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VocabularyDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.1. A. economy B. dated C. relationship D. event E. achievementF. applied G. global H. regularly I. financial J. promoteThe World Expo (short for “exposition”) is known as Worlds Fair. And it is a large, _41_, non-commercial exposition that has been held since the mid-19th century.The World Expo is the third largest _42_ in the world in terms of economic and cultural impact, after the FIFA World Expo Cup and the Olympic Games. In fact, the World Expo is regarded as the “Olympic Games of the _43_, science and technology.”The hosting of the World Expo must be _44_ for by a country and approved by the international World Expo committee. Expo aims to _45_ the exchange of ideas and development of the world economy, culture, science and technology, to allow exhibitors to publicize and display their _46_ and improve international _47_.Exhibitions are not a recent invention. They _48_ back to the times when large-scale markets were _49_ held in cities which attracted visitors and brought prosperity because they were located at major trade route intersections.41. G 42. D 43. A 44. F 45. J 46. E 47. C 48. B 49. H2.A. select B. techniques C. wasted D. effectively E. familiarF. better G. slowly H. average I. materials J. reviewReading can be fun, but it can also be time-consuming if your speed is not as fast as youd like it to be. The 41 reading speed can range from 200 to 350 words per minute, but that speed can vary depending on your reading experience and the 42 you are reading. Its also important to understand what you are readingeven when you improve your speed. Here are a few tips to help you become a 43 reader.Adjust your reading speed as you read different materials. Slow down when the material is new to you or you need to understand the material fully. Speed up if you are already 44 with the material or you dont have to understand it completely.Another way to improve your reading speed is to focus on the key words in the sentences. A large amount of reading time is 45 on conjunctions, prepositions, or articles (i.e. a, an, the, but, and, etc.).Talk about what youve read. Some readers find that by talking about their reading with friends or fellow students, they are able to understand the material more 46 .Determine a reading schedule that works for you. You may find that you cant concentrate on the material for more than an hour (or a half hour). Also 47 a time of the day when you are ready to read. Dont re-read right away; it will slow down your reading speed. If you absolutely dont understand part of the reading selection, go back and 48 the material later.Find a proper reading place, where interruptions or distractions will not disturb your reading. Practice. Practice. Practice. The best way to improve your reading speed is to practice reading. Try out some of the above 49 , and then perfect the strategies that work best for you. 41. H 42. I 43. F 44. E 45. C 46. D 47. A 48. J49. B3. A. contentsB. takingC. carefullyD. plasticE. packagingF. declinedG. freelyH. typicalI. contractsJ. registeredIf the package looks pretty, people will buy just about anything. So says an advertising executive in New York, and he has proved his point by selling boxes of rubbish for the price of an expensive bottle of wine.Justin Gignac, 26, has sold almost 900 _41_ presented plastic boxes of rubbish from the street of the Big Apple at between $50 and $100 each. Buyers from 19 countries have paid for the souvenirs(纪念品). The idea has been so successful that he is thinking of promoting it around the world.It all began when Mr. Gignac was at a summer workshop. “We