asked him to turn it o 5 because she was too cold. This went on and on for n 6 half an hour. But the waiter was very kind and h 7 . He did everything the woman asked h 8 to do without getting angry. F 9 , someone else in the restaurant asked why the w 10 didnt just throw the woman out. Oh, I dont care. The waiter said and smiling, We dont even have an air conditioner.1. things 2. giving 3. first 4. felt 5. off 6. nearly 7. helpful 8.him 9. finally 10. waiter（6）While travelling in Russia, Ed Jackson ran short of money. So he wrote t 1 his brother, asking for 500. “Send the m 2 by telegram to the bank here,”he wrote. After a week Ed began v 3 the bank. He s 4 his passport to the bank clerk(职员). “Nothing has come for you, Mr. Jackson,” he was told.This went o 5 for three weeks, and Mr. Jackson got very w 6 . He thenphoned his brother, asking w 7 the money was. The brother said it had been sent three weeks b 8 . That evening Ed Jackson was arrested(被捕) for failing to p 9 his hotel bill. He tried to tell the police what his problem was, but no one would believe him. At last he was s 10 to the police station for fifteen days.1.to, 2.money, 3.visiting, 4.showed, 5.on, 6. worried, 7.where,8. before, 9.pay, 10sent（7）Once there was a king. He liked to write s 1 . He thought his stories were good, so he liked to show them to his people. As his people were afraid to criticize(批评) the kings stories, they all said that his stories were very good. One day, the king showed some of his best stories to a famous writer. He wanted the writer to praise(表扬) those stories. But the writer said his stories were so b 2 that he should throw them into the fire. The king got very angry w 3_ him and sent him to prison(监狱). After s 4 time the king had pity on the writer and set him free. When the writer returned from prison, the king ordered him to come to his palace. Again he showed him some of his new stories and asked him what he thought of them. After r 5 them, the writer at once turned to the soldier and said, “Take me back to prison, please.”1.stories, 2.bad, 3.with, 4.some, 5. reading
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