非谓语动词高考考点清单.doc

高考英语非谓语动词考点清单常考点清单一非谓语动词的句法功能成分形式主语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语不定式动名词分词常考点清单二分词、不定式作宾语补足语的用法要点一、 分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别1.感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice 等词的宾语补足语有四种形式，以see为例：（1） see + 宾语 + do 看见做了（2） see + 宾语 + doing 看见正在做（3） see + 宾语 + being done 看见正在被做（4） see + 宾语 + done 看见被做I heard her sing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱英文歌。（主动，正在进行）I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时，我听见一个小女孩正在唱英文歌。（被动，正在进行）Id like to see the plan carried out. 我想看到这个计划被执行。（被动，没有一定的时间性）注意：不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成或状态。如：I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.我低头看了一眼我的脖子，发现我的项链不见了。（不及物动词，状态）I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.发现我的家乡变化如此之大我感到很惊奇。（不及物动词，完成）2. 使役动词let后加复合宾语时，有两种情况：（1） let + 宾语 + do 让做（2） let + 宾语 + be done 让被做Dont let your child play with matches.别让你的孩子玩火柴。My fathers just had his operation and the doctor wont let me see him yet.我父亲刚动过手术，医生还不允许我去看他。Let the work be done immediately.工作要马上去做。练习用所给动词的适当形式填空。 At that moment I saw him _(cross) the road. I was glad to see the children well _ (take) care of. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ (smoke) in the kitchen.3. leave后接非谓语动词作宾语补足语时，意为“使处于某种状态”。leave sb doing sth让某人一直做某事（宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的主动关系，表示动作正在进行）leave sth. undone 留下某事未做（宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的被动关系，表示被动和完成），一般用undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched为多leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事（不定式表示将来动作）leave sth. be done 留下某事要做（不定式表示将来动作）如：Its wrong of you to leave the machine running.你让机器一直开着是不对的。（主动，正在进行）The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didnt taste delicious.大部分的菜客人们没有动，因为它们不可口。（被动，完成）He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.他走了，留下我一个人去做剩余的所有工作。（主动，将来）We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.我们匆匆忙忙地结束了会议，留下了很多问题等待解决。（被动，将来）4. have，get后可以接动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词三种形式作宾语补足语，have、get表示“使、让、叫”之意。（1） have sth. done = get sth. done 使/让某事由别人去做（叫/让某人做某事）。如：Ill have/ get my bike repaired tomorrow.我明天得（请人）修一下我的自行车。此外，have sth. done 还表示“使遭受”之意。如：Tom had his leg broken while playing football. 汤姆踢足球时伤了腿。Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.在史密斯先生度假期间，他家被盗了。（2） have sb. / sth. doing 使/ 让某人/ 物持续地做（现在分词表主动，正在进行）get sb./ sth. doing 使某人/物开始做如：The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进起来。注意：have sb. doing 若用于否定句中，其中have 有“容忍”之意。如：I wont have you speaking to your dad like that.我不允许你和你父亲那样讲话。（3） have sb. do sth. / get sb. to do sth. 使/让/叫某人去做某事，如：Mother had me go/ got me to go to the shop and buy some salt.妈妈让我去商店买些食盐。【练习】用所给动词的适当形式填空： He went away without saying anything, _ (leave) us _ (stand ) outside. Mr. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine he had _ (repair) went wrong again. I wonder if this is the computer you want to have _(repair). Childrens being addicted to the Internet gets their parents _(worry).二、 下列动词及动词词组后接不定式作补足语，即“动词/动词词组 + sb. + to do”advice, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, remind, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, think, wait for, call on, depend on等。如：You are not allowed to smoke here.此处不允许吸烟。The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.医生警告他不要吃太多的肉。【练习】单项填空 The teacher asked us _ so much noise.A. dont make B. not makeC. not makingD. not to makeAn army spokesman stressed that all the soilders had been ordered _ clear warnings before firing any shots.A. to issueB. being issuedC. to have issuedD. to be issuedI _ him to give up smoking, but he wouldnt listen.A. persuadedB. advisedC. suggestedD. provided三、注意下列结构中用不定式作主语补足语，它们是：.sb. be said / believed / known/ reported/ considered/ found/ thought + to do/ to have done/ to be done/ to have been done。如：He is said to have gone abroad.(= It is said that he has gone abroad.)据说，他出国了。Heat is considered to be a form of energy.热能被看作是一种能量。【练习】用所给动词的适当形式填空：1. He is thought _ (invent) the first telephone in the world.2. Allen is said _ (design) a new computer program recently, but I dont know when she will finish it.三、 不定式、现在分词作宾语补足语小窍门下列动词在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作补足语，但在被动语态中要加上to：它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”5看（look at, see, watch, notice, observe）；3使（make, let, have）；2听（listen to, hear）；1感觉（feel）。