中考英语语法讲座.doc

座中考英语语法讲座这一讲里，主要帮助同学们掌握名词、冠词、数词的用法，特别是针对同学不易掌握的方面。一、名词关于名词，我们必须掌握名词的数，名词的格。单数-可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数，在元音发音开头的单词前用an，而不是a可数名词名词的根据数复数不可数名词1.复数的构成方法：(1)一般在复数名词后加s，如：dog-dogs。(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es，如：watch-watches。(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es，如：country-countries。请区别：如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词，则只须加s如：monkey-monkeys。(4)以o结尾的名词，只有potato(土豆)，tomato(西红柿)加es 构成复数。(5)以f、fe结尾的名词，变f、fe为v再加es，如：knife-knives。2.单复数形式相同的词：sheep-sheep，fishfish, Chinese-Chinese，Japanese-Japanese3.特殊变化的单词有：(1)tooth-teeth，foot- feet(2)man-men，woman-women，policeman-policemen, Frenchman-Frenchmen请区别：German(德国人)-Germans(3)childchildren4.常以复数形式出现的名词：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语，用复数。如：My clothes are (be) newer than yours.5.有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。如：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics(物理)No news is good news.6.可用how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any等来修饰可数名词复数。How many are there in your pencil-box? (knife)不可数名词：1.常见的不可数名词有：water，rice，fish，meat，等。应特别记medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.2.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。如：Some bread over there. (be)3.常用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of ,some, any等来修饰不可数名词。4.常用a piece of, a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义，bread仍为不可数名词，不加s，而piece则可加s。即：two pieces of bread请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示，如：三箱苹果three boxes of apples例： 1、These two pieces of bread are over there.(be)2、Could I have three ,please？A. piece of bread B. .piece of breads C. pieces of bread D .pieces of breads名词的格名词所有格的构成方法，在名词后加“ s”。如：Tom Toms译为“的”，若遇上以s结尾的复数名词，则在s后加“ ”即可。如：Teachers Day , two weeks holiday，而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍按惯例加s 。如：Childrens Day关于名词所有格，应掌握以下几点：1.可用名词所有格表示地点。如：my aunts 我姑姑家。 go to the doctors 去医生家。2.表示两人共同拥有，在最后一个名词后加s如：Lucy and Lilys 露西和莉莉的3.掌握词组：a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友eg ; The white shirt is and blue one isA、Kate ,my B .Kates ,mine C .Kate ,mine D .Kates, my二、冠词冠词是词汇中的基础的，也是简单的部分，所以同学们有必要掌握其基本用法，中考也会体现这一点。归纳起来，同学们应该掌握以下几点：1.冠词指不定冠词a, an和定冠词the2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前，如：an hour, an English car. 请区别：a useful machine3.指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词the4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如：the sun ,the moon, the earth5.定冠词the用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。如：the first, the best ,in the south6.在复数姓氏前加the，表示一家人，常看成复数。如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the，如：in the box ,behind the chair8.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面：(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer, in August 请区别：in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指，故加the)(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。 如：have breakfast ,play football(3)一些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school ,by bus ,at night.9.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别： in front of 在前面 in the hospital 在医院里 in the front of 在范围内的前部 in hospital (生病)住院 Theres 800-metre-long road behind hospital. A. an, an B .a, a C .an, the D. a, the三、数词同学们首先应会读会写所有基数词和序数词，以及与数词有关的钟点表达法。对数词的考查，中考常采用单选题及听力题，这些题型归纳起来，应掌握以下几点特别容易出错的地方。1.基数词变序数词。其规律为：1,2,3特殊记，加th 从4起 (first, second, third, fourth)8少t，9去e，千万别忘记 (eighth ,ninth)逢5逢12，ve变f (fifth ,twelfth)20到90，y要变ie (twentieth ,ninetieth)若是几十几，前基后序别倒位 (ninety-first)2.hundred,thousand,million 在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。 如：five hundred people.只有在表达笼统的多数时才加s，构成复数形式。hundreds of 数以百计的，成百上千的thousands of 数以千计的，成千上万的millions of 数百万的这些词组前不能用具体数字。3.序数词常与定冠词the 连用。eg: Henry has learned eight French words this year.A. hundred B. hundreds C .hundred of D .hundreds ofThe lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. (twenty)另外，同学们还应掌握与数词有关的钟点表达法。