2014环境工程专业英语大作业.doc

专业英语大作业一、翻译1. The breadth and complexity of the environmental problems we face and the scientific, economic and social impediments to their solution emphasize how important it is that environmental scientists and engineers gain an appreciation for the processes and functioning of all environmental compartments air, soil, water, and energy and intentionally account for the long-term consequences and sustainability of the actions they propose, whether they be preventative or remedial.我们所面临的环境问题的广度和复杂程度以及对解决这个问题的科学的、经济的、社会的阻碍，都集中到了这样一个重要性：环境科学家与工程师们获得一个对多有环境因素诸如空气、石油、水、能量的流程和功能的判断，有意阐明所提议的行为的长期结果和可持续发展性，是否他们（环境问题）可以预防和补救。2. As these next-generation technologies are considered, the selection of those for further development and implementation ought to consider a broadened definition of performance to include improved water quality and quantity as well as energy and materials consumption, ecosystem function at the source and sink, life-cycle impacts, and human-health outcomes.这些被认为是下一代技术,它们进一步开发和实现的选择应当考虑改善水质量和数量,以及能源和材料消耗, 在源和水槽,生命周期的影响、人类健康结果的影响的生态系统功能的定义。3. The next step is to combine the exposure data with so-called exposureresponse (or concentrationresponse) functions (the quantified relationship between health risk and exposure to air pollution) and data for the actual frequency in the given area of, for example, deaths and hospital admissions due to air-pollution-related diseases.下一步是把曝光数据与所谓的曝光反应（或浓度响应）功能(健康风险和暴露于空气污染之间的量化关系)和数据的实际频率的特定区域（例如，死亡和因空气污染住院的）相结合4. Environmental engineers must seek to understand the nature and functioning of large and complex systems in order to protect whole ecosystems, produce new and sustainable technologies, prevent the outbreak of diseases across global scales, and protect the environment from damage resulting from the production of new chemicals.环境工程师必须去理解性质和功能大而复杂的系统,以保护整个生态系统产生新的、可持续的技术,防止疾病的疫情在全球范围传播,保护环境免受新化学物质的破坏。5. With increased scientific knowledge derived from laboratory studies and environmental monitoring concerning the impacts of the residual constituents found in secondary effluent, it is anticipated that many of the methods now classified as advanced will become conventional within the next 5 to 10 years.随着实验室研究和环境监测有关发现二级污水中残留成分的影响，科学知识在急剧增加，预计,有许多现在列为先进的技术将在未来5至10年成为传统的方法。6. Nonselective in their mode of attack and able to operate at normal temperature and pressures, hydroxyl radicals are capable of oxidizing almost all reduced materials present without restriction to specific classes or groups of compounds, as compared to other oxidants.相比其他氧化剂，它们能够在非选择性的攻击模式、在正常的温度和压力下,减少几乎所有材料的羟基自由基的氧化能力，然而现在它们没有被划分到具体的类或化合物组,7. International development organizations and human rights groups increasingly insist, however, that environmental problems that deprive vulnerable populations in developing countries of access to shelter, water, or food or that spread diseases, whatever the sources, are security issues.虽然环境问题剥夺了发展中国家的弱势群体获得庇护的权利, 但是, 国际发展组织和人权组织越来越多的坚持水,和食物,或者无论如何产生的传播疾病都是最重要的安全问题。8. Encouraged by funds appropriated by governments that are motivated by public interest, researchers have turned their research to evaluate damage or potential damage to the “environment” to humans, other species, or systems that need to be protected.出于公共利益,由政府拨款的鼓励基金支持研究人员用他们的研究来评估伤害或潜在伤害人类的“环境”, 需要保护的其他物种或系统,9. The North China Plain bounded by the Hai, Huai, and Yellow rivers has 33% of Chinas population and generates the same national percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) and industrial output, yet only shares 7.7% of the national water resources. Conversely, 21.3% of the countrys water resources are in the southwest, but that region accounts for only 0.7% of the national GDP and industrial output.华北平原有东海,淮河和黄河，拥有中国33%的人口和相同比例的国内生产总值(GDP)和工业产出,但却只有7.7%的国家水资源。相反,我国21.3%的水资源在西南地区,但该地区仅占国家GDP和工业产值的0.7%。10. The projection is based on a wide range of assumptions about the main forces driving future emissions (such as population growth and technological change) but does not reflect any efforts to control emissions due to concerns about climate change.这个投影是基于驱动未来的碳排放的主要因素(人口增长和技术变革等)一系列假设,但并不能反映由于人们对气候变化的担忧而控制排放的努力。11. As developing nations industrialize, pollutant concentrations and the numbers of exposed individuals increase; as new chemicals are added to our environment we discover more complex and troubling impacts; as we more carefully monitor ecosystems, we become more alarmed at the threats our activities have on the very fabric of life on Earth.当发展中国家正在工业化时，污染物聚集程度以及暴露在这些化学品影响之下的人数都在逐渐增加；当新的化学物质被应用到我们日常环境中时，我们发现了越来越多的复杂和麻烦的影响；当我们越来越细心仔细的监视着生态系统时，我们也变的对由我们自己日常活动给地球上基本生活结构带来的威胁越来越警觉。12. Recognition of this interconnectedness has led the African Development Bank and other development organizations to agree that integrating adaptation responses into development planning, which includes improvements in water and sanitation, is an important way to address climate change impacts on the poor.