had a discussion about he importance of _42_,” he recalls. “Someone said packaging was unimportant. I disagreed. The only way to prove it was by selling something nobody would ever want.”He searches the streets of Manhattan and typical _43_ include broken glass, subway tickets, Starbucks cups and used _44_ forks. “Special editions” are offered at a high price. He charged $100 for rubbish from the opening day of the New York Yankees stadium.Mr. Gignac denies _45_ his customers for fools: “They know what theyre getting. They appreciate the fact that theyre taking something nobody would want and finding beauty in it.”Some _46_ customers include people who used to live in the city and want a down-to-earth souvenir. He claims he has even sold to art collectors.Realizing that the concept appears to be a real money-maker, Mr. Gignac has _47_ a company and is employing his girlfriend as vice president. He _48_ to discuss his profit margins: “Its actually quite a lot of effort putting them togetherbut yet, garbage is free.”Mr. Gignac is considering more varieties of souvenirs. He maintains that he has signed _49_ with people interested in similar projects from as far as Berlin and London.40-44 CEAD45-49 BHJFI4.A. account B. distinct C. psychologically D. fulfill E. practicallyF. concern G. collapse H. devotion I. exposure J. academicAddiction （沉溺，上瘾）to computer games has been on the increase with its rise in popularity. It is not a physical disease or mental illness. A person with this type of addiction sets aside _41_ all other activities in favor of playing computer games almost endlessly.Computer games addicts tend to isolate themselves from normal, face-to-face human contact. They spend hours playing the online games, without much _42_ for those around them. They also do not care to _43_ the responsibilities awaiting them and they are more likely to feel depressed. The fact that computer games reduce time available for family and friends may _44_ for the drop in well-being. Faceless, bodiless virtual communication may be less _45_ satisfying than actual conversation, and the relationships formed through it may be shallower. In addition, _46_ to the wider world via the Net makes users less satisfied with their lives. Many addicts spend as long as 100 hours a week playing computer games. Such a lifestyle will result in decreased job or _47_ performance. Late nights and days spent playing the games make the addict unable to perform as well as he would have. Some gamers even spend real money on virtual products to make their characters _48_ from others.Computer games addicts have unwittingly developed a set of habits. These habits have become part of their lives and if not dealt with, their jobs, relationships and careers may _49_. However, breaking these habits is easier said than done. Sometimes these habits could lead to depression, stress and other emotional problems. Therapy, counseling programs can be helpful to them. The earlier treatment is sought, the greater the chance it will be successful.41-49 E F D A C I J B G5. A. convinced B. overestimated C. interfere D. absolutely E. consciouslyF. witnesses G. crazy H. tense I. evidence J. tricksAll of us rely on what we see. We say to ourselves, “I know, I was there; I saw it happen.” And that seems to settle the matter. Or does it? Can we really trust the _41_of our eyes?Take competitive sports. Fans who see the same game will not agree with each other and will disagree with the referee (裁判). “He was out of bounds when he caught the pass,” says one fan. Another says, “Youre _42_. I saw it with my own eyes. He was five feet in bounds. You must be blind.” The referee rules that the receiver did step out of