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语（主语）补足语（5+3+2+1-2+4）：即以上动词除let，make（-2）外都可以用现在分词作宾语（主语）补足语，此外find, catch, keep, leave (+4)也可以用现在分词作宾语（主语）补足语。如：I hate to see you leave so soon.我不愿意看到你这么快就离开。Someone was heard to come up the stairs.听见有人上楼了。At that time, I found him crying in the street.在那时，我发现他在大街上大哭。Im sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.对不起让你等这么长时间。He was caught stealing.他正在偷东西时被抓住了。常考点清单三 不定式、分词作定语的用法要点一、 不定式作定语1. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.布朗一家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time，place或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如：He had no money and no place to live (in).他没钱，也没有安居之所。2.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：Have you got anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”）Have you got anything to be sent?你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？（不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”）2. 用不定式作定语的几种情况：（3） 不定式表将来。如：The car to be bought is for his sister.要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。（2）用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any 等限定的中心词，且与中心词为主动关系。如：He was the best man to do the job.他是做这个工作最好的人选。She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.她是第一个在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。（3） 被修饰的词是抽象名词时用不定式，常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。如：Do you have the ability to read and write in English?你具备读写英语的能力吗？I have no chance to go sightseeing.我没有机会去观光。二、 分词作定语1. 作定语的及物动词分词形式为：v.-ing，being + 过去分词和过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时，用being + 过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。如：The houses being built are for the teachers.正在建的那些房子是为老师们建的。（被动，正在进行）“Things lost never come again！”I couldnt help talking to myself.我不禁自言自语道：“覆水难收啊！”（被动，完成，表状态）I have never seen a more moving movie.我从未看过更感人的电影。（主动，表特征）2. 作定语的不及物动词分词形式为：v-ing和过去分词。V-ing 表示正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成。如：.boiling water 沸腾的水.boiled water烧开了的水（白开水）.falling leaves正在下落的叶子.fallen leaves已经落下的叶子三、 不定式to be done形式、过去分词和现在分词being done形式作定语的区别不定式to be done形式表被动、将来；过去分词表被动、完成；现在分词being done形式表被动、正在进行。如：Have you read the novel written by Dickens? 你读过狄更斯写的小说吗？（表被动、完成）Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students.听！现在正唱着的这首歌在学生中非常流行。（表被动、正在进行）The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one.明天在会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。（表被动、将来）【练习】用所给动词的适当形式填空： Do you know the boy _ (lie) under the big tree? Many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth, _(believe) to be flat. The speech which he made _ (concern) the football match bored a lot of fans to death. If the building project _(complete) by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined. To fetch water before breakfast seemed to him a rule never _(break).常考点清单四不定式、动名词作宾语的用法要点一、 下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。.decide/ determine, learn, want, expect/ hope/ wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/ beg, help.此外，afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。如：She pretended not to see me when I passed by.当我经过时，她假装没看见我。We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.我们约好在此地见面，但是她到现在还没有露面。二、 下列动词只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。.consider, suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse/ pardon; admit, delay/ put off, fancy; avoid, miss, keep/ keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/ appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; cant help, mind, allow/ permit, escape。此外，be used to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, cant stand, give up, feel like, insist on, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty/ trouble (in), have a good/ wonderful/ hard time (in), spend time (in) 等动词词组也要用动名词作定语。如：He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk losing the good opportunity.他为这次工作面试做好了充分准备，因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。【练习】用所给动词的适当形式填空： The squirrel was so lucky that it just missed _(catch). I can hardly imagine Peter _(sail) across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. I would appreciate your _(call) back this afternoon. The dictionary of the new evidence led to the thief _ (catch).三、 下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意：1.forget to do sth. 忘记做某事.forget doing sth. 忘记已经做过某事.remember to do sth. 记住要做某事.remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事.regret to do sth. 