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期末复习二【要点归纳】【重点句型归纳】1. Once.2. It is certain that.3. so倒装句4. not only.but also.5. either.or./neither.nor.6. be used to7. have + been + doing8. in order to9. upon10. so that11. it is time【重点语法归纳】1. 名词性从句2. 宾语补足语3. 主谓一致4. 直接引语和间接引语5. 情态动词6. 被动语态【重点句型讲解】1. Once表示“一旦就”，引导时间状语从句,表示时间上的两个动作或两件事彼此紧接着发生,同时带有条件意味。若从句中的主语与主句主语相同,且谓语中含有be时,可以省略从句的主语和be。如: Once you have taken the examination, you will be able to relax. 你一旦考完试就可以轻松一下。Once lose confidence, you can never expect to do your work well.如果你一旦失去信心,就别想做好工作。Once the water begins to boil, the temperature will never rise.一旦水开了,水温就不会再升高了。Once (it is) found, any mistake must be corrected.一旦发现任何错误就必须加以改正。2. It is certain that 一定, 肯定It is certain that we shall succeed. 我们一定会成功。It is certain that things will change事物要变化这是肯定的。It is almost certain that the present government will lose the next election几乎可以肯定的是现任政府将会在下届选举中落选。3. so倒装句 so+连系动词（情态动词或助动词）+另一主语 这一句型是主谓倒装结构，表示另一主语与前面所陈述的某人的动作或情况有着相同的肯定概念，其中so代表了上文句中所陈述的动作或状态，表示“也是这样”，“也是如此”，如：I was at Center School last year. And so was my friend Bob. 我去年是在中心学校学习。我的朋友Bob也是。I study in this school and so does my brother. 我在这所学校学习，我的弟弟也是如此。so+人称代词(同一主语)+连系动词（情态动词或助动词）这种结构中的主谓是正常语序，用以重述前面的动作或情况，以表示说话人对前面或对方所说的情况赞同或证实，语气较强，如：Youve dropped a word here. Yes, so I have. 你这儿掉了个词。噢，是的。（You 和I 是一个人。） Tom hopes to become a teacher. So he does. Tom希望当名教师。 他确有此意。（he就是Tom） 4. not only.but also.不仅而且not only.but also.的用法应注意以下六点：not onlybut also 应连接两个相对称的并列成分。如： Not only Mr. Lin but also his son joined the Party two years ago. （连接两个主语） 不仅是林先生，还有他的儿子都在两年前加入了共产党。I not only play tennis but also practise shooting. （连接两个谓语动词） 我不仅打网球还练习射击。He plays not only the piano but also the violin. （连接两个宾语） 他不仅弹钢琴还拉小提琴。They speak English not only in class but also in the dormitory. （连接两个地点状语） 他们不仅在教室里说英语在宿舍里也说。She not only sings well but also dances beautifully. = She doesnt only sing well but also dances beautifully. 她不仅歌唱得好，舞跳得也优美。not onlybut also 连接两个分句，并且 not only 位于句首时，第一个分句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装。如： Not only does the sun give us light but also it gives us heat. 太阳不仅给我们光还给了我们热。Not only did he speak English correctly, but also he speaks it fluently. 他英语不仅说得准确还说得很流利。Not only is this young man clever but also he is hardworking. 这个年轻人不仅聪明还很用功。not onlybut also 不能用在否定句中。如： 误： They dont fear not only hardship but also death. 正： They fear neither hardship nor death. 正： They dont fear either hardship or death. 他们不怕困难也不怕死。not onlybut also 连接两个主语时，谓语动词要和与其最近的主语保持人称和数的一致。如： Not only the students but also the teacher was against the plan. / Not only the teacher but also the students were against the plan. 不仅是老师反对这个计划，学生也反对。 not onlybut also 中的 not only 不能分开使用，但 but also 却可以分开使用。如： The area was not only hit by an unexpected heavy rain, but some bridges were also washed away. 这个地区不仅遭受了暴雨的袭击，一些桥也被冲毁了。not onlybut also 连接两个并列成分时，可以省略 but 或 also ，也可以把 but also 都省略掉。如： I not only heard it but （ also ） saw it. 我不仅听到了还看到了。He was not only compelled to stay at home, （ but ） also forbidden to see his friend. 他不仅被强迫呆在家里，还不允许见朋友。She not only finished the task ahead of time, （ but also ） she came to help us.她不仅提前完成了任务，还来帮助我们。5. either.or./neither.nor. neithernor “既不也不” ，连接主语时，谓语动词要与离谓语最近的主语保持人称和数的一致，同时它要修饰对等成分，它的反义词是bothand。eitheror“或者或者” ，“要么要么”，连接主语时，谓语的数由离它最近的主语决定，它也要修饰对等成分。如：Im considering to buy my niece a Christmas present, either a dictionary or an encyclopedia.我在考虑给我侄女买一样圣诞礼物，不是词典就是百科全书。Either comrade Li or I am to meet them at the station.不是李同志就是我要去车站见他们。You can either stay or leave.你可以要么留在这儿要么离开。Either you are wrong or he is (wrong).要么是你错了，要么就是他错了。Neither my father nor I like to watch TV.我父亲不喜欢看电视，我也不喜欢。（我父亲和我都不喜欢看电视。）