奥赛高中英语语法基础12.doc

英语奥赛辅导 第十一课时高中英语语法基础11复习框架： 陈述句 简单句 疑问句 一般疑问句 种类 特殊疑问句 反意疑问句 感叹句 祈使句简单句1、简单句的特点：简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。2、简单句的种类：简单句一般分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句四种。3、陈述句：用来说明一个事实的句子叫陈述句。它有肯定式和否定式两种形式。陈述句的肯定式： He is a middle school student.（他是个中学生）/ I have a hammer in my hand.（我手上有把锤子）/ She teaches us geography.（她教我们地理）/ The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it.（新的话剧非常好大家都喜欢）陈述句的否定式：1)谓语动词如果是 be 、助动词、情态动词时,在它们的后面加“not”。如：My brother is not a teacher.（我的弟弟不是教师）/ He does not have a cousin.（他没有堂兄弟）/ I will not go there tomorrow.（明天我不去那儿）/ My mother is not cooking a meal in the kitchen.（我母亲现在不在厨房里做饭）/ You must not make such mistakes again.（你不该再犯类似错误了） / We havent discussed the question yet（我们还没有讨论那个问题呢）.2)谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,须在它的前面加do not(dont).如： I dont know anything about it.(此事我一无所知) / Li Ming does not feed pigs in the countryside.（李明不在农村养猪）/ We didnt expect to meet her right here.（我们没指望着在这里见到她）/ We didnt have a meeting yesterday afternoon.(昨天下午我们没有开会)3)如果“have”作“有”讲,也可以在它后面加not构成否定式,其形式与have got的否定式相同。 如：I havent (got) any brothers or sisters.（我没有兄弟姐妹） have 的否定形式： 当表示“有”的意思时，可以采用以下三种形式：have+not；do not+ have； have+ no+ n. 如：I have not enough food to eat.= I do not have enough food to eat. =I have no enough food to eat. 当have为助动词时，用“have+ not”结构。如：I have not been toShanghai。 当have既不表示“有”，也不作助动词用时，用“do not+ have”结构。I didnt have breakfast this morning. 具体到反义疑问句中，则遵循以下原则： a.当have表示“有”含义时，反意疑部问部分可以用have形式，也可以用do形式。例如： Hehasabookinhishand, hasnthe? Hehasabookinhishand, doesnthe? b.当陈述部分的动词是have“有”的否定形式时，反意疑问部分是用have形式还是用do形式，取决于陈述部分的动词形式。例如： Youhaventacar, haveyou? Youdonthaveanymoneywithyou, doyou? c.当have不表示“有”含义而表示其他含义时，反意疑问句则必须用do的形式。例如： Wehadagoodtimeinthevacation, didntwe? Hehashisbreakfastatseveneveryday,doesnthe? Youhavetogetupearlytomorrow, dontyou?注意句子中如果有all、both、very much/well等词时,用not一般构成部分否定,如果要完全否定,则通常使用none、neither、notat all等；All of them went there.None of them went there.（他们全都去了那里他们全都没去那里）句子中含有little、few、too(太)、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom等词时, 则视为否定句。如：Few people live there because life there is very hard.（几乎没有人生活在那里因为那里的生活太艰难了）陈述句(主语+谓语+其他)在口语中可以直接表示疑问,表示惊讶或明知故问。如：Thats your boss?（那就是你的老板？！）陈述句一般情况下应使用正常的语序, 即：主语+谓语+其他。但是有时会倒装,详见“倒装句”。所有的从句一律使用陈述句语序,即在连接词后采用“主语+谓语+其他”的顺序。如：The old man told me that he would live here for ten more years before he returns home. （老人告诉我说他还要在这儿住几年然后回家）/ Could you tell me who you saw at the party last night?（能告诉我在聚会上你都看见了谁吗？）4、疑问句：一般疑问句：提问所述情况是否符合事实，要求用是还是不是，对还是错（用“yes”或“no”）来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。