顺读法(钟点分钟) 如：4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five4:15 four fifteen倒读法(分钟topast钟点) 如：4:30 half past four4:15 fifteen past foura quarter past four4:45 fifteen to fivea quarter to five练习题1.At the beginning of the_(twenty) century, the worlds population was about 1700 million.2.Are these_(watch)yours? Yes.3.You dont look well. Youd better go to the_(doctor) at once.4.Would you give me _, please?A. two papers B .two piece of paper C. two pieces of paper D .two pieces of papers5.There are three _and seven _in the picture.A. monkeys , sheeps B. monkeys, sheep C. monkies, sheep D. monkies, sheeps6.A lot of_ are talking with two_.A. Germans, Frenchmans B. Germen, Frenchmans C. German, Frenchmen D. Germans, Frenchmen7.June 1 is _.A. the Childrens Day B. the C hildrens Day C .Childrens Day D. Childrens Day思考题1._people went out to see what had happened.A. Thousands of B. Three thousand of C. Thousand of D. Three thousands2.We have been in the school for_.A. three and a half month B .three and a half monthsC. three month and a half D .three months and half3._English is_ useful language.A.A, an B./, a C. The, an D. A, /四、代词(一)人称代词主格Iyouheshe it we youthey宾格me youhimherit us youthem物主代词形容词性my yourhis her its our your their名词性mineyourshis hersits oursyours theirs反身代词myselfyourself himself herselfitself ourselves yourselves themselves1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语，相当于一个形容词，名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语，相当于一个名词。2.注意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系,是单数还是复数。如：These books arent ours. Ours are new. (这里ours=our books) This is not our room. Ours is over there. (这里ours=our room)3.of+名词性物主代词表示所属如：a sister of his 他的一个妹妹 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友4.人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为：“第二人称，第三人称，第一人称”。如：You, she and I all enjoy the music.5.关于反身代词，同学们须掌握其固定结构：enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快) by oneself=alone (单独、独自)help oneself to (随便吃/喝 些.)learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自学)练习题1.-Whose trousers are these? -_, I think.A. They B. Their C. Theirs D. Them2. Nobody taught_ English. He taught_.A. him, himself B. his, himself C .him, by himself D. his, his（二）修饰可数词manyfew 表否定意义a few 表肯定意义修饰不数名词muchlittle 表否定意义a little 表肯定意义few 和 little 与 quite 或 only 连用时，常加不定冠词 a.如:There are quite a few new books in the library.用little, a little, few, a few填空:1.I often stay at home because I have _ friends here.2.Jim,dont go and get some water. There is _ water in the glass.3.Though he learned French only _ weeks. He can speak very well.4.Lily had _ bread because she was hungry yesterday.（三）不定代词: something, anything, nothing.当形容词修饰这三个不定代词时，常后置。 如：something newTheres _ in todays newspaper. 中考题A. important anything B. important somethingC. anything important D. something important(四)另外，代词some, every, all, both, either, another1.some（一些，某） 一般用于肯定句中 注：some有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。any（任何） 多用于疑问句和否定句 Will you give me some water? Would you like some meat? May I ask some questions? Could I have some apples?2.every单数名词 “每一个” 强调共性，作定语,形式上为单数。 each “每一个” 强调个性，作定语、主语、宾语和同位语，常与of连用。如：Each student was asked to try again.Each of them has a nice skirt. Every child likes playing games.3.all “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时，一般放在连系、助动词之后，行为动词之前。 none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介词of如： We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada.None of us is/are afraid of dogs.（单、复数均可）4.both “（两者）都” 作主语时，看作复数；作定语时，后跟名词复数。either “两者中任何一个” , 作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时，后跟名词单数。neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，用法同either。