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2012年八年级下知识点U6-10Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?重点语法：现在完成进行时态1. 现在完成进行时用法：表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的工作，这个动作可能刚结束，也可能还要继续下去，强调“谈 论一直做某事”2 连用时间：since+表示过去的时间点或从句；for+一段时间（for two hours, since 1998, all this morning, these few days）。2.现在完成进行时态结构：肯定句：主语+have / has +been+ v-ing (当主语为第三人称单数时，助动词用has,其他人称用have) 否定句：主语+have / has +not+ been+ v-ing (主语+havent / hasnt+ been+ v-ing)一般疑问句：Have / Has +主语+been+ v-ing？ (答语：Yes,have/has; Nq,havent / hasnt)特殊疑问句：疑问词+ have/ Has +主语+been+ v-ing1I have been writing the letter since then.从那时起我一直在写这封信。（动作从过去一直持续到现在还在继续）2I have been collecting stamps for ten years.自从10年前我就收集邮票了（动作从过去一直现在还在收集）。 3 How long have you been living here?你在这儿已经住了多长时间了。（“居住”动作从过去一直现在还在继续）重点短语： 1. how long 多久/多长时间 对for+一段时间、since+表示过去的时间或从句 (Since+时间点 since 2003自从2003年以来 since last year自从去年以来) ；Since+从句(从句中多用过去式 since I was seven years old自从我七岁以来）；Since + 一段时间+ago since two years ago自从两年前以来) 提问 2.how soon (对in一段时间提问) ; how old; how many; how much; how often; how long; how far; 3. an hour ago一个小时前 4.store sth储存某物 during the winterin winter在冬天 in fact 实际上 5.the globes with animals in them 带有动物的玻璃球; the snow globe of the monster; a birthday cake snow globe 6.a house with a small garden带有小花园的房子 dont have to 不必an interesting city with a colorful history 一个有着丰富多彩历史文化的有趣的城市7. Australians and western history澳大利亚和西方的历史 8.go to work in China去中国工作 9 .for a foreigner like me对一个像我这样的外国人来说10. in a special way用特殊的方法 11.tell sb. about sth告诉某人关于某事 12.make a list列一个清单 13.learn about Chinese history学习关于中国历史 14.be welcomed by受到的欢迎 15. run out of 用完；用尽 ; run out of roommoneytime用完空间金钱时间 16.Sb.run out of sth.某人用完了某物 17. by the way 顺便说说；顺便说一下 18. be /become interested in sth/ doing sth. 对某事/某事做感兴趣 19. more than=over 比多/超过 less than 少于 20. would like to do sth. = want to do sth. = feel like doing sth. 想要做某事21. like doing sth like to do sth 喜欢做某事 22. send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物赠送给某人23. room 房间（用于可数名词）；空间（用于不可数名词） make room for sb给某人腾出地方24. a pair of (eg: a pair of glasses/skates/shoes/pants ) 一双，一副,一把，一条 old coins 古币25. raisefor 为筹集.(raise money for charity 为慈善机构募捐 raise money 筹钱) talk to /with sb 和某人交谈26. the whole five hours =all the five hours 整整五个小时 27.thanks for sth /doing sth 谢谢你28. in Russian style 以俄罗斯的风格 29. fly kites /fly a kite 放风筝 30. fly a kitefly kites in the park在公园放风筝31. finish doing sth. 结束做某事/做完某事 32. Chinese dynasty 中国的王朝 33. famous characters 著名人物34. the Olympic Games 奥运会= the Olympics 35.(be) far away from 在远处 work far away在远方工作36. be hard to understand很难理解 have problems with languages学语言有困难 37.think of sb.sth想起某人.某物38. be certain to do确定做某事 Im certainsure+句子。我相信 39.on the way to. 在的路上40. miss my family想念我的家 miss my parents想念我的父母 41. on my seventh birthday 在我七岁生日时 42. collect stamps/coins/kites /shells 收集邮票/硬币/风筝/贝壳 43. My hobby is doing sth我的爱好是做某事（My hobby is collecting stamps. = My hobby is to collect stamps.）44. learn a lot about 了解.