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Unit2 English around the worldLanguage points:1. include vt. 包含；包括 反义exclude vt. 除去；排除e.g. a. The list included his name.b. I include eggs on the list of things to buy.included adj. 包含的，包括的 including prep. 包含，包括n./pron.+ included e.g. Six persons, six women included, were killed or damaged in the road accident.including+ n./pron. e.g. There are six people, including three women.区别：include, contain, holdinclude: 强调“包括，作为整体的一部分”， 侧重范围或整体 e.g. He had included a large number of funny stories in the speech.contain: 着重“其中确实包含有”，指在一定范围或容器内容纳某物，侧重包含的内容或成分。 e.g. The bottle contains water.hold: 指“能容纳”。 e.g. a. The house hold 20 people. b. How much water does the jug hold?练习：1. The parcel _ a lot of things, _ a second-hand dictionary.A. contained; included B. contained; includingC. included; contained D. included; containing2. The book _ forty maps, _ three of Great Britain.A. contains; includes B. is containing; includingC. includes; contains D. contains; including 2.role n. 角色；任务；作用（同part）play roles 扮演角色 play the role/part of 扮演角色 e.g. He will play the role of the doctor in my latest drama.play a role/part in sth/doing sth 在发挥作用/扮演角色 e.g. Phonetics plays an important part in the study of English.3. because of + n./pron/宾丛 e.g. She didnt come to the party because of what you had said.because + 句子 e.g. I was late for school this morning because I overslept.同义词：due to 由于，作表语或状语 e.g. The accident was due to careless driving.thanks to 多亏，由于，作表语或状语 e.g. Thanks to your advice, much trouble was saved.owing to 由于，作表语或状语 e.g. Toms failing in the exam was owing to his carelessness.as a result of 由于，作状语 e.g. The flight was delayed as a result of fog.on account of 因为，作状语 e.g. We delayed our departure on account of the bad weather.by reason of 由于，因为，作状语 e.g. He was excused by reason of his age.4. native adj.&n.adj. a. 出生地的 b. 本地的，土生土长的 c. （常与to连用）本地产的 A是B地特产的动物或植物：A be native to B. = A be a native of B.d.(指品质)与生俱来的，天生的n. 本地人，本国人，某地的动物或植物e.g. a. Her native tongue is German. b. Tom is a native Englishman. c. Banana is native to Taiwan.= Banana is a native of Taiwan. d. native speaker f. He is a native of Beijing. g. Are you a native here, or just a visitor? h. The panda is a native of west China.注：Ones native place 指某人的出生地，但表达“是某地人”时，习惯上不说“My native place is .”而说 “I was born in ” 拓展：nation n.国家，民族national adj. 国家的，国民的 n(c). 侨民nationality n. (u) 国籍 （c）民族 e.g. the minority nationalities 各少数民族5. the road to the modern Englishto 为介词，类似的有：the entrance to the hallthe answer(n.) to the question answer(v.) the questionthe key to the doora road to successa journey/trip to Beijing a visitor to Beijingthe guide to .the notes to the textan introduction to English grammar6. not 与everything 连用表示部分否定类似的：all, both, every, whole, always, altogether, entirely, wholly 等与否定词连用，构成部分否定。e.g. a. All is not gold that glitters.= Not all that glitters is gold. 发光的并非都是金子。b. All men here are not honest. 这儿的人并非都诚实。c. Both of the brothers dont like the film. 兄弟两不都喜欢这部电影。d. The rich are not always happy. 有钱人并非总是幸福的。另：notand 的否定，被否定的往往是and 后面的那一部分。e.g. a. She cannot sing and dance. 她会唱歌但不会跳舞。 b. He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得清楚但不正确。注：把and 换成or, not 对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。e.g. a. She cannot sing or dance.她既不会唱歌也不会跳舞。notas well as 只否定它前面的部分，表示部分肯定。e.g. a. He doesnt dance as well as sing. 他唱歌，但不跳舞。 b. The child isnt lively as well as healthy.这个孩子健康，但不活泼。拓展：全部否定若表示全部否定，则用none, neither, nobody, nowhere, never etc.+肯定动词e.g. a. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事，只怕有心人。 b. No pains, no gains.c. None of them are right. 他们都不对。 d. Neither of us will go. 我们两都不去。 e. The book is nowhere to find. 都处都找不到这本书。anything, anything, any other etc.+ 否定动词 e.g. I cannot do any of the exercises. 任何一道题我都不会做。7Come up a. = to rise （太阳）升起 e.g. The sun came up.b. =to come near 走近 e.g. He came up and said hello to me.c. =to appear or happen 显现；出现 e.g. The question never came up.d. （植物）长出地面拓展：come about 发生happen come across 偶遇，碰到=come upon/meet with/run across (into)come along 进展，进步 come to 苏醒；结果达到come on 来吧；赶快 come into being 形成（无被动形式）come into power 上台，掌权come into use come out 出版；开花；发芽；出现 come over 过来；顺便拜访come true 实现8actually adv. 