She is neither fat nor thin.她既不胖也不瘦。I have neither called nor written to him.我既没打电话给他也没写信给他。I have neither time nor money to travel.我既没时间也没钱出去旅行。6. be used toused to do(动词) 过去曾经做过某事 be used to do 被用来做某事 be used to(介词) to doing 习惯于做某事 如:Jack used to assist Mary in her lessons. 杰克过去常常帮助玛丽学习功课。 Women used to think they were on the shelf at 30. 过去女人一到30岁就认为是过了结婚年龄。I used to get up early and take an hours walk before breakfast. 我过去常常起床很早并且在早餐前散步一小时。 I used to live in here.我以前住在这里。 Coal is mostly used to produce electricity. 煤主要用来发电。This kind of wood can be used to make shelves.这种木材可以做书架。Are you used to the food here? 你习惯吃这儿的饭菜吗？ Im used to reading in the coffee house. 我习惯了在咖啡馆里看书。 Im used to it.我习惯它了。 Youll get used to it. 你会习惯的。 He is used to eating out all the time. 他已经习惯在外面吃饭了。 I weigh less than I used to. 我的体重比以前轻了。7. have + been + doing现在完成进行时 形式：have (has)+been+现在分词，以work为例： 肯定式： I /You/We have been working.He/She/It has been working. 否定式： I/You/We/have not been working.He/She/It/has not been working. 疑问式： Have I/You/We working?Has/he/she/it been working? 用法 现在完成进行时表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。现在这个动作可能刚刚终止,也可能仍在进行。I have been sitting here all afternoon. 我在这儿坐了一下午了。 How long has it been raining? 雨下了多久了? They have been fighting for independence since 1960s. 他们从60年代以来一直为独立而斗争。现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别1)现在完成进行时一般强调过去发生的动作现在仍在继续。 现在完成时强调过去发生的动作现在已经完成或表示曾经发生过。I have been writing an article. 我一直在写一篇文章。(仍在) I have written an article. 我已写好一篇文章。(已完成) I have been reading that book since last week. 上周以来，我一直在读那本书。(还在读) I have read that book before. 以前我曾读过那本书。(动作在过去曾经发生过) 2) 现在完成进行时表示刚刚结束的动作，强调动作在不久前持续进行，带有感情色彩。 现在完成时表示已经结束的动作，强调动作的结果。Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere. 你到哪里去了?我们到处在找你。(表示刚刚结束的动作) We have looked for him, but havent found him.我们找过他，但没有找到他。(表示动作已结束，强调动作的结果) 3) 现在完成进行时表示现在以前的这段时间内反复发生的事情。All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine. 这些年来，他们一直为我们杂志写稿。We have been seeing quite a lot of each other recently. 最近我们常常见面。8. in order to为了常用来引导目的状语从句。如：I got up early in order to catch the first bus.我早起为了赶上第一班公共汽车。He works hard in order to succeed.他为了成功努力工作。in order that也可用来引导目的状语从句。如：I lent him 5 pounds in order that he might buy the book. 我借给他5英镑以便让他买这本书。9. upon当的时候, 在后立即。可以和On替换使用。相当于as soon as。如：Upon/On whose authority are you putting these posters here? 你们得到谁的许可在这儿贴广告?Upon/On hearing the news, I changed my plans. (= As soon as I heard the news, I changed my plans.)一听到这个消息，我就改变了计划。Upon/On seeing him, I ran away.(=As soon as I see him, I ran away.)一看到他我就跑了。10. so thatso that引导目的状语从句，表示“为的是”，“以便”He spoke at the top of his voice, so that everybody could hear him. 他大声说话，以便让每个人听见他。He got up early so that he could catch the first bus. 他早早地起床为的是赶首班车。一般来说，so that 引导目的状语从句，, 但也可以引导表示结果的状语从句，表示“以至于”。如：They hurried me so that I forgot to bring my key. 他们催我致使我忘了带钥匙。They missed the bus so that they were late for class.他们错过了公共汽车以至于上课迟到了。In his fury he threw the stone stables upon the ground so that they were broken. 他大怒之下，便把那些石匾扔到地上，摔破了。11. it is time表示“该是的时候了”。结构通常哪个有三种：Its time to do sth. 做某事的时间到了Its time for sb. to do sth. 某人做某事的时间到了It is time (about time, high time) that . 该句型中that 后的从句应该用虚拟语气,值得注意的是常用过去时态表示虚拟有时也用should + 动词原形，should不能省。常译为“是（正是）的时侯”。 如：It is time to go to school. 上学的时间到了。It is time for you to go to school.你上学的时间到了。It is time to say goodbye.再见的时间到了。It is time that children should go to bed. = It is time that children went to bed.孩子睡觉的时间到了。【语法专项讲解】名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等。名词性从句：包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连词有：who; whom; whose; what; which;when;where; why ;how; that; if ;whether; whatever; whenever; wherever; however 等。