很多（learn a lot about my family history了解很多关于我家族的历史）45. the first skating marathon 首次马拉松滑冰比赛 first one to do sth.(the first one to start第一个开始)46. the first to do sth 做某事的第一个人 (eg She is the first student to get to school .)47. won the first prize in the English competition在英语比赛中获得了一等奖 win the first prize 获得一等奖48. get my first pair of skates得到我第一双溜冰鞋49. thousands of 数千 two thousand years ago两千年前 thousands of artists 数以千计的艺术家50. start class 开始上课 in class在课堂上 51. several=some/a few几个 several skaters几个溜冰者52. start a snow globe collectors club开办雪球仪收集者俱乐部 53. start a club创建一个俱乐部54. the most common (unusual, interesting) hobby 最普通(不平凡/有趣)的爱好 55. listen to music videos听音乐碟片 listen to music听音乐56. organize a talent show组织才艺表演organize a talent show to raise money for charity为慈善机构捐钱而举办的才艺展示57. extra English lessons额外的英语课 58. have problems with the language 语言方面有问题59. the capital of 的首都/省会（the capital of Beijing 北京首都 the capital of China中国的首都 the capital of Guangxi广西首府the capital of Heilongjiang Province黑龙江的省会）60. 基数词+名词（单/复数）+and +a half=基数词+and + a half+名词（复数）three years and a half = three and a half years 三年半61. It was interesting for me to learn history. 学习历史对我来说很有趣 62. a pair of skates/shoes/glasses/trousers/jeans一双滑冰鞋/一双鞋/一副眼镜/一条裤子/牛仔裤63. How much is a pair of skates/ shoes/ glasses/ jeans?= How much does a pair of skates/ shoes/ glasses/ trousers/ jeans cost?How much are the skates/shoes/glasses/trousers/jeans? = How much do the skates/shoes/glasses/trousers/jeans cost?64. would like to do sth=feel like doing sth=want to do sth 想要做某事65. another 另外一个（三个或三个以上中的另外一个） the other 另外一个（两个中另外一个） onethe other一个另一个. someothers一些另一些 other 别的、其它的 用在名词之前 else 别的、其它的 用在疑问词和不定代词之后 anyone else 其它任何人（else总是后置） 66. What to do=How to do it 怎么做 67. start doing sth=begin to do sth 开始做某事 68. What do you think of=How do you like 你觉得怎么样? (它的答语用形容词来描述)69. agree with sb 同意某人的意见 agree to do sth 同意做某事 agree on sth 与达成一致意见70. be able to do sth 能做某事 71. enjoy/ practice/ mind/ finish/ keep + v-ing 72. quite far from 距离相当远 be far from 离远 live quite far from Beijing住得离北京相当远 73. The+比较级+主语+谓语，the+比较级+主语+谓语。表示“越-，就越-”（前半句表条件，后半句表结果）(1) The more I learn about Chinese history, the more I enjoy living in China. 我学习中国历史越多，我就越喜欢住在中国。(2) The more you eat, the fatter you will be.你吃越多，你就越胖(3) The harder you work, the better grades you will get.你越努力学习，你的成绩就越好。Unit 7 Would you mind turning down the music?重点语法：mind（ones）+v-ing. 介意（某人）做某事 (mind/ finish/ enjoy/ practice + v-ing)表示委婉、客气地提出请求：Would you mind doing?=Do you mind doing.?“你介意?”“请你好不好？” Would you mind not doing?=Do you mind not doing.? “请你不要做好吗？”表示同意/不介意的回答： Certainly not. /Of course not. / No, not at all.表示不同意或不赞成某人做某事1) Sorry ./ Im sorry+陈述某种理由来表示拒绝或反对 2)Yes, youd better not. +然后再陈述拒绝或反对的理由。Would /Do you mind sb / sbs doing sth? 你介意某人做某事吗？ 例：would you mind my/me closing the window?=Would you mind if I close the window?你介意我把窗户关上吗？3. Could you please (not) do sth? 请你（不）做某事可以吗？ 回答1)用can而不能用could.(Yes, I can./ Sorry, I cant.) Yes, Id love to. 2) sure. Yes, of courseNo problem. 