1)一般疑问句构成：句中谓语动词是be、情态动词时,则将它们(提前)放到主语前面。（即把主语和be，情态动词调换位置），即“be/情态动词+主语+-”如：Is he an engineer?（他是工程师吗？）/ Have you got todays newspaper? （你有今天的报纸吗？）（特殊情况）/ Shall we go to see a film this evening? （我们今晚去看电影好吗？）/ Can you explain it ?（你能解释它吗？）/ Is there any fish for supper?（晚饭有鱼吗？）/ Would you like to go out for a walk?（你想出去散步吗？）谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时, 则在主语前面加助动词do / does / did, 原来的谓语动词改为原形，即“do+主语+动词原形”。如：Do you get up at six every morning?（你天天早晨六点起身吗？）/ Does she study hard?（她学习努力吗？）/ Did you go there yesterday?（昨天你去那儿了吗？）2)一般疑问句的回答：一般疑问句通常用简略形式来回答。如：Will you join us in playing basketball?（你加入我们打篮球好吗？）Yes, we will.（是的我们会。）/ No, we wont.（不我们不会。）Have you got todays newspaper?（你有今天的报纸吗？）Yes, I have .（是的有。）/ No, I havent.（不没有。）回答时所用的时态应和问句里的时态一致。注意 回答must或者may开头的疑问句要小心,参见情态动词有关内容。3)一般疑问句的否定结构：be/助动词/情态动词+not+主语+- 或：be/助动词/情态动词+主语+not+-如：Will he not come?=Will not he come?（他难道不来吗？）/ Isnt your sister a Party member?=Is your sister not a Party member?（你的姐姐不是党员吗？）/ Dont you like the play?=Do you not like the play?否定疑问句并不单纯的表示提问，它常带有强烈的感情色彩，而且完全式比简略式所表达的语气更强烈：常带有惊异，责难或赞叹的语气，如：Havent you read the newspaper? 你没看过这份报纸？有时暗示提问者期待着肯定的回答，如：Shouldnt we start now? 我们是不是该动身了？ Wasnt it an interesting film? 那部电影不是很有趣吗？ 有时表示邀请或建议，如：Wouldnt you go with me? 你不和我一起去吗？Wont you have a cup of coffee? 你不喝杯咖啡吗？注意：这种否定结构的疑问句的回答与汉语的习惯不同。如果回答是肯定的,就用“yes+肯定结构”；如果回答是否定的,就用“no+否定结构”。(情况与反意问句类似。)如： Cant he answer the question? (他不能回答这个问题吗？)Yes, he can.(不,他能回答这个问题。) No,he cant. (是的,他不能回答这个问题。)（不管怎么问，如果事实上是“是的”，则用yes，如果事实上“不是，不能做某件事的”，则说“no”。特殊疑问句：询问其语句中所缺失的部分，或者说，是要求得到暂时不知道的信息：什么，哪里，怎么样，多少，等等。特殊疑问句是提问实质内容的（要求得到有实质内容回答的，而不简单的回答是否）。特殊疑问词，就是用来代替句子中缺失的东西你要询问的东西的。 What is it？ Who is your teacher? 从这里也看到了，不管从语法角度，还是实际理解角度，如果单是后面的一般疑问句，它是不完整的。1)特殊疑问句结构是：疑问词+ 一般疑问句+-？疑问代词+一般疑问句+？除who以外的疑问代词短语疑问副词如：What do you want?（你要什么？）/ Who(m) are you looking for ?（你在找谁？）/ Whose magazine is this?（这是谁的杂志？）/Which class are you in?（你在哪班？）/ When did you get up this morning?（你今早什么时候起身的？）/ Where have you been?（你到哪儿去了？）/ Why did he go to bed so early?（他为什么这么早睡觉？）/ How did you go there?（你是怎么去的那儿？）非重点，可以省略：但是,“who”引出的询问主语或主语部分相关词的特殊疑问句的结构与陈述句词序相同：如：Who is dancing over there?（谁在那边跳舞？），Who dances best in your class? 班级里谁跳舞最好？有时“what”,“which”,“whose”也可以引出与陈述句词序相同的特殊疑问句。如：What is on the wall?（什么东西在墙上？/墙上有什么？）/ Which is yours?（哪个是你的？）/ Whose book is in your bag?（谁的书在你的书包里？）（谓语动词是be时）注意从陈述句改为特殊问句时,先将剔除掉划线部分的句子改为一般问句,再将(划线)提问部分更改为疑问词置于句首,特别要注意助动词的使用！如果只对主语或主语的修饰词提问,那么只需要将疑问部分改为疑问词即可。2)常用疑问代词和疑问副词：疑问代词： who, whom, whose, which, what,疑问副词： when, where, why, how,how构成的短语：how many (多少个) (独立用；或跟可数名词), how much (多少) (独立用；或跟不可数名词), how old (多大年纪), how far (多远), how often (多常),how long (多久,多长), how soon (多久以后),how many times (多少次),等等。 