事实上；实际上；真实地e.g. Actually, few of us will agree with him.同义词：really, in fact, as a matter of fact，in reality, in truth, in point of fact, in nature9. present n. &adj. & vt.n. a. =gift 礼物 e.g. a birthday giftb. 当前；目前 at presentnow 目前 at the present time 在目前，在现在 for the present = for the time being 暂时，暂且，就目前来讲up to the present =up to now 到目前为止 presently=soon 不久e.g.a. I will treasure the birthday present he gave me.adj. a. 出席的；到场的（作后置定语或表语） be present at 出席 b. 现在的；现存的（作前置定语）e.g. a. There are twenty children present. b. What is your present job?vt. 赠予， 颁予，提出，呈递 把某物给某人 present sth to sbmake a present of sth to sb present sb with sth e.g. a. They presented flowers to their teacher.拓展：presence n. 出席；到场；存在反义absence n.present adj. be present at 反义absent adj. be absent from 练习：1_The teacher present _(在座的老师) will have a discussion about it.10morethan 与其说倒不如说 e.g. more brave than wise 有勇无谋more than 超过，不仅仅，不止 e.g. It cost me more than $100.no more than 不过，仅仅，同一样不e.g. Its no more than a mile to the shops.no morethan 与都不，不也不e.g. He is no more diligent than you .你不勤奋，他也不勤奋。not more than 至多，不超过，不比更 e.g. The new edition is not more expensive than the old edition.not morethan 不象一样，不如一样e.g. This book is not more interesting than that one.这本书没有那本书有趣。lessthan less than 少于no less than 竟有之多，多达e.g. His son has read no less than 50 English books.他的儿子竟然读了50本英文书。（强调多）no lessthan 和一样，不亚于 e.g.Her voice is no less sweet than it used to be.她的歌声和以前一样甜美。not less than 不少于,至少e.g.His son has read not less than 50 English books.他的儿子读了不少于50本英文书。（不强调多或少）11. rule vt.&vi. (ruled, ruling) 统治，支配 e.g. Try not to let your heart rule your head.n. 规则，法规，章程，统治权 e.g. The school rules must be obeyed.拓展： as a rule 通常，总体上generally speakingby rule 按惯例 keep/obey/follow the rule(s) 遵守规则 break the rule(s) 破例，犯规 carry out a/the rule 执行规则 make a rule of doing sth 有做某事的习惯make it a rule +to do定为规律，总是by/according to rule(s) 按规则under the rule of 在的统治下12Such aslike “诸如，譬如说” 用于列举事物， 后不用逗号，所列举事物的数量不等同于被举例名词的总量，否则就应该用that is 或namely. for example=for instance “比如说” 用于举例说明，其后一般用逗号，一般仅举同类人或物的一个例子。e.g. a. Students, _such as_ Tom and Mary, should be learnt from. b. Wear something simple, _for example_, a skirt and blouse.13. request vt.&n. 要求，请求 request sth from/of sb e.g. a All I request of you is that you should be here earlier. request sb to do sth e.g. Gentlemen are requested not to smoke. request that .should. e.g. He requests that you come earlier. at the request of sb = at sbs request 在某人要求下 make a request for 请求 14. recognize vt. a. 认出，辨认出； b. 承认，认可 c. 意识到recognize sb as/to be - be recognized as/to be 承认某人是recognize sb to do sth 承认某人做某事recognize that-clause 意识到e.g. a I recognized my old friend at once. b. They recognized him to be a great leader. c. He recognized that he was not fit for the post. d. He recognized that he was wrong.辨析：recognize, know recognize: 指原来很熟悉，经过一段时间的间隔或别的原因后又重新认出来，是终止性动词；know:是延续性动词，指相互间十分熟悉，十分了解。e.g. a. I have known him for 10 years.b. The town has changed so much that you wouldnt recognize it.练习：- Oh, its you! I _ you.-Ive just had my hair cut, and Im wearing new glasses.A. didnt recognize B. hadnt recognizedC. havent recognized D. dont recgnize 15. way n.路，道路e.g. the way to the station 到车站的路 ask the way 问路路线，路途e.g.a. He is on the way home. b. They sang songs to cheer the way.他们唱歌活跃路途。方向，附近（只用单数）e.g. a.This way, please. b. He lives somewhere Peking way.他住在北京附近某处。情形，状况，规模，程度e.g. a.do an experiment in a small way进行小规模的实验习惯，作风e.g. a. break down the old ways.b. English way of living方法，手段，方式e.g. a. the best way to do sth b. in every possible way 千方百计the way 作“方式”讲， 且为先行词，其后引导定语从句的关系词通常有三种形式：that, in which, 省略that/in whiche.g. It was not the words but the way you spoke that made him angry.拓展： the way of doing 做某事的方式方法 the way to do sth 做某事的方式方法 on the way to sp 在路上，在途中 on the way home 在回家的路上 all the way 自始至终，全程 by the way 顺便说 in the /sbs way 妨碍，挡的路in a way=in a sense 在某种程度上，在某种意义上in one way=in some ways in this way=with this method=by this means 用这种方法in no way=at no time=by no means=on no account决不 lose ones way 迷路feel ones way 摸索着走fight ones way 打出道路，奋斗前进make ones way前进，行进lead the way/show sb the way 带路，引路 no way 没门，别想anyway 无论如何，不管怎样under way 在进行中
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