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第一章独立主格用法详解一、独立主格结构的形式英语中，独立主格结构的形式有两类：一类是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构。另一类是：介词with / without后接名词或代词再跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构。A. 名词或代词 +形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词1. 名词 / 代词 + 不定式。如：A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。2. 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词。如：The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。3. 名词 / 代词 + 动词的过去分词。如：His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。4. 名词 / 代词 + 形容词。如：The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。5. 名词 / 代词 + 副词。如：The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。6. 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语。如(from www.yygrammar.com)：Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。 B. 介词with / without + 名词或代词 + 形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词1. with / without + 名词或代词 + 形容词He spoke to us with his mouth full of food. 她口里含着食物跟我们说话。2. with / without + 名词或代词 + 副词He left the office with the lights on. 他离开了办公室，让灯亮着。3. with / without + 名词或代词 + 介词短语The engineer came with a notebook in his hand. 那个工程师手里拿着笔记本过来了。4. with / without + 名词或代词 + -ing分词Dont brush your teeth with water running. 不要在刷牙时让水流着。5. with / without + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式With so much work to do, the manager felt very worried. 这么多工作要做，经理觉得很焦急。6. with / without + 名词或代词 + 动词的过去分词(from www.yygrammar.com)With the road blocked, they had to turn back and ran round it in another way. 由于道路被堵，他们不得不转身从另一条路绕过去。二、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。1. 作时间状语School over, the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后，比赛开始了。2. 作条件状语It being fine tomorrow, well go boating. 如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。Li Lei coming, it is not necessary to ask Wu Dong. 如果李蕾来的话，就没有必要叫吴东了。 3. 作原因状语The meeting being put off, we neednt hurry. 由于会议推迟了，我们就没有必要匆忙了。Mr. Li being ill, Miss Yang will give us this lesson instead. 李老师病了，杨老师将代他来给我们上这堂课。4. 作伴随状语Mr. Li comes here, with a book in his hand. 李先生手里拿着书过来了。A smile on her face, she asked what she could do for us. 她面带微笑问道我们要什么。独立主格结构中的非谓语动词用法独立主格结构的基本形式是“名词或代词+形容词（副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等）”。本文主要归纳“名词或代词+非谓语动词”这一结构的用法。1. 名词或代词+不定式其中的不定式通常表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作。如：Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。2. 名词或代词+现在分词其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在进行）。如：She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬着。We explored the caves, Peter acting as a guide. 由彼得作向导，我们探查了那些洞穴。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。注：有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况。如：Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。3. 名词或代词+过去分词其中的过去分词通常表示被动意义。如：Everyone helped, John not excepted. 大家都来帮忙，约翰也不例外。All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了，我们就开始找工作。This done, they next set to clean the room. 做完这件事之后，他们接下来就开始清理房间。She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。【现学现用】1. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year.A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 2. All things _, I think we ought to give the job to George. A. consideredB. consideringC. to considerD. being considered3. The river _ in the night, the crossing was impossible. A. to riseB. roseC. having risenD. being risen4. More time _, we should have done the job much better. A. to giveB. giveC. being givenD. given5. We shall play the match tomorrow, weather _. A. permetsB. permittingC. to permitD. permitted6. The monitor _ ill, wed better put the meeting off. A. beingB. to beC. beenD. to have been7. An important lecture _ given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. A. to beB. beingC. beenD. to have been8. He was lying on the grass, his hands _ under his head.A. to crossB. crossedC. crossingD. to be crossing9. Tom _ late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.A. having beenB. beenC. to beD. to being10. Other things _ equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. A. beingB. to beC. beenD. having been【参考答案】15 CACDB 610 AABAA英语独立主格结构说明一、独立主格结构的特点 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：(1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。(2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。(3) 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。二、独立主格结构的用法它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。(1) 作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done) , we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。(2) 作条件状语Weather permitting(If weather permits) , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。(3) 作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。(4) 作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head) . 他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。(5) 表补充说明A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold) . 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。三、使用独立主格结构的注意事项(1) 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over/Class over) , the students soon left the classroom. 下课后，学生很快离开了课室。(2) 在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略：a. 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church. 因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。b. 在There being名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。(3) 在“名词（或代词）介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。(比较with的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. ) (4) 独立主格结构没有所有格形式。如：The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构：The chief-editors arriving made us very surprised. ）(5) 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began. 听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed. 由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。独立主格结构用法归纳英语的独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，在许多情况下相当于一个状语从句或并列句。1. 用作时间状语The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。2. 用作条件状语Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。3. 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4. 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。5. 表示补充说明A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。英语独立主格结构常见类型独立主格类型1：名词（代词）+现在分词The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。独立主格类型2：名词（代词）+过去分词The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。独立主格类型3：名词（代词）+不定式Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。独立主格类型4：名词（代词）+介词短语The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。独立主格类型5：名词（代词）+形容词或副词He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。独立主格类型6：There being +名词（代词）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。独立主格类型7：It being +名词（代词）It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。说明：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如：Dont sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。独立主格结构的用法说明与注意点一、有关独立主格结构的基本概念 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。二、独立主格结构的常见形式1. 名词（代词）+现在分词The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。2. 名词（代词）+过去分词The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。3. 名词（代词）+不定式Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。4. 名词（代词）+介词短语The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。5. 名词（代词）+形容词或副词He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。6. There being +名词（代词）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。