3)特殊疑问句有时也用否定式。如：Why dont you ask Jim instead?(常缩略为Why not?) (你为什么不转请Jim呢？)4) 特殊疑问句疑问部分有时可以有两个以上的疑问词。如：When and where were you born? (你是何时何地出生的？)5) 疑问词如果是介词的宾语, 则该介词可以在句首,也可以在句尾。如：What do you want a computer for? = For what do you want a computer? (你干嘛要一台电脑呢？)反意疑问句： 反意疑问句表示对陈述句所说的事实提出相反的疑问,要求对方用“yes”或“no”来进行回答。1) 构成：陈述句+附加问句。由两部分组成：前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是疑问句,它是由be ,have, 助动词或情态动词+主语构成。如果陈述句是肯定结构,反意疑问句须用否定结构；反之,陈述句如果是否定结构,反意疑问句须用肯定结构。反意疑问句的两部分, 必须保持人称和时态的一致；反意疑问句的回答有时会和汉语不同。陈述句部分附加问句部分注 意 点肯定陈述句否定的简短一般问句当陈述句部分含有“是”动词、(“有”动词)、情态动词和助动词时,简短问句中沿用该词；否则就使用do/does/did.否定陈述句肯定的简短一般问句如：He is old, isnt he? (他老了不是吗？) / The man went away, didnt he? (那个男人走开了不是吗？) / He isnt old, is he? (他不老是吗？) / He never went there, did he? (他从没有去过那里是吗？)2) 反意问句的回答：无论哪种形式的反意问句,回答时要遵循：“Yes,+肯定式”或者“No,+否定式” 如：The man went away, didnt he?(那人走开了,不是吗？)Yes, he did.(是的,他走了。)/ No, he didnt.(不,他没有走。)The man never went there, did he?(这人从来不去那里,是吗？)Yes, he did.(不是呀,他去的。)/ No, he didnt.(是呀,他不去。)特殊句型：1.祈使句。祈使句后一般加上will you或wont you构成反义疑问句，用will you多表示“请求”，用wont you多表示提醒对方注意。例如：let引导的祈使句有两种情况：lets-，后的反义疑问句用shall we或shant we。如：Lets go home, shant we? 回家吧，好吗？let us/me- 后的反义疑问句用will you或wont you。如：let me have a try, wont you?其他祈使句都用will you或wont you回答。2.反意疑问句的陈述部分含有由un-, im-, in-, dis-, 等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时，陈述部分要视为肯定含义，问句部分用否定形式。Your father is unhappy, isnt he? （不能用is he?）The man is dishonest, isnt he? （不能用is he?）It is impossible to learn English without remembering more words, isnt it?（不能用is it ?）3.反意疑问句的陈述部分带有little, few, never, hardly, seldom，not,no,nobody,nothing, none, neither等否定意义的词时，问句部分用肯定式。如：She never tells a lie, does she? （不用doesnt she?）He was seldom late, was he?（不用wasnt he?）4.反意疑问句的陈述部分为I am时，问句部分虽然也可用“am not I”，但习惯上用arent I？表示。如：I am a very honest man, arent I? 5.反意疑问句的陈述部分为I(We)第一人称 think(believe, suppose, consider) + that从句时，问句部分的动词及主语与that从句内的动词和主语保持一致。如：I think that he has done his best, hasnt he?We think that English is very useful, isnt it? （不用dont we?）6.反意疑问句的陈述部分为I(We) dont think(believe, suppose, consider)+ that从句时，从句为否定意义，问句部分的动词和主语仍与that从句保持一致且用肯定式。如：I dont think that you can do it, can you? （不用do I?）We dont believe that the news is true, is it? （不用do we?）7.反意疑问句的陈述部分为非第一人称主语+ think(believe, suppose, consider) + that从句时，问句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如：They all think that English is very important, dont they? （不用isnt it?）He didnt think that the news was true, did he? （不用wasnt/ was it?）8.