当然好没问题4. Would you like to do sth? 你愿意.吗？ 5.Would/will/can you please do sth? 请（不）做.好吗？ 重点短语：1.turn（it/them）down/ turn（it/them）up 关小声/调大声音（电器）turn on the radio打开收音机 turn off the TV关电视机 turn up the player调高播放器 turn down the music调低音乐 2. keep sth down 阻止/控制/降低 keep your voice down控制压低你的声音 keep the voice down控制声音 3. right away = in a minute = at once 立刻；马上 in a minute一会儿 4.do/ wash the dishes洗餐具 5. get up起床 6. allow sb. to do(not to do sth)允许某人做(不做)某事 7. get out of the bathroom从浴室出来 8.not at all 一点也不 9. Please (dont) do sth. 请（不）做某事 10. move the bike移动自行车 11.hasnt = has not 12. be late for school/class=arrive late for school上学/上课迟到 13. wait in line=stand in line排队等候 14. cut in line 插队 15. getbe annoyed with sb.对某人恼火 get/ be mad at sb= get/ be annoyed with sb= get/be angry with sb 对某人生气 16. drop litter乱丢垃圾/扔垃圾 17. happen to sb 发生在身上 18. at first = first of all 首先19. leave for+某地 (离开去某地)； leave sth+某地 (把某物忘在某地) ； leave sb.+ 某地 (把某人留在某地) 20 in public=in public places在公共场合/在公众场所 do sth in public在公众场所做某事 21.at last=in the end=finally 最后 22.put out 熄灭 put out the cigarettethe fire熄灭香烟火 23. depend on 依赖；依靠 24. half an hour半小时25. wait for sb. 等候某人 wait for five minutes等5分钟 wait for the bus等公共汽车 26. take care 当心=be careful=look out；小心 take care not to do sth当心不做某事 be careful of sthsb.小心某物某人 27. take care of = care for =look after 关心；照顾 28. break the rule 不遵守规则 obey the rule = follow the rules 遵守规则 29. pick sth. up 捡起某物 pick itthem up把它它们捡起来 30.finish these tasks完成这些任务 31. in fact实际上32.put on 穿上（动作） wear 穿着（状态） dress sb. 给某人穿衣（dress后不能跟衣服） 33. order food 点食物34. put on another pair of jeans = put on another pair穿上另一条 35.make posters制作海报 make some posters制作一些海报36. .in the kitchen在厨房 37.help me in the kitchen进厨房帮帮我 38. make dinner做饭/做晚餐 39. must be 一定是40. stand close to .站在的旁边 41. follow sb. around 跟在某人周围 42. want to be polite 要有礼貌 43. behave politely 表现有礼貌（副词修饰动词） 44. a polite behavior文明行为 45. be polite to sb 对.有礼貌 46 be polite/impolite 有礼貌/不礼貌 ） 47. Its polite to do sth做某事是有礼貌的 48. an impolite behavior不文明行为49. Its impolite to do sth做某事是没礼貌的 50. one of the most polite ways is最有礼貌的方式之一是 51. normal and polite behavior普遍有礼貌的行为 52. have different ideas about 有不同的见解 53. feel uncomfortable感到不舒服 54. be with sb. 和.在一起 55.have a long telephone conversation 煲电话粥56. try (not) to do sth. 尽力（不去）做某事 57. even if/though 尽管、即使 58. a terrible haircut 一个糟糕/可怕的发型59. help sb. with sth.=help (to) do sth 帮助某人做 60. feed the dog 喂狗 keep the dog 养狗61. return sb sth=return sth to sb 把还给 =give back sth to sb =give sth back to sb (sth是代词时放在中间）62. go back to +地点=return to+地点 回到/返回某地 63. its better to +vhad better +v 最好做某事 64. No problem=thats no problem 没问题 65. in every culture 在每一种文化领域. 66. an Asian country亚洲国家67.（cant）stand sthdoing sth （不能/无法）某物忍受做某事 68. an English-speaking country说英语的国家69. talk loudly 大声讲话/谈话 70. talk loudly on the phone大声打电话 71. in the school library在学校图书馆72. The pen doesnt work. =The pen is broken. =There is something wrong with the pen. 这支钢笔坏了/写不出了。