7. It being +名词（代词）It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如：Dont sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。三、英语独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。1. 用作时间状语The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。2. 用作条件状语Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。3. 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4. 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。5. 表示补充说明A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。四、使用独立主格结构的几点注意1. 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。2. 在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略：(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。(2) 在There being名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。3. 在“名词（或代词）介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式。如：The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。比较动名词复合结构：The chief-editors arriving made us very surprised.5. 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。由with或without 引导的独立主格结构英语中由“with (without)+宾语+宾语补足语”构成的复合结构也可视为一种独立主格结构，其中的“宾语”通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格而不能用主格。如：He sat in the chair with his legs crossed. 他盘着双腿坐在椅子上。The wart was over, without a shot being fired. 一弹未发，战争就结束了。Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room. 她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 无人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。We all had to take part in the training run, with nobody excepted. 我们大家都得参加跑步训练，无人例外(www.yygrammar.com)。The little girl called out to her mother, with tears running down her cheeks. 小女孩大声呼喊着她的母亲，眼泪汩汩流下了双颊。由“名词(代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格在英语中，独立主格可以由“名词或代词+形容词、副词、分词不、不定式、介词短语等”构成，其中的“名词或代词”用主格形式，起逻辑主语的作用，其后的“形容词、副词、分词不、不定式、介词短语等”起逻辑谓语的作用。注意，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。本文主要介绍“名词或代词+介词短语”的用法。He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。The old woman sat down, traces of tears still on her cheeks. 老太太坐了下来，面颊上还带有泪痕。We walked out, one behind the other. 我们一个接一个地走了出来。A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house，a vast load of firewood on her back每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。分词独立主格结构的理解技巧在英语中，分词用作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，若不一致，则应改用其他句型。如：他生病了，我们把他送到了医院。误：Being ill, we took him to the hospital.正：Being ill, he was taken to the hospital by us.句中的“误”句之所以有误，不仅仅是因为这句话与相应的中文不吻合，而且该句本身的意思也是很荒唐的句中的分词短语being ill为原因状语，按理说它的逻辑主语应该是句子“我们”，所以该句的实际意思就是：由于我们生病了，所以我们把他送到了医院。如果真是这样，那“我们”得的就是精神病了，因为自己生病，还要把别人送到医院，够荒唐的吧！如果改用上面的“正”句，意思就通顺了因为他生病了，所以他被我们送到了医院。除了以上办法之外，还有其他的办法可以解决分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题吗？有！我们还可以在分词前加一个名词或代词，使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式，所以我们称这类结构为独立主格结构，如上面一句也可改写为：He being ill, we took him to the hospital. 为了帮助大家理解，我们对这个含有独立主格的句子分析详细一下。首先，它是一个简单句，不是复合句，也不是并列句，因为句中的he being ill只是一个用作状语的分词短语，句子只有一个主谓结构，所以它是简单句。其次，这个句子不能改为：He was ill, we took him to the hospital. 因为这样一来，它就成了两个句子，但句子间却没有相应的衔接方式，所以就错了！为什么会错了呢？看上去好像很对啊！注意，英语句子从结构上看，只有三种类型，即要么是简单句(只有一个主谓结构)，要么是并列句(句子之间应有并列连词)，要么就是复合句(有相应的主句和从句)，除此之外，不存在其他的句子类型。He was ill, we took him to the hospital.这个句子的错误就在于，它既不是简单句(因为它有两个主谓结构)，也不是并列句(因为句子间没有并列连词)，也不是复合句(句子没有体现出主句和从句)。所以如果我们将这个句子改成以下形式则是完全正确的(www.yygrammar.com)：正：He was ill, and we took him to the hospital.正：He was ill, so we took him to the hospital.正：Because he was ill, we took him to the hospital.正：He was ill, so he was taken to the hospital by us.正：Because he was ill, he was taken to the hospital by us.第二章 情态动词的用法can与could的用法详解一、表示能力(1) 表示现在的能力，用can：My sister can drive. 我妹妹会开车。Everyone here can speak English. 这儿人人会说英语。(2) 表示将来的能力，通常不用can或could，而用be able to的将来时态：Ill be able to speak French in another few months. 再过几个月我就会讲法语了。One day people will be able to go to the moon on holiday. 