反意疑问句的陈述部分为主语+said( told, reported, asked) + that从句时，问句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如：They said that you had finished your work, didnt they? （不用hadnt you）Kate told you that she would go there, didnt she? （不用wouldnt she?）9.陈述部分的主语为不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything时，问句部分的主语用it。如：Something is wrong with the computer, isnt it? Nothing has happened to them, has it?10.陈述部分的主语为不定代词somebody(someone), anybody(anyone), nobody(no one), everybody(everyone)，no, none, neither时，问句部分的主语用he或 they(通常用they)，这时问句动词的数应和he或 they一致。如：Someone has taken the seat, hasnt he?Everyone has done his best in the game, havent they?11.陈述部分为Let me时，问句部分习惯上用shall I? 或will you?形式。如：Let me have a try, shall I?(will you?) 12.陈述部分为Let us时，问句部分习惯上用will you?形式。如：Let us stop to rest, will you? 13.陈述部分为Lets时，问句部分习惯上用shall we?形式。如：Lets go home together, shall we? 14.陈述部分用上述情况以外的祈使句时，问句部分一般用will you?形式表示请求，用wont you？形式表示委婉请求或邀请（即两种情况都可出现，不必遵循前否后肯或前肯后否的原则）。如：Do sit down, wont you?/ will you? You feed the bird today, will you? Please open the window, will you?(wont you?) 15.陈述部分为否定祈使句时，问句部分一般用will you?形式。如：Dont make any noise, will you? 16.陈述部分为There (Here) + be + 主语时，问句部分用be+there(here)?形式。如：There are two cakes on the plate, arent there? Here is a story about Mark Twain, isnt here?17.陈述部分用had better +原形动词表示建议时，问句部分用hadnt +主语？形式。Youd better tell him about the matter, hadnt you?We had better do it by ourselves, hadnt we?18.陈述部分用used to +主语时，问句部分用didnt + 主语？或usednt +主语？形式。He used to live in the country, didnt he?/usednt he?They used to be good friends, didnt they?/usednt they?19.陈述部分用must(may, might) + have + V-ed表示推测时，若句中带有明显的过去时间的状语，问句部分动词用过去时形式。如：He might have forgotten his pen in the classroom yesterday, didnt he? （不用mightnt he?/ hasnt he?）You must have got up late this morning, didnt you?（不用mustnt you?/havent you?）20.陈述部分用must(may, might) + have + V-ed表示推测时，若句中没有带明显的过去时间的状语，问句部分动词用现在完成时形式。如：Everyone must have known the death of the waitress, havent they? （不用mustnt they?）You must have worked there a year ago, didnt you?（不用mustnt you?/ havent you?）21.陈述部分的主语为从句时，问句部分的主语一般用it代替，如：What he said is true, isnt it? （不用didnt he?）Where we will build the dam has not been decided yet, has it? （不用wont we?）22.陈述部分的主语为动名词或不定式时，问句的主语用it代替。如：To do one good deed is easy for a person, isnt it?Skating is your favorite sport, isnt it? 23.陈述部分的主语是不定代词one，反义疑问句的主语可以用one，也可以用you。如：One should be ready to help others, shuldnt one?