73. get out of the bathroom 从浴室里出来 74 . complain about 抱怨 75. the wrong size 错误的尺寸 76. sometimes=at times 有时 77. a hamburger with French fries 有薯条的汉堡包 78. all the time=always 一直、总是79. happen to sb 某人发生某事 80. In the future 在将来 90. do the same thing 做同样的事 91. wait for sb 等候某人92. so/such:用法：（1）such+形容词+不可数名词/可数名词复数； such a/an+形容词+可数名词单数；（2）so+形容词+不可数名词/可数名词复数；so+形容词+a/an+单数名词； so many /much /few /little+名词93. a little +不可数名词= a bit of+不可数名词 (一点儿) ; a bit+形容词=a little+形容词 a bit late有点迟94. on ones way to 在去的路上 ; （当地点是home时不用to）; on the way to school ; on my way home; 95. arrive in/at=reach=get to 到达 96. welcome to our neighborhood 欢迎成为我们的邻居97. look up in the dictionary 查字典 98. another pair 另一双；另一条99. 1) spend timemoney on sth 在某事上花时间金钱; spend time with sb. 和某人度过时光spend timemoney(in) doing sth 花费时间或金钱做某事 （人作主语）2) It takes sb. some time to do sth. 某人花时间做某事 （it作为形式主语）3) pay for sth. ; pay money for sth （pay的主语是人） 4) sth cost sb money （物作主语）他们的过去式和过去分词都是不规则的 spend-spent-spent take-took-taken pay-paid-paid cost-cost-cost100. seem like好像，似乎，看上去像 seem to do sth 好像做某事 seem +that 从句 好像101. be not the same as与不一样 102. quite common 相当普通(quite +a/an +形容词+n.) 103. see sb do sth 看见某人做某事 （经常性或看见全过程） see sb doing sth 看见某人正在做某事104. give some suggestions /advice给一些建议 105. be at a meeting=have a meeting 在开会106. one of the+形容词最高级+名词复数 表示“最之一”（作主语时，谓语动词用单数）107. return the books to the library把这些书还给图书馆 108.help me with my homework帮我做作业109. here you are 给你 110.someone you know你认识的某个人 111. ask sb( not )to do sth叫某人(不)做某事Unit 8 Why dont you get her a scarf重点语法：表示提建议的句型：1. Why dont you +动词原形？=Why not+动词原形？ 例句：Why dont you get her a camera? = Why not get her a camera?2. How about/What about +名词/代词/动词-ing形式？ .怎么样？例句：How about some tennis balls? = What about some tennis balls? You shouldshouldnt do sth你应该不应该某事3. You could do sth.你可以做某事 4.Youd better (not) do sth. 你最好(不要)做某事。5. Shall I / we do sth.? 我(们)做好吗?” 6. Would/ will/ can / could you please do sth? 请做.好吗？7. Lets+动词原形。 让我们做吧 8. Would you like to do sth.? 你想要做吗? 9. What should I do? 我应当怎么做? 感叹句的构成： What +a/an +adj.+ 可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)！ What +adj.+可数名词复数/不可数名词(+主语+谓语)！ How +adj. +a/an +可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)！ How +adj/adv.(+主语+谓语)！What a lucky guy! 多幸运的小伙子！ How beautiful the girl is!重点短语： 1. That sounds good. 那听起来不错. (sound +形) 2. rather than +名/代/动词原形 宁愿而不愿，胜于 would dorather than do宁愿不愿做 ，胜于3. fall asleep =be asleep 入睡 sleep all day=sleep the whole day 整天睡觉 3. instead of sth/ sb/ doing sth 代替、而不是 4. compare with sth. 与相比 on stage在舞台上5. not interesting special creative enough不够有趣/特别/ 创意; enough moneytime（形容词/副词+enough; enough +名词 enough常位于“名”前 “形”后） ; enough（ +形）to do sth 足以能做事 6. get her a scarf 给她买一条围巾 7. addto 把加在上 8. photo album像册 9. named/called 被叫做 a pig namedcalled Connie一头叫Connie的猪 a boy named Tom一个叫做Tom的男孩 10.give away 赠送；分发 11. too（1） 也，用在肯定句句末。（2）太，后接形容词。too personal太私人化 12.too much+不可数名词(太多) too many+可数名词复数太多， much too+形容词 (太)13.make a special meal 做一顿特别的饭 make a special meal for sb.