bounds. But thousands of fans are still not _43_ because they were there!Its the same story in the courtroom. Trialprocedure_44_ depends on witnesses giving testimony (证词). But just how reliable is the testimony of a person who reports what he has seen? In a recent study, ten thousand _45_ were asked to describe the man they sawcommita crime. The study reveals that, on the average, the witnesses _46_ the mans height by five inches, his age by eight years, and gave the wrong hair color in 83 percent of the cases. These witnesses didnt play _47_ on them!What can we do to keep error tominimum? First of all, dont let your emotions _48_ with your vision. Dont see something because you want to see it. Secondly, try to stay relaxed. If you are _49_, you are likely to see red when the color is blue. And finally, it helps to make notes of what you see. Dont rely on your memory alone. Take pictures, make recordings, and use any other aid to reduce distortion (歪曲).Section B 41.I 42.G 43.A 44.D 45.F 46.B 47.J 48.C 49.H1. A. meter B. guide C. desired D. pinned E. basicallyF. presents G. available H. positioning I. function J. eventuallyNavigation computers, now sold by most car-makers, cost $2,000 and up. No surprise, then, that they are most often found in luxury cars, like Lexus, BMW and Audi. But it is a developing technologymeaning prices should _41_ drop-and the market does seem to be growing. Even at current prices, a navigation computer is impressive. It can _42_ you from point to point in most major cities with precise turn-by-turn directions-spoken by a clear human-sounding voice, and written on a screen in front of the driver. The computer works with an antenna ( 天线 ) that takes signals from no fewer than three of the 24 global_43_ system (GPS) satellites. By measuring the time required for a signal to travel between the satellites and the antenna, the cars location can be_44_ down within 100 meters. The satellite signals, along with inputs on speed from a wheel-speed sensor and direction from a_45_, determine the cars position even as it moves. This information is combined with a map database. Streets, landmarks and points of interest are included. Most systems are _46_ identical. The differences come in hardware-the way the computer accepts the drivers request for directions and the way it _47_ the driving instructions. On most systems, a driver enters a _48_ address, motorway junction or point of interest via a touch screen or disc. But the Lexus screen goes a step further: you can point to any spot on the map screen and get directions to it. BMWs system offers a set of cross hairs ( 瞄准器上的十字纹 ) that can be moved across the map (you have several choices of map scale) to pick a point youd like to get to. Audis screen can be switched to TV reception. Even the voices that recite the directions can differ, with better systems like BMWs and Lexuss having a wider vocabulary. The instructions are _49_ in French, German, Spanish, Dutch and Italian, as well as English. The driver can also choose parameters for determining the route: fastest, shortest or no freeways ( 高速公路 ), for example. 这篇E文写于何年何月无法考证，反正不是最近的作品，所以现阶段的科技水平肯定已经大大超出了文章中描写的程度。 还是老规矩，橘黄字是E文原文，蓝字是我翻译的，黑字是我写的。 Navigation computers,now sold by most car-makers,cost $2,000 and up.No surprise,then,that they are most often found in luxury cars,like Lexus,BMW and Audi.But it is a developing technologymeaning prices should eventually drop and the market does seem to be growing. 由汽车生产商销售的导航电脑价格为2000多美元。通常可以在Lexus，BMW，Audi这样的奢侈的车上找到它们。但这是一项发展中的技术，意味着最终价格会跌下来，而且市场前景看上去也不错。 Even at current prices,a navigation computer is impressive.It can guide you from poing to point in most major cities with precise turn-by-turn directionsspoken by a clear human-sounding voice,and written on a screen in front of the driver. 