反意疑问句专题练习1.I think they will go to town tomorrow, _? A.do I B.dont I C.will they D.wont they2.I dont believe he can catch up with me, _? A.can he B.cant he C.do I D.dont I 3.Im sure that I will be well again, _? A.am I B.arent I C.will I D.wont I4.I am afraid that he will not come, _? A.am I B.arent I C.will he D.wont he5.They dont believe you are wrong, _? A.are you B.arent you C.do they D.dont they6.He thought you were Beijing, _? A.didnt he B.did he C.werent you D.were you7.We told you that he would come tonight, _? A.didnt we B.did we C.would he D.wouldnt he8.The reporter said the news was not true, _? A.wasnt it B.didnt he C.did he D.was it9.They suggested that he should go to work at once, _? A.did they B.didnt they C.should he D.shouldnt he10.Your brother has lunch at home, _-? A.hasnt he B.doesnt he C.has he D.does he11.John has to get up early, _? A.has he B.hasnt he C.does he D.doesnt he12.She has got to get everything ready, _? A.hasnt she B.has she C.doesnt she D.does she13.She has never been to China, _?A.has she B.hasnt she C.doesnt she D.does she14.She had better tell you the news right now, _?A.had she B.hadnt she C.did she D.didnt she15.They would rather not have done that last week,_? A.would they B.wouldnt they C.have they D.havent they16.Id rather stay here for a rest, _?A.did I B.would I C.didnt I D.wouldnt I 17.You ought to do it again,_?A.ought you B.oughtnt you C.do you D.dont you18.You must do that again,_?A.mustnt you B.neednt you C.do you D.dont you19.He must wait here, _?A.mustnt he B.doesnt he C.shouldnt he D.does he20.He must be a good worker,_?A.mustnt he B.neednt he C.isnt he D.doesnt he选择疑问句：提出两种或两种以上情况,需要对方作出选择回答的疑问句叫选择疑问句。1) 构成：(1) 一般疑问句 + or + 第二选项？ (2) 特殊疑问句 + 第一选项(+ 第二选项)+ or + 第三选项？2)选择疑问句的结构与特殊疑问句相同,即要具体回答,不可以用yes / no回答。如：Is your friend a boy or a girl? A girl. (-你的朋友是男孩还是女孩？-是女孩。) / Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? Tea, please. (-你要哪一样咖啡还是茶？-请来茶吧。) / Which do you like best, singing, dancing or skating? -Dancing, of course. (-唱歌、跳舞和溜冰你最喜欢哪样？-当然是跳舞啦！)5、祈使句：祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。祈使句的肯定式： 动词(原形) + 其他 如：Please give me a hand. (请帮忙) / Shut up! (住嘴！) 祈使句的否定式： Dont +动词原形 + 其他 如：Please dont talk in low voices. (请不要低声讲话。) / Dont look back! (不要掉头看。)注意 以“lets”引出的祈使句的否定结构,“not”应放在“lets”后面。如：Lets not trouble him. (我们不要打扰他。)肯定祈使句前可以用助动词来加强语气。如：Please do help me! (请千万帮帮我。)6、感叹句：感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“！”对含有形容词的名词短语感叹的结构通常是：What + (a /an) + (形容词) +名词+ 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的名词,如：What a good, kind girl (she is)! (她是多么善良的好女孩！) / What bad weather (it is)! (天气真糟糕！)仅对形容词或副词进行感叹的结构通常是：How + 形容词/副词 + 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的形容词、副词或动词。How carefully the old man walks! (这老人走路真小心！) / How delicious the food is! (这食品真好吃！) / How beautiful! (真美呀！)有时,陈述句、祈使句、疑问句、一个词或词组,也带有一定的感情色彩,也可以成为感叹句,此时未必使用感叹句型。He is sitting on a tigers back! (他坐在老虎的背上！) / A nice shot! (漂亮一击！) / Good goal! (好球！)