为某人做一顿饭 14. an 8-year-old child一个六岁的孩子 a six-year-old child 一个6岁的孩子 15. these days最近，目前，现在 16. hear of = hear about 听说 hear from 收到来信 17. in different ways 用不同的方法18.as +形/副（原级）+as 与一样 19.not at all 根本不,一点也不 20. different kinds of不同种类21. make her happy使她高兴 22.take an interest in sthdoing sth= be interested in sth / doing sth 对某物做某事感兴趣23. be mentioned 被提到 24. encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事 25. make friends with sb 与某人交朋友 26. someone else别人（else总是后置） 27. improve English提高英语 28. make progress 取得进步 make great progress ; make progress in. 在某方面取得进步make progressby doing 通过取得进步 29. on my twelfth twentieth birthday 在我12/20岁生日那天30. across China = all over China 全中国 from across China = from all over China 来自全（中）国各地的31. enter a contest by singing popular English songs 参加英语流行歌曲的比赛32. come from all age group 来自所有年龄组 33. the winner of the womens competition女子组比赛的获奖者33. win the prize得奖 34.try to speak English more尽量多说点英语 35. a spokesperson from the Olympic Committee一位奥委会的代言人 36. many other fun ways to learn English许多学英语的有趣的方法37. make friends with a native speaker of English跟讲英语的本地人交朋友38. a pot-bellied pig 大肚猪 mouse老鼠-mice 39. find out 找出 40.the mens/womens competition 男/女子组比赛 41.the Olympic Games = the Olympics 奥运会 42.have fun doing sth.=have fun with sth. 做很愉快43. leave school 毕业离校 44. suggest doing sth 提议做某事 45.too +形/副 +to do sth. 太而不能 not+形容词+enough to do sth 46. have fun with sth. 做某事有乐趣/做某事很开心做某事很开心= have fun doing sth.47. receive sth. from.=get sth. from 从某人处收到某物 receive a letter from sb 收到某人的来信48. find a good way to learn English找到一个学英语好办法49.a goldfish two goldfish 一条金鱼两条金鱼 50. easy/difficult to take care of 容易/难养活 51. besides 除以外（包括在内） except 除以外（不包括在内） 52. half way 半道、中途、半路 53.different kinds of 不同种类 many different kinds of 许多不同种类的 54. as as 与一样 not as/soas 与比不如其 (原级)55. be able to 能够(可用于各种时态 Can 能（只有一般现在时和一般过去时could ） 56. all age groups 各个年龄段、所有年龄段的人 57. native speakers 说本族语的人 58. Its+形容词(for sb)+to do sth 做某事(对某人)是- 59. give money to charity 把钱捐给慈善事业 raise money for charity60 be better than-比-更好 61.the winner of- -的获胜者 62. learn to do sth学会做某事63. hear from sb=receive a letter from sb收到某人的来信 64. study hard=work hard 努力学习 65. a native speaker of English说英语的本土人 66 .hear sing speak clearly 听唱说清楚 67. teach us English教我们英语(us不能换成 our) 68 .win the first prize in the contest 在比赛中获得一等奖69. good company好伙伴 70.enter a contesta house进入比赛房子 71. give sb sth=give sth to sb 把某物给某人72. make sb sth=make sth for sb 给某人制作某 73. at night 在晚上 74. all day=the whole day 整整一天;全天75. may be given away 可能被赠送 76. give back 归还 give in 屈服 give up 放弃 Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement?重点语法：现在完成时现在完成时构成： 肯定句：主语+have/has+动词过去分词； 否定句：主语+have/has +not +动词过去分词 一般疑问句：Have/Has + 主语+动词过去分词？ 肯定回答：Yeshave. 否定回答：No, havent.Have you ever been to a space museum? 你曾经去过太空博物馆吗？ Yes, I have. No, I havent. Never. 是的，我已经去过。 没有去过。 从没去过。Has she taken the plane to Beijing before? 以前她坐过飞机去北京吗 Yes, she has. No, she hasnt.是的，坐过。 没有坐过。I have been to the zoo twice. 