名词性从句注意事项：从句的语序为陈述句；连词that不充当任何成分；what总是要充当主语、表语、宾语等。If和whether 的区别：if引导宾语从句和条件状语从句；whether引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。一、主语从句：用作主语的从句，叫主语从句。主语从句可以直接放在句首；也可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的用it作形式主语的复合结构：It is +名词that 从句；It is+形容词that从句；It is +过去分词that 从句； It +不及物动词that 从句；What you need is more practice.(what在从句中作need的宾语)你所需要的就是多锻炼.What is hard is to do good all ones life and never do anything bad.（ what在从句中作主语）一个人想一辈子只做好事从不做坏事是很难的。What he will be in the future is known to us.（what在从句中作be的表语）他将来会是什么样我们是知道的。Who will go makes no difference. 谁去都一样，没啥区别。How this happened is not clear. 这是怎么发生的还不清楚。Why he did that wasnt quite clear. 他为什么那样做不是太清楚。Whether she will join us wont make too much difference. (此处不能用if)她是否加入我们是没什么区别的。Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever 在名词性从句中相当于anyone who )任何人来都欢迎。Whatever she did was right.（whatever在名词性从句中相当于anything that）不管她做什么都是对的。It is possible that I may not be able to come.（it是形式主语，真正的主语是划线部分）我有可能来不了。二、表语从句：用作表语的从句叫表语从句。它位于连系动词（如be，seem，remain等后）The question is whether we should accept their invitation.问题是我们是否应该接受他们的邀请。The city is no longer what it used to be. 这个城市不再是以前那个样子了。This is why we put off the meeting. （why表结果）这就是为什么我们推迟会议的原因了。That is because he was ill. (because表原因) 那是因为他病了。The reason for his absence was that he was ill. (此处不能用because代替that. 句型：The reasonis that)他缺席的原因是他生病了。As if 引导的表语从句有时可用虚拟语气，表示可能性小。He acted as if he hadnt eaten for a long time.他表现就好像他没有吃那么长时间似的。表示建议，命令，要求一类的表语从句要用虚拟语气：My suggestion is that you should practise reading English every day.我的建议就是你应该每天练习读英语。三、宾语从句：作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。1、作动词的宾语： He doesnt know where the post office is.他不知道邮局在哪儿。在动词suggest, order, demand, require等表示建议、命令、要求的宾语从句要用虚拟语气 (宾语从句的谓语用should+动词原形，should可省略。)I suggested that you (should)start right now.我建议你应该马上开始。如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，要用形式宾语it,而将从句放到补足语后面。I thought it strange that he didnt pass the exam.我认为他没通过考试很不可思议。在think, believe, suppose, expect等在前否定动词后的宾语从句中，如果从句谓语是否定含义，则不用否定形式，而将主句谓语动词think等变为否定形式。I dont think you are right. 我想你是不对的。在think, believe, imagine,suppose,guess,hope等动词以及Im afraid等后，可用so代替一个肯定的宾语从句，还可用not代替一个否定的宾语从句：Do you believe it will clear up? I believe so. (I dont believe so. / I believe not.)你相信天会转晴吗？我相信会的。2、作介词的宾语:Did she say anything about how we should do the work?他讲了我们应该怎样做这个工作了吗？that 引导的宾语从句只有在except, in, but, besides 等少数介词后偶尔可能用到。Your article is good except that it is too long. 你的文章很好就是太长了。有时在介词和其宾语从句的中间加形式宾语it. Ill see to it that everything is ready. 我将负责把一切准备好。3、作形容词的宾语：Im afraid that I have made a mistake. 我恐怕我自己犯了个错误。当 if 和whether 引导宾语从句的区别，即用 whether不用if的情况：a. 作介词宾语 It depends on whether it is fine. 这取决于天气是否好。b. Whether +to do Im not sure whether to leave this afternoon. 我不确定下午是否离开。c. Whether or not He cannot decide whether or not take the exam. 他不能决定是否参加考试。d. 作discuss 的宾语 We are discussing whether we will hold a meeting this weekend.我们正在讨论这个周末是否开会。e. doubt用于肯定句中，宾语从句可以用if 或whether 引导。I doubt if (whether) you will come for a visit tomorrow.我怀疑你明天是否来参观。f. doubt用于否定句或疑问句中，宾语从句用 that 引导。He doesnt doubt that his mother will give him a ride home for sure. 他毫不怀疑他妈妈一定会接他回家的。四、同位语从句：同位语从句跟在一个名词后（如fact, idea, news, hope, belief, thought, dou bt, proof, belief等），对其作进一步解释。I have no idea that you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。He cant answer the question how he got the money.他答不出来他是从哪儿弄的钱。同位语从句和定语从句的区别：从意义上讲，前者对名词加以解释说明，后者对名词进行修饰限定。从结构上讲，前者由连接词引导，后者由关系词引导。从内涵上讲，前者所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系，that不可省略。后者所限定的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。