总有一天人们可以到月球上去度假。但是，若表示现在决定将来是否有能力做某事，则可用 can：Can you come to the party tomorrow? 你明天能来参加我们的聚会吗？(3) 表示过去的能力，有时可用could，有时不能用could，具体应注意以下几点： 若表示过去一般的能力(即想做某事就随时可做某事的能力)，可用could：Could you speak English then? 那时候你会说英语吗? 若表示过去的特定能力(即在过去特定场合做某事的能力)，则不能用could，而用was (were) able to do sth，或用 managed to do sth，或用 succeeded in doing sth 等。He studied hard and was able to pass the exam. 他学习很努力，所以考试能及格。At last he succeeded in solving the problem. 他终于把那个问题解决了。【注】could 不用来表示过去特定能力通常只限于肯定句，否定句或疑问句中，它则可以表示过去特定的能力：I managed to find the street, but I couldnt find her house. 我想法找到了那条街，但没找到她的房子。(前句为肯定句用managed to，不用could，后句为否定句，可用could)另外，could还可与表示感知的动词(如see, hear, smell, taste, feel, understand等)连用表示的特定能力：Looking down from the plane, we could see lights on the runway. 从飞机上向下看，我们可以看见机场跑道上的点点灯火。还有在间接引语中，could也可表示过去特定的能力：He said he could see me next week. 他说他下周能见我。二、表示许可(1) 对于现在或将来的“许可”，要区分以下两种情况： 表示请求允许(即请求别人允许自己做某事)，两者均可用，但用could 语气更委婉：Can Could I come in? 我可以进来吗?【注】此时也可用may或might，其中might和could均不表过去，只表委婉语气。 表示给予允许(即自己允许别人做某事), 一般只用 can，而不用 could：“Could Can I use your pen? ” “Yes, of course you can.” “我可以借用你的钢笔吗?”“当然可以。”(不能说Yes, you could.)(2) 对于过去的“许可”，也要区分以下两种情况： 表示过去一般性允许(即表示某人随时都可以做某事)，用can的过去式could：When I lived at home, I could watch TV whenever I wanted to. 我住在家里时, 想什么时候看电影就可以什么时候看。(一般性允许) 表示过去特定的允许(即表示在过去某一特定情况下允许进行某一特定的活动)，则不用 could，而需换成其他表达(如had permission, was were allowed to)：I was allowed to see the film yesterday evening. 昨天晚上允许我去看了电影。(特定的允许，不能用 could)三、表示推测(1) 对现在或将来的推测，两者均可用，但can 通常只用于否定句或疑问句中，一般不用于肯定句，而could则可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句：It cant be true. 那不可能是真的。What can they be doing? 他们会在干什么呢?We could go there this summer. 今年夏天我们可能要去那儿。(将来可能性)You could be right, but I dont think you are. 你可能是对的，但我并不认为你是对的。(现在可能性)【注】can 有时也用于肯定句中表示推测，这主要见于： 表示理论上的可能性(即从理论上看是可能的，但实际未必会发生)：Even experienced teachers can make mistakes. 即使是有经验的教师也可能出错。 用于含有only等表示限制的肯定句：(from www.yygrammar.com)“Who is that at the door? ” “It can only be the postman.”“门外是谁?”“只能是邮递员。” 后接“be (get, seem, become)+形容词”，表示“有时会”、“时常会”等：It can get very hot here. 这里有时会很热。She can be very unpleasant. 她有时很令人讨厌。(2) 对过去的推测，必须在 can, could 之后接动词的完成式。但此时can仍只用于否定句或疑问句，不用于肯定句；而could则可用于各种句型：He cant couldnt have seen her there. 他不可能在那儿见到她。 He could have gone home. 他可能已回家了。Who could have taken it? 是谁把它拿走了呢?I do not see how I could have done otherwise. 我看不出那时我还能有别的做法。She could not have been more than sixteen. 那时她不可能超过十六岁。I couldnt have won, so I didnt go in for the race. 我不可能获胜，因此我没参赛。【注】could后接动词的完成式，除表示对过去的推测外，还有以下用法(不用can)： 表示过去没有实现的可能性(即某事本来可以发生，却没发生)：He could have told her, but he didnt choose to. 他本来可以告诉她的，但他却没有。I could have lent you the money. Why didnt you ask me? 我本来可以借这笔钱给你的。你为什么不问我? 用来委婉地责备某人过去应该做某事而没有去做：You could have been a little more considerate. 你本可考虑得更周到些的。You could ask me before you use my phone. 你打电话之前可以问我一声。You could have helped me why did you just sit and watch? 你本可帮助我的，为什么只坐在一旁瞧着? 表示“差点儿就要”：I could have died laughing. 我差点笑死了。I was so angry I could have killed him. 我是那样生气，差点把他杀了。She felt miserable. She could have cried. 她感到很痛苦，她差点哭了。may与might用法详解一、表示允许(1) 表示请求允许(即请求别人允许自己做某事)，两者都可用，只是 might 表示的语气较委婉(但并不表示过去)：May I come round in the morning? 我早上来可以吗？Might I have a little brandy? 我可以喝点白兰地吗？I asked her if I might call and see her. 我问她我可否来看她。Id like to ask a question if I may. 如果可以的话，我想提个问题。(2) 表示给予允许(即自己允许别人做某事)，通常要用 may而不用might：You may leave whenever you please. 你高兴随时可以走。You may go or stay, according as you decide. 是去是留由你自己决定。You may use the room so long as you keep it clean. 你可以使用这个房间，只要你能保持干净。体会以下对话的问句与答句：A：May Might I stay? 我可以留下吗? (表请求，可用两者)B：Yes, you may. 可以。(表允许，不能用 might)【注】在通常情况下，may 表示允许(请求允许或给予允许)时，总是针对“现在”或“将来”而言，若要表示已经
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