如：They both swim well. Both of them swim well.There are trees on both sides of the street. = There are trees on either side of the street.Neither of us is going to Beijing next week Neither answer is right.5. another +单数名词, “另一个” one the other “一个，另一个”the other +复数名词= the others “其他的人或物” （指确定范围内剩下的全部）others “别人”(五)疑问代词 5个“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which这里，which是同学们不易掌握的内容，其实，同学们只须记住，对作定语的内容提问，常用which.Im going to take the skirt on the right. (97中考题)_ _ are you going to take?五、形容词 副词大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级：原级：比较级： 比较.，更.一些最高级： 最.（A）1.构成：(规则情况)情 况变 化 方 法例 词单音节词和少数双音节词:一般情况加er, estclever-cleverer-cleverest以字母e结尾加r, stnice-nicer-nicest重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时双写加er, est big-bigger-biggest以辅音字母加y结尾 变y为i加er, estearly-earlier-earliest部分双音节和多音节词在词前加more, mostslowly-more slowly-most slowly2.不规则变化，须熟记：good/well-better-best many/much-more-most far-farther-farthestbad/badly/ill-worse-worst little-less-least(B)常见的使用情况1.as as 和.一样（中间用原级）2.not as(so) as 和.不一样（中间用原级）3 than . .比.（用比较级）4.有范围修饰的用最高级 如:in, of, among或用从句修饰的eg. Winter is the coldest season of the year.This is the best film that I have ever seen .5.比较级+and+比较级 意为“越来越.”eg: wetter and wetter more and more beautiful6. The+比较级，the+比较级 越.就越.eg:The more, the better. 越多越好(C)注意点：1.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略。2.可用much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级。3.在比较级中为了避免重复，在than后常用one, that, those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。eg: The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai.(D)掌握三种同义句转换：1.He is taller than any other student in his class.=He is the tallest (student)in his class.2.This film is less interesting than that one.=This film isnt as interesting as that one.=That film is more interesting than this one.3.I prefer maths to English.=I like maths better than English.96中考题：Which do you like _, fish, meat _ eggs?A .best, or B .better, or C .best, and D. better, and此外，关于形容词、副词的内容同学们还须掌握：1.形容词修饰名词作定语，跟在连系动词之后作表语。2.副词修饰动词、形容词或其它副词enough属例外词：形/副+enough to do enough+名词 eg; she is old enough to go to school. 她够上学的年龄了。3.区别几组易混淆的副词:也too用于肯定、疑问句also 较为正式书面语either 用于否定句已经already 常用于肯定句、疑问句yet 常用于否定句、疑问句不再no (not any) longer 从时间上讲no (not any) more 从动作上讲如此这样such 修饰名词 eg: such a big boxso 修饰形容词、副词 eg: so big单独、独自alone 作表语 =by oneself孤独的lonely 可作表语、定语eg: A group of girls are singing and dancing _ over there. (happy)练习题1.The students are having a good time in the park. Some are drawing by the lake. _ are climbing the hill.A. Others B. Other C. Another D. The other2.There isnt _ in todays newspaper.A. important something B. important anythingC. anything important D. nothing important3.-Whose watch is this, Mary? Is it your sisters? -No ,Mum. Its not _. Its _.A. hers, my B. her, my C. Mine, hers D. hers, mine思考题1.The Changjiang River is the third _ river in the world.A. long B. longer C. longest D. the longest2. An elephant is _ than a horse.A. more strong B. much stronger C. the most strong D. much more strong3. Which do you like _, tea, orange or water?A. good B .Well C. Better D. Best六、介词1与形容词搭配的词组有：be afraid of （怕）be angry with （生某人的气）be away from （不在某地）be different from （与不同）be good at （善于）be good/ bad for (对有益/有害)be interested in （对感兴趣）be late for （迟到）be/get ready for （为作好准备）be sure of (对有把握)be worried about （为感到担忧）2介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing形式1)You must take good care of her.2)Thank you for teaching us so well.3几组易混淆的介词A“在.之后”in + 一段时间（用于一般将来时）after + 一段时间（用于一般过去时）after + 一点时间（常用于一般将来时）如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour.The baby will stop crying in half an hour.They will visit their teacher after Friday.Bfor +一段时间since +过去的一点时间这两者均用于现在完成时，具体在时态部分，我会继续向同学们讲解。