当被限定的名词是从句逻辑上的宾语时，that可省略）The news that they won the match is true. （同位语从句, news和从句没有逻辑关系, that不可省略）他们赢得比赛的消息是真的。The news that you told us yesterday is true.（定语从句，news是told的逻辑宾语, that可省略）你昨天告诉我们的消息是真的。宾语补足语一、作用：对宾语（的状态，特征，动作）进行补充说明。如：The sun keeps us warm. 太阳使我们暖和。I heard him singing. 我听到他在唱歌。You must get your hair cut. 你必须把头发剪了。二、常见的宾补:1、名词作宾补She found him a very clever boy. 她发现他是个聪明的男孩。2、形容词作宾补He had a strange way of making his class lively and interesting.他有一个奇怪的办法能使他的课生动有趣。3、副词作宾补 Last Sunday I saw you out with your sister.上个星期天我看到你和你妹妹在外面。4、介词短语作宾补To her surprise, she found herself in a different world.令她吃惊的是，她发现自己在一个不同的世界里。5、现在分词I saw him doing his homework when I passed his window.当我经过窗口的时候，我看到他正在做作业。6、过去分词I was absent-minded when I heard my name called.当我听到被叫的时候正心不在焉呢。7、不定式作宾补1) to doThe villagers did not allow them to build a factory there.村民们不允许他们在那儿建工厂。2) 省略 to 的不定式We saw the car stop. 我们看见车停了。I made him change his mind. 我使他改变了他的主意。被动语态:The car was seen to stop. 车被看到停了下来。He was made to change his mind. 他被迫改变了主意。感官动词:see watch notice look at observe feel hear listen to使役动词: make let have 一感二听三让四观看一感：feel二听：hear, listen to三让：let, have, make四观看：observe, see, watch, look at 8、从句作宾补We will make our hometown what your hometown is now.我们将会把我们的家乡建设成你们家乡现在的样子。9、注意: it 做形式宾语结构：主+谓语+ it +宾补+真正宾语I found it pleasant to be with your family. 我发现和你们家人在一块很开心。We think it our duty that we should help the poor.我们认为帮助穷人是我们的义务。主谓一致英语中主语的单复数直接影响谓语的单复数，很难分清，现陈述如下。一、谓语只能用单数的情况:1、学科和某些专有名词。如：physics，politics，history；the United States等。I think politics is very hard. 我认为政治很难。The United States was very small once upon a time. 美国以前很小。2、Eachand each；everyand every；no+单数名词；more than one（不止一个），但each作复数主语的同位语时，谓语用复数。Each boy and each girl goes to school every day.每个男孩子和每个女孩子天天都去上学。These children each have an apple. 这些孩子每人有一个苹果。3、不定式、动名词、从句做主语。To study hard is our duty. 努力学习是我们的任务。Reading in bed is bad for your eyes. 躺在床上看书对你的眼睛有害。Why he dislikes her is very clear. 为什么他不喜欢她是很清楚的。二、谓语遵循两个原则1、就近原则：There be；or；eitheror；neithernor；not onlybut (also)即由距谓语最近的名词、代词确定谓语的单复数。Not only he but also I am bright. 不仅他聪明我也聪明。Neither Tom nor you were late. 他没迟到你也没迟到。2、就前原则：主谓后有as well as，besides，except，with遵守该原则。即由该组词前面的名词、代词确定谓语的单复数。These students besides Lucy have done their homework.这些学生，包括露西，都已经完成了作业。三、分类讨论1、有关population；population of做主语，谓语用单数；分数（百分数）of population做主语，谓语用复数。Population of the earth is increasing. 地球上的人口在增加。Eleven percent of the population of the USA are black.美国百分之十一的人是黑人。2、（a）part of；分数（百分数）of做主语，由of后名词单复数决定谓语单复数。Two thirds of these jobs have been done. 三分之二的工作已经完成了。A part of the passage has been read. 一半的文章已经看完了。3、who，what，which做主语或引导的从句做主语，谓语据其意义决定。What we need is a teacher. 我们所需要的就是一位老师。Who are singing? Some students of Class 2. 谁在唱歌？一些二班的学生。Who is dancing？Li Ming is. 谁在跳舞？ 李明。4、定语从句中，关系代词做主语，谓语与先行词一致。The girl who is singing comes from Japan.（先行词the girl分别决定从句和主句谓语）正在唱歌的女孩来自日本。These boys who are playing basketball know our teacher.那些正在打篮球的男孩子们认识我们老师。5、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”的复数名词；集合名词如：public，family，team，group，class.若当作整体看，谓语用单数；若当个体看，谓语用复数。Sixty years is a long time. 六十年是段漫长的时间。One thousand kilos of meat is very heavy. 一千公斤的肉是很重的。His family is small. 他家很小。His family are all music lovers. 他一家人都是音乐爱好者。6、and连接名词时：若两个名词单数指两或两个以上的人、物、概念，谓语用复数。以下几种情况谓语用单数：and连接两种不同物质做主语，该物质被看作混合体；and连接两个单数名词，若指同一人、物、概念；and连接的两个部件组成的一副用具做主语。The doctor and the teacher are swimming.（这位医生和这位老师）医生和教师正在游泳。The doctor and teacher is swimming.（医生兼老师，指同一人）这个医生、教师正在游泳。7、(a)pair(suit)of后接名词时，由pair，suit的单复数决定谓语单复数。The suit of clothes is mine. 这套衣服是我的。These pairs of trousers are Lilys. 这几条裤子是丽莉的。8、 the+形容词（rich，poor）表一类人，谓语用复数。The young are useful to build our country. 年轻人对建设我们的国家非常有用。