我已经去过动物园两次了。 I have been a flight attendant for one year. 我成为一名空中服务员已经一年了。I have had this computer for 2years. 我买了这台电脑已经两年了。1) 现在完成时态表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。现在完成时态常见标志词：already （“已经”，用于肯定句中，放在have /has之后或句尾）； yet （“仍然”“还”，用于疑问句或否定句的句尾） just（“刚刚”，放在have /has之后）； before（“以前”，放在句尾）； ever（“曾经”，放在have /has之后）； never （“从没有”，在have /has之后） ；since +时间点/从句(过去时) 自.以来 for +时间段. 提问用：How long 多久（疑问句中用来提问since/for短语的） 例： I have just/ever/already/never seen the movie. Have you ever heard of the man before?Whats the best gift you have ever received? 你曾收到的最好礼物是什么? 2. Its the best film I have ever seen. = I havent seen such a good film before. 这是我看过的最好看的电影例句：1.Our teacher has just left. 2. We have studied English already. 3. I have not finished the homework yet.4. He has never been to Beijing before. 5. My father has been to Beijing twice.（下面斜体的属于难点，有能力的有空学学，目前不做特别要求掌握）2).某个动作从过去已经开始,一直持续到现在,还有可能持续到将来.动作的持续性要通过一段时间来表示一段时间的表达方法有两种: for: +一段时间 for a year for two weeks for three years Since +过去的某一时刻, since nine since last week Since +一般过去时态的时间状语从句 since you came ; since you got home.注意：结束性动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用,但是它们可以转换成相应的延续性动词.1.直接用延续性动词 buy have；catch(get) a cold have a cold；borrowkeep；becomebe；put on- wear I have been a student here for a year. 我成为这的学生有一年了. （不能用become） =I became a student here a year ago.I have been a teacher since ten years ago(for ten years.) （不能用become）2.转换成be+名词 join the army be a soldier；join the Party be a Party member； go to school be a student 3转换成be+形容词或副词diebe dead；finish be over；beginbe on；leavebe away ； fall sleep be asleep； close be closed ； come to/ go to/arrive at(in)+某地be in(at) +某地4.转换成 be+介词短语go to school be in school ； get upup； 例： I bought the pen three days ago. = I have had the pen for three days. The train left five minutes ago.= The train has been away for five minutes.I_ the bike for two years. 我买这台电脑两年了。 A. bought B. have bought C.have had D.buy（have bought “买”是终止性动词，在肯定句中不能与for 或since的时间状语连用，所以要说买了多长时间要用“have had”,所以本题选C） I borrowed a book from the library a week ago.= I have kept a book for a week.3） 现在完成时与一 般过去时的区别： 现在完成时和一般过去时的动作都发生在过去。现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果，不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时只表示过去的动作和状态，与现在没有关系。有具体的过去时间状语要用一般过去时。 He lived in Chongqing in 2008. 他2008年住在重庆。（他目前住在哪里并不清楚） He has lived in Chongqing since 2008. 他自从2008年就住 在重庆。（他目前还住在重庆） Tom has bought a blue car. 汤姆已经买了一辆蓝色小车。（表明汤姆现在仍在使用） Tom bought a blue car. 汤姆买了一辆蓝色小车。（不涉及汤姆现在是否在使用）另外，since主句要用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。 He has worked here since the factory opened.主句（现在完成时） 从句（一般过去时）have been to“到过某地”现在已经回来，侧重指经历； have/has never been to从未去过 have/ has gone to已经去了某地;去了 ；到某处去了（现在还没有回来;反正不在说话现场。主语只限于第三人称）have been here have gone there(副词前不用to)Where is he? He has gone to the Beijing.have/has been a /an +职业+for./ since成为一名已经了. have/has been in/at +地点+for./ since 在某处已经了. 在某处呆了多久have/
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