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2000年5月TOEFL试题Section Three: Reading ComprehensionQuestion 1-9 The canopy ,the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbingmammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, andporcupines. Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels ,are notline as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.(5) Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulentenvironment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unitof weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly. Thus, inthe trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.(10) Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy forinsects, flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food,by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs. The weightof a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so thatfruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbons face. Walking or leaping species of a (15) similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping off and retrieving thewhole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and plucking food withtheir hands. Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than for largeclimbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that typify the(20) high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it can achievea running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard, even bouncingon a climb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a small animal isseriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body.Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds(25) an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.1. The passage answers which of the following questions?(A) How is the rain forest different from other habitats?(B) How does an animals body size influence an animals need for food?(C) Why does the rain forest provide an unusual variety of food for animals?(D) Why do large animals tend to dominate the upper canopy of the rain forest?2.Which of the following animals is less common in the upper canopy than in other environments? (A) Monkeys(B) Cats(C) Porcupines(D) Mice3. The word “they” in line 4 refers to(A) trees(B) climbing mammals of moderately large size(C) smaller species(D) high tropical canopies4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about the small mammals in the rain forest?(A) They have body shapes that are adapted to life in the canopy.(B) They prefer the temperature and climate of the canopy to that of other environments.(C) They have difficulty with the changing conditions in the canopy.(D) They use the trees of the canopy for shelter from heat and cold.5. In discussing animal size in paragraph 3, the author indicates that(A) small animals require proportionately more food than larger animals do(B) a large animals size is an advantage in obtaining food in the canopy(C) small animals are often attacked by large animals in the rain forest(D) small animals and large animals are equally adept at obtaining food in the canopy6. The word “typify” in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) resemble(B) protect(C) characterize(D) divide7. According to paragraph 4, what makesjumping from one tree crown to anotherdifficult for small mammals?(A) Air friction against the body surface(B) The thickness of the branches (C) The dense leaves of the tree crown(D) The inability to use the front feet as hands8. The word supplement” in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) control(B) replace(C) look for(D) add to9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?(A) canopy(line 1)(B) warm blooded(line 5)(c) terminal leaves(line13)(D) springboard(line 21)Question 10-19 During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the contributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newlyformed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, womenline were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some significant5) poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best contemporaryhistory of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important letters showingshe exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second President of theUnited States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions. During theseCenturies, women remained invisible in history books.(10) Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the effortsof female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts,were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and they were uncriticalin their selection and use of sources. During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of(15) history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National, regional,and local womens organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personalcorrespondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sourcesfrom the core of the two greatest collections of womens history in the United States one atthe Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe College, and the other the Sophia(20) Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuable materials for laterGenerations of historians. Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenthCentury, most of the writing about women conformed to the “great women” theory ofHistory, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on “great men.” To(25) demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to American life, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies, or else important women produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for womens right to vote, or authors, and were not representative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people(30) continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published. 10. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The role of literature in early American histories(B) The place of American women in written histories(C) The keen sense of history shown by American women(D)The “great women” approach to history used by American historians11. The word “contemporary” in line 5 means that the history was(A) informative(B) written at that time(C) thoughtful(D) faultfinding12. In the first paragraph, Bradstreet, Warren, and Adams are mentioned to show that (A) a womans status was changed by marriage(B) even the contributions of outstanding women were ignored(C) only three women were able to get their writing published(D) poetry produced by women was more readily accepted than other writing by women13. The word “celebratory” in line 12 means that the writings referred to were(A) related to parties(B) religious(C) serious(D) full of praise14. The word “they” in line 12 refers to(A) efforts(B) authors(C) counterparts(D) sources15. In the second paragraph, what weakness in nineteenth-century histories does the author point out?(A) They put too much emphasis on daily activities(B) They left out discussion of the influence of money on politics.(C) The sources of the information they were based on were not necessarily accurate. (D) They were printed on poor-quality paper.16. On the basis of information in the third paragraph, which of the following would most likely have been collected by nineteenth-century feminist organizations?(A) Newspaper accounts of presidential election results(B) Biographies of John Adams(C) Letters from a mother to a daughter advising her how to handle a family problem (D) Books about famous graduates of the countrys first college17. What use was made of the nineteenth-century womens history materials in the Schlesinger Library and the Sophia Smith Collection?(A) They were combined and published in a multivolume encyclopedia(B) They formed the basis of college courses in the nineteenth century.(C) They provided valuable information for twentiethcentury historical researchers.(D) They were shared among womens colleges throughout the United States.18. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible roles of nineteenth-century “great women” EXCEPT (A) authors(B) reformers(C) activists for womens rights(D) politicians19. The word “representative” in line 29 is closest in meaning to (A) typical(B) satisfied(C) supportive(D) distinctiveQuestion 20-29The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were Marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style, characterized by sinuous Lines, floral and vegetable motifs, and soft evanescent coloration. The Art Nouveau styleLine was an eclectic one, bringing together elements of Japanese art, motifs of ancient cultures,(5) and natural forms. The glass objects of this style were elegant in outline, although often deliberately distorted, with pale or iridescent surfaces. A favored device of the style was to imitate the iridescent surface seen on ancient glass that had been buried. Much of the Art Nouveau glass produced during the years of its greatest popularity had been generically Termed “art glass.” Art glass was intended for decorative purposes and relied for its effect(10) pon carefully chosen color combinations and innovative techniques. France produced a number of outstanding exponents of the Art Nouveau style; among The most celebrated was Emile Galle (1846-1904). In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety of Glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized(15) today. Tiffany was a brilliant designer, successfully combining ancient Egyptian, Japanese, and Persian motifs. The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915,Although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920s. It was eventually to be Overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since(20)the turn of the century. At first restricted to a small avant-garde group of architects anddesigners, Functionalism emerged as the domiant influence upon designers after the FirstWorld War. The basic tenet of the movement-that function should determine from-wasnot a new concept. Soon a distinct aesthetic code evolved: from should be simple, surfacesplain, and any ornament should be based on geometric relationships. This new design(25) concept, coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventions of thepreceding decades, created an entirely new public taste which caused Art Nouveau types of glass to fall out of favor. The new taste demanded dramatic effects of contrast, stark outlineand complex textural surfaces.21. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss? (A) Design elements in the Art Nouveau style (B) The popularity of the Art Nouveau style (C) Production techniques for art glass (D) Color combinations typical of the Art Nouveau style22. The word “one” in line 4 refers to (A) century (B) development (C) style (D) coloration23. Paragraph 1 mentions that Art Nouveau glass was sometimes similar to which aspect of ancient buried glass？ (A) The distortion of the glass (B) The appearance of the glass surface(C) The shapes of the glass objects(D) The size of the glass objects24. The word “prized” in line 14 is closest in meaning to (A) valued (B) universal (C) uncommon (D) preserved25. The word “overtaken” in line 19 is closest in meaning to (A) surpassed (B) inclined (C) expressed (D) applied26. What does the author mean by stating that “function should determine form” (line 22)?(A) A useful object should not be attractive.(B) The purpose of an object should influence its form.(C) The design of an object is considered more significant than its function.(D) The form of an object should not include decorative elements.27. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason Functionalism became popular was that it(A) clearly distinguished between art and design(B) appealed to people who liked complex painted designs(C) reflected a common desire to break from the past(D) was easily interpreted by the general public 28. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following statements about Functionalism?(A) Its design concept avoided geometric shapes.(B) It started on a small scale and then spread gradually.(C) It was a major force in the decorative arts before the First World War.(D) It was not attractive to architects all designers.29. According to the passage, an object made in the Art Nouveau style would most likely include(A) a flowered design(B) bright colors(C) modern symbols(D) a textured surfaceQuestion 30During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhapsonly a couple of inches per day. However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciersmove forward up to 100 times faster than usual. The surge often progresses along a glacierline like a great wave, proceeding from one section to another. Subglacial streams of meltwater(5)water pressure under the glacier might lift it off its bed, overcoming the friction between iceand rock, thus freeing the glacier, which rapidly sliders downhill Surge glaciers also mightbe influenced by the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes. However, many of theseglaciers exist in the same area as normal glaciers, often almost side by side.(10) Some 800 years ago, Alaskas Hubbard Glacier advanced toward the sea, retreated, andadvanced again 500 years later. Since 1895, this secentry-mile-long river of ice has beenflowing steadily toward the Gulf of Alaska at a rate of approximately 200 feet per year. InJune 1986, however, the glacier surged ahead as much as 47 feet a day. Meanwhile, awestern tributary, called Valerie Glacier, advanced up to 112 feet a day. Hubbards surge(15) closed off Russell Fiord with a formidable ice dam, some 2,500 feet wide and up to 800 feet high, whose caged waters threatened the town of Yakutat to the south. About 20 similar glaciers around the Gulf of Alaska are heading toward the sea. Ifenough surge glaciers reach the ocean and raise sea levels, West Antarctic ice shelves couldrise off the seafloor and become adrift. A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern(20) Sea. With the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge into the ocean, causing sealevels to rise even highter, which in turn would release more ice and set in motion a viciouscycle. The additional sea ice floating toward the tropics would increase Earths albedo andlower global temperatures, perhaps enough to initiate a new ice age. This situation appearsto have occurred at the end of the last warm interglacial (the time between glacations),(25)called the Sangamon, when sea ice cooled the ocean dramatically, spawning the beginningof the Ice Age.30.What is the main topic of the passage? (A) The classification of different types of surge glaciers (B) The causes and consequences of surge glaciers (C) The definition of a surge glacier (D) The history of a particular surge glacier31.The word “intervals” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) records(B) speeds(C) distances(D) periods32.The author compares the surging motion of a surge giacier to the movement of a (A) fish(B) wave(C) machine(D) boat33.Which of the following does the author mention as a possible cause of surging glaciers?(A) The decline in sea levels(B) The occurrence of unusually large ocean waves(C) The shifting Antractic ice shelves(D) The pressure of meltwater underneath the glacier34.The word “freeing” in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) pushing(B) releasing(C) strengthening(D) draining35. According to the passage, the Hubbard Glacier (A) moves more often than the Valerie Glacier (B) began movement toward the sea in 1895 (C) is 800 feet wide(D) has moved as fast as 47 feet per day36. Yakutat is the name of (A) an Alaskan town (B) the last ice age (C) a surge glacier (D) an Antarctic ice shelf37.The word “plunge” in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) drop(B) extend(C) melt(D) drift38.The term “vicious cycle” in lines 21-22 refers to the (A) movement pattern of surge glaciers (B) effect surge glaciers could have on the temperature of tropical areas(C) effect that repeated rising sea levels might have on glacial ice(D) constant threat surge glaciers could pose to the Gulf of Alaska39.The author provides a definition for which of the following terms?(A) Tributary (line 14)(B) Ice dam (line 15)(C) Albedo (line 22)(D) Interglacial (line 24)40.Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?(A) The movement of surge glaciers can be prevented.(B) The next ice age could be caused by surge giaciers.(C) Surge glaciers help to support Antarctic ice shelves.(D) Normal glaciers have little effect on Earths climate.Question 40-50 According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person maybecome recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family,traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases,line such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although(5) there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formallythrough election or recruitment. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decadesof research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders.” It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common;(10) rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities thatmeet the needs of that particular group. Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader,research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held bydifferent individual
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