识别的互联性导致了非洲开发银行和其他开发组织同意将适应反应集成到发展规划中,其中包括改善水和卫生设施这一个重要的方法来应对气候变化对穷人的影响13. Research is ongoing to determine (1) the environmental effects of potential toxic and biologically active substances found in wastewater and (2) how these substances can be removed by both conventional and advanced wastewater-treatment processes.研究确定：(1)废水的环境具有潜在的毒性并可以对生物活性物质产生影响 (2) 如何利用传统和先进的污水处理工艺发现这些物质14. For example, a qualitative test may involve the use of a reagent which develops a colour in the presence of the analyte. However, below a certain concentration or detection limit the colour will not be detectable. Thus, the qualitative test is quantitative also in the sense that it can only show that the analyte concentration does not exceed a certain detection limit.例如,定性试验可能涉及使用试剂开发分析物存在的色彩。然而,低于一定浓度或检测极限的颜色不会被检测到。因此,定性试验在某种意义上只能显示浓度不超过一定的检出限的分析物15. Much of the environment damage caused by developments occurs during the construction phase, and a problem is that construction is usually contracted to a construction company who will not have participated in the EIA process, and over whom the developer may have little control.许多损害环境的事是发生在施工阶段,其中一个问题是,施工单位通常是一个不会参与环境影响评价的公司,而且开发人员也可能会无法控制16. Nevertheless, the general direction and boundaries of that trajectory can be established through a combination of knowledge of the damaged ecosystems pre-existing structure ,composition and functioning, studies on comparable intact ecosystems, information about regional environmental conditions, and analysis of other ecological, cultural and historical reference information.然而,总的方向和边界的轨迹可以通过知识的结合建立受损生态系统的预先存在的结构、组成和功能,比较完整的生态系统,研究区域环境条件、信息和分析其他生态、文化和历史的参考信息等17. The story of MTBE provides another example of unintended consequences. MTBE was first added to gasoline in the early 1980s to replace the octane enhancer tetraethyllead and to help clean the air by reducing exhaust emissions. Inadvertent leakage from cars and storage tanks, however, has led to MTBE contamination of groundwater, including drinking water sources, in many parts of the United States.MTBE的故事提供了一个意想不到的后果。MTBE在1980年代初首次添加到汽油代替辛烷增强器四乙基铅,并通过减少废气排放帮助清洁空气。然而,却因不慎从汽车和储油罐泄漏,导致了MTBE污染美国许多地区包括饮用水来源的地下水.18. In the simplest circumstances, restoration consists of removing or modifying a specific disturbance, thereby allowing ecological processes to bring about an independent recovery. For example, removing a dam allows the return of an historical flooding regime.在最简单的情况下,去除或修改一个特定的干扰组分,从而为生态过程带来一个独立的复苏。例如,移除一个大坝使洪水可以发生.19. Because of the extensive research into the mechanisms of BNR, the advantages of its use, and the number of BNR systems that have been placed into operation, nutrient removal, for all practical purposes, has become a part of conventional wastewater treatment. 因为对BNR机制进行了广泛的研究,BNR系统具有的优势使它已投入生产, 并且出于实用的目的营养物去除 ,已成为传统废水处理的一部分20. The municipal wastewater treatment enterprise is composed of over 16,000 plants that are used to treat a total flow of about 1400 cubic meters per second (m3/s). Approximately 92 percent of the total existing flow is handled by plants having a capacity of 0.044 m3/s and larger. 市政污水处理企业有16000多个设备用于治理总流量约1400立方米/秒(立方米/秒)的污水。大约 92%的总现有的流程是由具有 0.044 m3/s和更大能力的设备处理的。作文1. Read one of the following reading materials, and write abstract about it (100 words)(1) Unit1, Reading Material A(2) Unit13, Reading Material BAdvanced oxidation processes are used to oxidize complex organic constituents found in wastewater that are difficult to degrade biologically into simpler end products. Included theory of advanced oxidation,technologies used to produce hydroxy radicals, (ozone/UV, hydrogen peroxide/UV). Besides, the reading material tell our oxidation of refractory organic compounds and operational problems. (3) Unit 7, Reading Material A2. Choose one of the following topic, then write an article to express your opinion (150 words)What are the differences and relationships between the four terms, global warming, greenhouse effect, and climate change?Global warming and the greenhouse effect is mainly due to the modern industrial society burning too much coal, oil and natural gas release large amounts of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere. However, State of climate change is the average climate change with time, the state that climate average and deviation (analyzed) both in one or two there was statistically significant change together.We know that there are many common relationship between global warming, greenhouse effect, and climate change. Carbon dioxide emissions from excess greenhouse effect, at the same time can also cause global warming. The greenhouse effect and global warming lead to climate change.3、 作业说明1. 作业需独立完成，可以查阅资料、字典等，但不能互相讨论，如发现有雷同的答案或是作文，本门课程成绩作废；2. 作业完成时间为两周，请学习委员于2014年11月24日前收齐作业的纸质版和电子版，纸质版交到环境学院119办公室，电子版发送至邮箱wendy992918sina.com。