遗憾要去做某事.regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事.stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事.stop doing sth. 停止做某事.try to do sth. 努力做某事.try doing sth. 尝试着做某事.mean to do sth. 打算做某事.mean doing sth. 意味着做某事.go on to do sth. （做完某事）接着做另一件事.go on doing sth. (= go on with sth.)继续做同一件事.cant help (to) do sth. 不能帮助做某事.cant help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事【练习】用所给动词的适当形式填空：She didnt remember _(meet) him before.Weve always deeply regretted _(sell) the house.This dictionary cant help _(learn) the language.What do you plan to leave?I mean _ (leave) tomorrow.2. 在动词allow, advise, forbid, permit后直接跟动名词作宾语；如果后面有名次或代词作宾语，则用动词不定式作宾语补足语。即：allow / permit/ forbid/ advise sb. .to do sth.(doing sth.)如：Smoking is forbidden here but you are allowed to smoke.这里禁止吸烟，但你可以吸。We dont allow smoking in the hall.我们不准在大厅内吸烟。3. 动词need, require, want 作“需要”解时，其后用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，表示事情需要被做。这时动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。.be worth 后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。此外，need, require, want后可以接名词或代词作宾语，然后接不定式作宾语补足语，表示“需要/ 要求/ 想要某人做某事”。即：.need / require / want to be done doingsb. .to do sth.be worth + 名词（doing）.be worthy to be doneof + 名词（表钱数或表价格的名词除外）.being done如： The window needs / requires / wants to be cleaned.Cleaning.窗户需要擦一下。This place is worth visiting.worthy to be visited.of a visit.of being visited.这个地方值得参观。【练习】用所给动词的适当形式填空。1. He would like _(sing) this song now.2. Do you feel like _(have) a cup of tea?3. The extra money will allow us _(buy) a car.4. This book is worth _(read).5. This book is worthy of _(read).6. All cars require _(service) regularly.4、 动词不定式在介词but, other than 后面时，如果介词之间有行为动词do的某种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to，否则就要带to。如：We could do nothing but / other than wait.我们没有办法，只得等待。（wait前省去不定式符号to）He had no choice but to wait.他别无选择，只能等待。（wait前的不定式符号to不能省略）另外在cannot choose but, cannot help but（只好），cannot but (只好),had better, would rather后面的不定式也要省略to。如：He cannot choose but stay on. 他没办法只好待下去。I cannot but agree to his terms.我只得同意他的条件。You had better come here on time.你最好准时到这儿。I would rather stay than otherwise.我宁愿留下来也不愿做别的。5、 不定式作动词tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out等地宾语时，前面常带引导词how, what, whether, where, when, who等，但why后加不带to的不定式。注意：此用法中的不定式的逻辑主语需与主句的主语或宾语保持一致，否则用宾语从句。如：He showed us how to do the work. (= He showed us how we should do the work.)他给我们演示怎么做这项工作。I dont know what to do.(= I dont know what I should do.)我不知道做些什么。We must decide whether to stay or go.(= We must decide whether well stay or go.)我们必须决定是留还是走。Can you tell me why do it?你能告诉我为什么做此事吗？【练习】用所给动词的适当形式填空：1. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _ (forget) ityouve got some big bills coming.2. I wonder how _ (solve) this problem.3. What can we do but _(sit) and _(wait)?常考点清单五不定式、分词作状语的用法要点1、 不定式作状语Helen had to shout to make herself heard above the sound of the music.海伦不得不大声讲话，以便能在如此大声的音乐下被别人听见。（表目的）He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.他匆忙到了车站结果却发现火车已经出站了。（表示“意外或事与愿违的结果”）My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China.我的祖母看到了中国的解放。（表示结果）To look at him, you would like him. 看看他，你会喜欢他的。（表条件）某些形容词作表语，表示喜、怒、哀、乐，后跟不定式表示原因。如：I am very glad to see you.见到你很高兴。I am so sorry to hear about your failure in business. 听说你事业失败我很遗憾。在带有enough或too的句子里，也常用不定式作状语，表示程度。如：He was too excited not to say a few words.他太激动了，不会不讲几句话的。He is old enough to go to school.他到上学的年龄了。She is too tired to do the job.她太累了，做不了这项工作。注意：强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可用in order to (为了)或so as to（以便）+动词原形。.so as to 不用于句首。如：He got up early in order to catch the first bus.他早起是为了赶上第一班车。The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.公共汽车停下以便接载乘客。2、 分词作状语1. 分词作状语时其形式的选择形式意义V-ing (doing)与句中主语为逻辑上的主动关系，与句中谓语动词同时发生，或没有一定的时间性.having + v-ed (having done)与句中主语为逻辑上的主动关系，先于谓语动词发生.v-ed(done) 与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成或没有一定的时间性.being + v-ed (being done)与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，且与谓语动词同时发生，一般作原因状语置于句首.having been + v-ed (having been done)与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，且先于谓语动词发生2. 分词作状语的基本原则分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。即：分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则一般不能使用分词作状语。3. 分词作状语的句法功能分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while或when引出。如：When offered help, one often says Thank you. or Its kind of you. （时间）当被提供帮助的时候，人们常说“谢谢”或“你真好”。