Cbe made of 用制成be made in “由某地制造”be made by somebody “由某人制成”Din, on, at表时间in “在某月(季节、年)等”eg: in 1996, in January, in summer固定词组：in the morning, in a week, in a minute, in time, in the endon 用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等eg: on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16at “用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中”固定词组：at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times, at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time注意：在表时间里，下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有：next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all 以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow 前不用介词 。 如:不能说 in tomorrow ,只能说 tomorrow 在明天E.except +宾格/doing something 除之外” （不包括本身）Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao. (同义句转换)=Only Lin Tao isnt at school today.F“用” 通过交通工具 by plane用语言 in English通过媒介 on /over the telephone, on /over the radio, on TV用工具手段 with a pen, with ones handsGbetween “在和（两者）之间”between.and.,between the two.among 在.之间(三者或三者以上)eg. Sue spent over two hours _ her homework yesterday evening.A. on B. with C. at D. over七、连词1并列连词bothand 既又谓语用复数动词neithernor 既不也不含否定意义，（就近原则）谓语动词由靠近它的那个主语来决定单复数。eitheror “或者 或者”“不是就是”and“和” 连接两个并列成分,连接谓语时,两个动词时态应一致。but “但是” 表转折，不能与 though 同时出现在句中。or “或者”在否定句中，并列句中的列举常用 or，而不用 and。eg: I have brothers and sisters.(否)I dont have brothers or sisters.= I have no brothers and no sisters.2引导宾语从句的连词陈述句：that 可省略一般疑问句：if /whether “是否”特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词3引导原因状从的有：because (不能与so同时出现在句中)4引导时间状语从句的连词：A.when（当时候），as soon as（一就），notuntil（直到才），after（在之后），引导的主从复合句，主句为一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时来代替一般将来时。eg: I wont leave until he comes back.B.since（自从以来）引导的主从复合句，主句为现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。eg：We havent met each other since she left here last year.C.while（当时候，一边一边）它引导的时间状语从句常用进行时态。eg: My father came in while I was doing my homework.5引导条件状语从句的连词：if “如果”，引导条件状从，主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时。请区别于if“是否”相当于 whether，引导宾语从句，时态根据语境确定eg:1)I dont know if it (rain) tomorrow.2)If it _ (rain) tomorrow, I _ (not climb) the hills.3)Joan and Mary havent seen each other _they left school five years ago. A. as B. before C .after D. since八、动词可以分为四类：实义动词（或称行为动词）连系动词、情态动词以及助动词。一、实义动词 （行为动词）1.不及物动词:不能直接跟宾语,常须加了介词后方能加宾语如:look at (for, after), get to (on), operate on, hear of, hear from, point to (at), worry about, knock at, play with, think about等2.及物动词:后面必须跟宾语,意义才完整在及物动词+副词 构成动副搭配时,代词放中间这一点同学们常易忘记,故应特别加以记忆。如:turn on() turn on the radio() turn the radio on()turn on it() turn it on()常见的动副搭配的词组有：put on, pick up, look up, wake up, try on, write down, move away, take away等3.注意行为动词的几种变化形式原形 enjoy第三人称单数enjoys过去式enjoyed过去分词enjoyed现在分词enjoying象过去式，过去分词，同学们须熟记初中所学的不规则动词变化表。现在分词的变化方法，一般是直接在动词后加ing，有几个特殊的可加以记忆：lie-lying, die-dying要双写的单词有：一个m(swim-swimming)一个g(dig-digging)三个n(run-running, win-winning, begin-beginning)三个p(stop-stopping, shop-shopping ,drop-dropping)还有六个t(sit-sitting, hit-hitting，get-getting, let-letting, put-putting, forget-forgetting)同学们特别应注意forget, begin这种双音节单词。另外，eat, wait这两个词不是重读闭音节，故不能双写加ing，这也是同学们易犯的错误。4.请区别几组易混淆的同义动词第一组look-see-watch-readlook看 look at the birdsee看见 see a filmwatch观看、注视 watch TV， watch a football matchread读 ，阅读 read a book， read newspapers第二组say-speak-talk-tellsay 说（不及物动词）say to sb. , (后跟引语) say it again (后常跟it)speak讲，发言（不及物动词）speak at the meeting learn to speak speak Englishtalk 谈话（不及物动词）talk about sth.(谈论某事) talk with sb.(和某人交谈)tell 告诉，讲（及物动词） tell sb. to do sth. / tell sb. not to do sth. tell sb. about sth. (后常跟某人) tell the time “报时”/ tell a story “讲故事”用say, speak, talk,tell的适当形式填空：1.Can you Japanese?2.The teacher us not to play in the street.3.Would you please it in English?4.What are you about?第三组 borrow-lendborrow借进（短暂动词）borrow sth. (借某物) borrow sth. from sb. (向某人借某物）如May I borrow your bike? Mine is broken.lend借出（短暂动词）lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb.(把某物借给某人)如:You mustnt lend it to others.keep借（一段时间），常与一段时间的时间状语连用，为延续性动词。如: How long may I keep it?