APA中关于文献引用的规定.doc

3.2 参考文献著录的格式参考文献著录在MLA规范里叫做Works Cited，在APA规范里叫做References。撰写论文时应仔细阅读MLA或APA的规范手册，本节仅提供部分著录实例，供参考。3.2.1 著录已出版的文章一位作者写的文章APA：Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: A commentary. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 373-380.注意：（1）在APA里，作者的首名和中间名均应用首字母。（3）在APA规范里期刊的卷数（即“28”）应用斜体表示。（4）按APA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除专有名词以外，均不需要大写。两位作者写的文章APA：Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247, 301-305.两位以上的作者写的文章APA：Barringer, H. R., Takeuchi, D. T., & Xenos, P. C. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.无论用MLA 还是APA，第一作者以姓氏开始（加上逗号），继以名字或者名字的首字母，但是从第二作者开始，在APA规范里以姓氏开始（加上逗号），继以名字的首字母。如果作者人数超过三人，也可以考虑仅保留第一作者的名字，加上et al.（拉丁文 “and others”），如：APA：Barringer, H. R. et at. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.书评、影评、电视节目评论等（Review） APA：Falk, J. S. (1990). Review of Narratives from the crib. Language, 66, 558-562.收集在书籍中的文章（Selection from an edited book） APA：Wilson, S. F. (1990). Community support and integration: New directions for outcome research. In S. Rose (Ed.), Case management: An overview and assessment (pp. 13-42). White Plains, NY: Longman.注意：（1）“Ed.”代表“编”。（2）在APA规范里，编者的姓用全称，名用首字母。杂志中的文章APA：Gibbs, N. (1989, April 24). How America has run out of time. Time, pp. 58-67.注意：著录引用杂志中的文章应标明杂志的出版日期。报纸中的文章APA：Freudenheim, M. (1987, December 29). Rehabilitation in head injuries in business and helath. New York Times, p. D2.百科全书中的文章（An entry in an encyclopedia）APA：Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.政府文件（A government publication）APA：National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.3.2.2 著录已出版的书籍一位作者写的书籍APA：Rossi, P. H. (1989). Down and out in America: The origins of homelessness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.注意不同规范里书籍标题大小写规则的不同。新版书（Book with a new edition）APA：Kail, R. (1990). Memory development in children (3rd ed.). New York: Freeman.团体作者（Book with a corporate author）写的书籍APA：American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.无作者书籍（Book with no author）APA：Standards for educational and psychological tests. (1985). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 编撰的书籍（Edited book）APA：Campbell, J. P., Campbell, R. J., & Associates. (Eds.). (1988). Productivity in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.翻译的书籍（Translated book）APA：Michotte, A. E. (1963). The perception of causality (T. R. Miles & E. Miles, Trans.). London: Methuen. (Original work published 1946)注意在两种规范里，翻译者的名和姓均不需要改变次序。重版书（Republished book）APA：Ebbinghaus, H. (1964). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. New York: Dover. (Original work published 1885; translated 1913)3.2.3 著录尚未正式出版的文献硕博士论文（Dissertation）APA：Thompson, L. (1988). Social perception in negotiation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.学术会议上的报告（Conference paper）APA：Hogan, R., Raskin, R., & Fazzini, D. (1988, October). The dark side of charisma. Paper presented at the Conference on Psychological Measures and Leadership, San Antonio, TX.研究报告APA：Elman, J., & Zipser, D. (1987). Learning the hidden structure of speech (Report No. 8701). Institute for Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego.小册子（A brochure）APA：Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities (4th ed.) Brochure. Lawrence, KS: Author.3.2.4 著录非印刷材料电影或录像MLA：High Fidelity. Dir. Stephen Frears. Perf. John Cusack, Iben Hjejle, Jack Black, and Todd Louiso. 2000. Videocassette. Walt Disney Video, 2001. 条目以影名开始（用斜体表示），继以导演的姓名（放在“Dir.”之后）和主要演员的姓名（放在“Perf.”之后），然后是发行者的名称和发行年份。如果是录像带或DVD，则应在发行者的名称前注明是“Videocassette”或“DVD”。APA：Smith, J.D. (Producer), & Smithee, A.F. (Director). (2001). Really Big Disaster MovieMotion picture. United States: Paramount Pictures.假若著录非正式发行的电影或录像，则应报告收藏该电影或录像的地方，如：APA：Harris, M. (Producer), & Turley, M. J. (Director). (2002). Writing Labs: A History Motion picture. (Available from Purdue University Pictures, 500 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907)电视广播节目和系列报道（A Radio/Television Broadcast/Series）APA：Important, I.M. (Producer). (1990, November 1). The Nightly News Hour. Television broadcast. New York: Central Broadcasting Service.Bellisario, D.L. (Producer). (1992). Exciting Action Show. Television series. Hollywood: American Broadcasting Company.电视系列报道分集（A Single Episode of a Television Series）APA：Wendy, S. W. (Writer), & Martian, I.R. (Director). (1986). The rising angel and the falling ape. Television series episode. In D. Dude (Producer), Creatures and monsters. Los Angeles: Belarus Studios.无论是MLA 还是APA的规范，分集的标题均不用斜体，也不用引号。