Be careful while / when crossing the street.（时间）过马路的时候小心点。Separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.（原因）和其他大洲分离了数百万年，澳大利亚有许多在世界上别的国家找不到的动植物。Generally speaking, when taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. （条件）一般来说，当按照说明服用时，这种药没有副作用。He glanced over at her, noting that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together. (结果) 他不经意地看了一下她，发现她虽然很纤弱，但整体上看起来非常健康。Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.（让步）虽然被告诉过好多次了，但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students.（伴随）老师进了实验室，后面跟着一些学生。【练习】 单项填空1. _ many times, she still cant remember it.A. Had toldB. Having been toldC. Having toldD. Being told2. _ full preparations, we decided to put off the meeting till next week.A. We did not makeB. Having not madeC. We had not madeD.Not having made3. Written in a hurry, _.A. Peter made many mistakes in the paperB. .there are many mistakes in the paperC. .we found some mistakes in the paperD. .the paper is full of mistakes4. 独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：generally speaking一般来说；frankly speaking坦白地说；judging from/ by.根据.来判断；considering./ taking.into consideration考虑到.；to tell you the truth说实话；seeing.鉴于/ 由于.；supposing 假设，如果；saving除了；assuming假使；given考虑到，鉴于；provided (that)如果；compared to/ with与相比。如：Judging from his accent, he is from the south.从口音判断，他是南方人。Considering your health, youd better have a rest.考虑到你的健康，你最好休息一下。To tell you the truth, I am a little tired.说实话，我有点累。【练习】用所给动词的适当形式填空。1._ (judge) by the score, this group ranked first.2._(take) his health into consideration, he has to be sent to hospital at once.5.独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。独立主格结构的特点是：独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。独立主格结构中逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。独立主格结构的构成是： 名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词 名词（代词）+形容词 名词（代词）+副词 名词（代词）+不定式 名词（代词）+介词短语 With/ without +名词（代词）+宾语补足语。如：The test finished (= When the test was finished ), we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。The president assassinated (= After the president was assassinated), the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，全国上下沉浸在悲痛之中。Weather permitting (= If weather permits), we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。He came out of the library, (with) a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆。【练习】将下列句子变为独立主格结构。1.When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.= _, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.2. When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.=_, they began their dinner.易混点清单一、 不定式的主动形式和被动形式1.不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式在逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。如：Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon? (A knife cuts the watermelon.)你有切西瓜的小刀吗？2.不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。如：She has a sister to look after. (She looks after her sister.)她有个妹妹要照看。3. 不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb。如：This book is difficult to understand.这本书很难理解。This kind of fish is nice to eat.这种鱼很好吃。English is easy to learn.英语很容易学。4. 在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须被完成，则用被动形式。如：There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to do the work.)有很多工作要做。There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done.)有很多工作有待被做。二、 不定式符号to的保留问题有时为了避免重复，可以用to来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现在下列动词之后：expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try；或出现在be glad/ happy, would like/ love 等的后面。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been，则这些词要保留。如：I havent been to Hong Kong, but I wish to.我还没去过香港，但我希望去（那里）。Are you on holiday?No, but Id like to be.你在度假吗？不是，但我希望（在度假）。I didnt tell him the news.Oh, you ought to have.我没告诉他那个消息。噢，你应该（早）告诉（他）。三、 动名词作主语动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。It is /wasno use/ goodnot any use/ good+ doing sth.of little use/ good如：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。若主语和表语都是非谓语动词，应保持形式上的一致。Seeing is believing. (To see is to believe.) 眼见为实。四、 注意以下表达的意义区别.developing countries发展中国家.developed countries 发达国家.an exciting voice 令人兴奋的声音.an excited voice 兴奋的声音.a puzzling expression 令人困惑的表情.a puzzled expression 困惑的表情【练习】用所给动词的适当形式填空。1.Mr. Smith, _(tire) of the _(bore) speech, started to read a novel.2.The girl let out a _(frighten) voice at the sight of the snake.3.His _(frighten) voice scared the boys away.4.The man is hard to _(deal) with.5.It is no use _(argue) with him.