第四组 bring-takebring带来（表示从远处拿到说话的地点来），常与here, me 搭配如：Please bring my hat to me tomorrow.take带走（表示从说话地点拿到远处去），常与there, away搭配如：Take your raincoat with you. Its going to rain.第五组listen-hearlisten听 不及物，常与介词to连用如:I listened carefully, but heard nothing.Hear听到 及物 后直接跟宾语hear from sb收到某人的来信如:Jims mother havent heard from him for a long time.hear of听说如:Have you heard of the news?第六组look for-find-find outlook for寻找 （强调动作）find找到 发现（强调结果）如:We looked for him everywhere but didnt find him.find out查明 （通过调查研究找到事实的真相）如:Can you find out who broke the window?第七组put on-wear-dressput on穿上 （强调动作）如:Its cold outside. Please put on your coat.wear穿着（强调状态）如:Lucy is wearing a blue sweater today.dress打扮，给.穿衣服dress sb. / oneself 给某人（或自己）穿衣服get dressed 穿好衣服dress up 打扮 穿上盛装”如:She often dresses up in a red skirt.第八组forget-leaveforget忘了某物如:I forgot to tell you about it.leave把某物忘在某地如:Kate left her key to her room at home.5 有些及物动词后可以跟双宾语即直接宾语（表物）和间接宾语（表人），间接宾语通常位于直接宾语之前，若颠倒两者的位置，则通常在间接宾语前加一个介词（to或for）。1）2)draw sth. for sb.pass sth. to sb.make sth. for sb.give sth. to sb.mend sth. for sb.lend sth. to sb.buy sth. for sb.show sth. to sb.get sth. for sb.bring sth. to sb.cook sth. for sb.take sth. to sb.keep sth. for sb.write sth. to sb.return sth. for sb.send sth. to sb.Eg: How much did you _ all these things?A. spend B .give C. cost D. pay for二.连系动词eg: His grandpa has been _ for over ten years.(die)常见的连系动词有：be + adj. / n. 是，在become + n. /adj.变成turn + adj.变得get + adj.变得grow + adj.长得keep + adj.保持着feel + adj.感到look + adj.看上去seem + adj./n.看起来好象smell + adj.闻起来fall asleep入睡三.情态动词1.can:能，会 表示能力，相当于be able to。可以，表示许可，相当于may。cant be 不可能2.may:可以，可能，或许may be 可能 请区别maybe副词 可能3.must:必须，表示肯定的猜测must be 准是，一定是4.could: 比can语气更委婉，客气，并不表示过去时。5.注意回答形式：May I.? Yes, you may. No, you cant (mustnt).Must I .? Yes, you must. No,you neednt.6.must 表示说话人的主观看法，have to 表示外界客观愿望,不得不。如:Her mother is ill. She has to stay at home and take care of her.You must look after your clothes.7.should 表示应当，应该，与疑问词连用表意外，惊奇。What should I do? 我该怎么办呢？8.will, would 在交际用语中，would更客气，表邀请。Will you.? .好吗？ Would you.?四、助动词助动词有do, does, did, have, has, will, would等五、动词不定式形式：to +动词原形特点： 1.无人称和数的变化。 2.在句中不能作谓语。 3.可以有自己的宾语或状语，构成不定式短语。1. 使役动词: let, make感观动词: see, hear, watch, feel, notice之后必须使用省略to的动词不定式。如：Nothing could make him get angry.I often hear her sing in the morning.2.had better 后使用省略to的动词不定式。如：You had better do it by yourself.3.It 作形式主语，可用 to do 作真正的主语。如:It took me half an hour to finish the work.Its bad for you to read in bed.Its very kind of you to help me.4.动词不定式常与特殊疑问词连用。如：He didnt know when to start.We dont know how to get there.I cant decide which sweater to choose.5.记住一些特殊结构：Would like/love to do 想要做Why not do ? 为什么不做Help sb.(to)do sth. 帮助某人做某事Its time to do sth. 是干某事的时候了。spend (in) doing sth.=It takes sb. to do sth.花费（时间）做某事too.to do sth. 太.以致不能.cant wait to do sth. 等不及做某事,迫不及待做某事stop doing sth. 停止做某事 stop to do sth. 停下来开始做某事练习题1-Can you answer this question in English? No, I _.A. neednt B. mustnt C. may not D. cant2. The teacher wanted us _ Exercise 1, but you let me _ Exercise 2.A.to do, do B. to do, to do C. do, to do D. do, do3. Miss Green saw a wallet _ on the ground when she walked past the school gate.A. lie B. Lying C. lies D. to lie4.What have you done _ the milk? Ive just _ it.A. with, eaten B.for, eaten C. with, drunk D. for, drunk5.Its rather cold today. Youd better _ more clothes before you go out.A. put on B.wear C.to put on D. to wear6.The radio _ it will get warmer later.A. says B. speaks C.talks D. tells7. You must be very tired. Why not _ a rest?A. stop having B.stop to have C.to stop having D. to stop to have8. Li Ping is young, but he _ many places of interest in South China.A.went to B. has been in C.has gone to D. has been to9. Mother told me _ in the sun.A. not read B. dont read C. read not D. not to read10.Do you often see her _ volleyball on the playground?A. play B. played C. plays D. to play11. Its fine today.Why _ ou