音乐节目（A music recording）MLA：Bizet, Georges. Carmen. Perf. Jennifer Laramore, Thomas Moser, Angela Gheorghiu, and Samuel Ramey. Bavarian State Orch. and Chorus. Cond. Giuseppe Sinopoli. Warner, 1996.Chapman, Tracy. “Paper and Ink.” Telling Stories. Elektra, 2000.条目以作曲家、指挥、演奏者的姓名开始，如果作品较长，则继以作品名称（用斜体表示），再其他的演奏者和音乐家；如果作品是一首歌，则歌曲名称放在引号内，继以唱片或歌曲集的名称（用斜体表示）。最后是出版商和出版年份APA：Songwriter, W. W. (Date of copyright). Title of song Recorded by artist if different from song writer. On Title of album Medium of recording. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date)Taupin, B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight Recorded by Elton John. On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy CD. London: Big Pig Music Limited.本例中“Taupin”为演唱人，“(1975)”为版权获得日期，“Someone saved my life tonight”为歌名，“Elton John”为录制人，“On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy”为歌曲集的名称，“CD”表示该歌曲集为光碟。最后是出版地点和出版商。3.2.5 著录汉语著作和文章如果在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏（见第3.1.1节），相应的，参考文献著录的条目必须按作者姓氏汉语拼音的字母顺序与英文文献的条目一同排列。条目中凡正文中未加引用的内容均不必翻译。例如：APA：Wang, C. M. 王初明等人，2000，以写促学：一项英语写作教学改革的试验. 外语教学与研究（3）：230236。Wen, Q. F. 文秋芳，2003，英语学习者的成功之路. 上海：上海外语教育出版社。如果正文用了文献的英译标题，则著录的条目也必须出现该英译标题，如：Wen, Q. F. 文秋芳，2003，英语学习者的成功之路English learners path to success . 上海：上海外语教育出版社。引用中文期刊文章，必须标明文章出现的页码。条目中的汉语不得使用斜体。3.2.6 著录网络出版物著录网络出版物必须标明出版物的上传日期和论文撰写人上网查询的日期（date of retrieval），标明网址。条目中网址如需断开换行，必须在“/”之后或者“.”之前，网址中不得出现空格。网络期刊（online journal）上的文章（1）纸印期刊的电子版：APA:VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved Oct. 13, 2001, from http:/jbr.org/articles.html注意：APA规范在著录网络出版物时在条目的结尾处不使用任何标点符号。（2）仅有网络版的期刊APA:Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved Nov. 20, 2000, from http:/journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre01a.html该例中，“Article 0001a”为网页上文章序号。报纸电子版中的文章APA:Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http:/ www.nytimes.com网络上的独立文本（Stand-alone document）APA:GVUs 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http:/www .cc.gatech .edu/ gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/如果网页没有提供作者姓名，则条目以网页名或者文件名开始。“(n.d.)”表示网页没有提供上传日期。大学网页上的文献APA:Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: http:/www.ilt.columbia.edu/ publications/papers.html来自网络讨论区（online newsgroup, forum, or discussion group）的信息著录来自网络讨论区的信息，如果作者提供了真实姓名，则条目必须使用其真实姓名，否则使用作者在讨论区使用的姓名。条目必须提供信息上传的具体日期、讨论主题（subject line）、信息序号（thread of the message）等。APA:Weylman, C. R. (2001, September 4). Make news to achieve positive press Msg. 98. Message posted to http:/groups.yahoo.com/group/ sales-marketing-tips/message/98注意：这里可以不标明论文撰写人上网查询的日期。网络上的参考资料（Online reference source）APA:Encyclopedia Britannica. (April 1998). Fresco. In Britannica Online (Vers. 98.2). Retrieved May 8, 1998, from http:/www.eb.com:180.3.2.7 参考文献的排列参考文献的排列无论在MLA还是APA的规范里都必须遵循以下几条规则：（1）文献条目按作者或第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。汉语文献与英语文献应排列在一起，不应分别排列，如：Wen, Q. F. 文秋芳，2003，英语学习者的成功之路English learners path to success . 上海：上海外语教育出版社。Weylman, C. R. (2001, September 4). Make news to achieve positive press Msg. 98. Message posted to http:/groups.yahoo.com/group/ sales-marketing-tips/message/98（2）同一作者的多篇文献或者同一批排序相同的作者的多篇文献应该按出版次序，由远及近排列，如：Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048. Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Flexible correction processes in social judgment: The role of naive theories in corrections for perceived bias. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 68, 36-51. 本节中的例子均用了APA的规范。（3）如果同一作者既是一篇文献的独立作者，又是另一篇文献的第一作者，则独立作者的文献应列在第一作者的文献前面，如：Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10. Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends influence on adolescents adjustment to school. Child Development, 66, 1312-1329.（4）如果不同文献有相同的第一作者，但其余作者不尽相同，则条目按第二作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如果第二作者也相同，则按第三作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。例如：Wegener, D. T., Kerr, N. L., Fleming, M. A., & Petty, R. E. (2000). Flexible corrections of juror judgments: Implications for jury instructions. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 6, 629-654. Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Klein, D. J. (1994). Effects of mood on high elaboration attitude change: The mediating role of likelihood judgments. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 25-43.（5）同一作者或者同一批排序相同作者在同一年份出版的多篇文献应该按文献标题第一个实词首字母的顺序排列，并在年份后加上英文字母，如：Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17, 408-416.Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child Development, 52, 636-643.在论文正文中，引用这些文献时必须使用加上字母的年份，如：Berndt (1981b) have shown that.（6）无作者文献应该把文献标题看作作者的姓对待，除去冠词后按第一个词首字母的顺序排列。同样，团体作者应该把团体名称除去冠词后按第一个词首字母的顺序排列。