直接引语和间接引语引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，用引号标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句，其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外，其转换后是不定式。那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句，转换为间接引语时，句子的结构，人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化，如何变化呢? 一、人称的转变1、直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如： He said，“I am very sorry. ” He said that he was very sorry. 2、直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如： “You should be more careful next time, ”my father told me. My father told me that I should be more careful the next time. 3、直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如： She said to her son, “Ill check your homework tonight. ” She said to her son that she would check his homework that night. 4、人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如： He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon. 总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。 二、时态的转换直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句(即间接引语部分)的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态(实际也是宾语从句的时态要求)，变化如下： 一般现在时 一般过去时 现在进行时 过去进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时 一般将来时 过去将来时 一般过去时 过去完成时 过去完成时 不变 过去进行时 不变如： “I am very glad to visit your school”, she said. She said she was very glad to visit our school. Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music. ” Tom said that they were listening to the pop music. Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?” Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV. He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?” He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus. “Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked. The teacher asked why she had refused to go there. Mother asked me, “Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?” Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV. Tom said, “We were having a football match this time yesterday. ” Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before. He said，“I havent heard from my parents these days. ” He said that he hadnt heard from his parents those days. 三、时间状语、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化地点状语：here there 动词：come go bring take 如： She said, “I wont go there any more. ” She said she wouldnt come here any more. He said, “This will be finished tomorrow. ” He said that would be finished the next day. Paul said, “I visited China last year. ” Paul said he had visited China the year before. 四、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变1、当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，如： He always says, “I am tired out. ” He always says that he is tired out. 2、当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如： He will say, “Ill try my best to help you. ” He will say that he will try his best to help me. 3、当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如： He said, “I went to college in 1994. ” He told us that he went to college in 1994. 4、当直接引语中有以when, while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，如： He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school. ” He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school. 5、当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如： Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound. ” Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. 6、当引语是谚语、格言时，如： He said，“Practice makes perfect. ” He said that practice makes perfect. 7、当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need时，如： The doctor said, “Youd better drink plenty of water. ” The doctor said Id better drink plenty of water. He said, “She must be a teacher. ” H
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