即便是现在的价位，一台导航电脑还是给人深刻的印象。在大多数主要的城市里它能用语音提示或者屏幕显示的方式引导你精确的从一个地点到另一个地点。 The computer works with an antenna that takes signals from no fewer than three of the 24 global positioning system(GPS) satellites.By measuring the time required for a signal to travel between the satellites and the antenna,the cars location can be pinned down within 100 meters. 电脑利用天线接收GPS的24颗卫星中的至少3颗的信号来定位。通过测量从卫星发射的信号到达接收机天线消耗的时间，汽车的位置可以确定在100m的范围内。 文中说测量至少3颗GPS卫星，这一点与我所掌握的资料有所出入。先简述一下GPS的工作原理吧：作为一个定位系统，首先必须有一个坐标系，GPS使用的是全球大地系统WGS84，属于协议地球坐标系（关于协议地球坐标系和极移等方面的细节可以查看相关的资料，我就不细说了，为了控制字数）。GPS卫星会不断向地球播发信号，用户接收机通过接收卫星信号可以知道卫星的坐标，以及信号的传输延时，其实从理论上说得到了传输延时就相当于知道了卫星到接收机的距离，因为信号是通过电磁波（民用为载频L1(154x10.23MHz)的CA码）发送的，传输速度近似为常数（即光速），利用光速乘上延时就得到接收机到卫星的距离。定位问题归根结底是一个解方程组问题。卫星在空间中的坐标是已知量，未知量是接收机坐标x,y,z。未知量有3个，理论上说有3个方程构成的方程组就可确定(利用欧氏距离的公式，卫星坐标，卫星和接收机的距离构造方程)，于是观测3颗卫星就能定位。理论上是这样的，但一个实际问题使得我们必须观测至少4颗卫星。为什么要观测4颗卫星呢？未知数不是只有3个吗？然而这个方程组中还有一个隐含的未知数。我们通过接收到的卫星信号可以确定信号发射的时刻，利用接收机上的时钟可以确定接收到信号的时刻，将这两个时刻相减就是传输延时了吧。如果这样想，就忽略了一个严重的问题。我们得到的信号发射时刻是卫星告诉我们的，所以这个时刻是用卫星上的钟测的，我们得到的接收信号的时刻是接收机告诉的，所以这个时刻是用接收机上的钟测的。假设卫星上的钟和接收机上的钟分秒不差，那么两个时刻相减的确就是传输延时。问题是接收机和卫星并没有对表（它们不能像战斗指挥员那样在行动之前先对表，因为GPS属于被动定位，信号是单向传送的），也就是说它们两人的钟可能并不同步！于是通过两个不同步的钟测得的两个时刻相减绝对不是传输延时！为了克服这个问题，我们将两钟的钟差也视为未知数，于是方程组有了四个未知数，需要观测4颗卫星以构造4个方程。 作者在文中说至少3颗，不知是笔误，还是现在已经改进了技术，解决了钟差的问题。 The satellite signals, along with inputs on speed from a wheel-speed sensor and direction from a meter, determine the cars position even as it moves. This information is combined with a map database. Streets, landmarks and points of interest are included. 甚至在汽车移动的时候，通过卫星信号和速度传感器获得的速度信息，依然能够定位。这些信息与一个地图数据库联合使用。地图数据库包括街道，路标，名胜等等。 GPS接收机所能输出的是WGS84坐标，小车司机不是战斗机飞行员，这个WGS84坐标对他来说毫无用处，所以车载GPS定位系统需要电子地图的配合，进行地址匹配，将GPS输出坐标转化为路的名字，街道的名字，那些对司机来说有意义的名字。 文中说速度的测量通过轮速传感器测定的。也许车载系统是这样实现的吧，不过GPS系统本身就能进行速度测定，一般来说有两种方法：平均速度法和多普勒法。平均速度法较为简单，就是测量某段时间内位置的改变来计算此时间段内的平均速度。多普勒法较为精确，利用多普勒效应进行测量。多普勒效应我想学过中学物理的人都了如指掌吧，我不详细说了，大家只要想一下驶近的火车的汽笛声不断变化这个例子，就能马上想起什么是多普勒效应了。说到这里我想起一个关于多普勒效应的笑话：有一个物理学家开车闯红灯被交警逮住了，物理学家狡辩，道：“交警先生，你知道，我在高速驶向这个交通灯时，由于多普勒效应，虽然亮的是红灯，但我看到的却是绿灯！”可是交警依然开出了罚单，理由是“超速驾驶” Most systems are basically identical. The differences come in hardware-the way the computer accepts the drivers request for directions and the way it presents the driving instructions.On most systems, a driver enters a desired address, motorway junction or point of interest via a touch screen or disc. But the Lexus screen goes a step further: you can point to any spot on the map screen and get directions to it. 大多数系统没有什么差别。只是输入输出有一些不同。在大多数系统上，司机通过触摸屏输入想要去的地方。但是Lexus做得更好，你能选择屏幕地图上任何点。 BMWs system offers a set of cross hairs that can be moved across the map (you have several choices of map scale) to pick a point youd like to get to. Audis screen can be switched to TV reception. BMW的系统提供一个可以在地图上移动的十字瞄准器选择你要去的地方（地图有多种比例可供选择）。Audi的屏幕能够用来看电视。 Even the voices that recite the directions can differ, with better systems like BMWs and Lexuss having a wider vocabulary. The instructions are available in French, German, Spanish,Dutch and Italian, as well as English. The driver can also choose parameters for determining the route:fastest, shortest or no freeways, for example. 甚至提示音也不同。较好的系统（例如BMW和Lexus）有更大的词汇量。可以发出法语、德语、西班牙语、荷兰语，意大利语的指令，就像英语一样。司机也能选择一些设计路线参数，比如最快的，最短的，或者不走高速，等等。 关于用户界面我一窍不通，因为我没有用过啊！哪有奢侈如BMW这样的car给我开啊！我只想要一辆皮卡，能拉人，又能拉货 能够设计路线的系统应该属于智能系统的范畴了，你知道路线设计是一件复杂的工作，需要许多离散数学的知识，包括很多图的算法，比如Dijkstra或者Floyd等JBHDA EFCGA. natural B. campaign C. demonstrate D. effectively E. necessaryF. illustrated G. examples H. extensively I. winning J. confirmingThe success of a speech is often attributed to the skill of the speaker, who is confident, able to talk 41 , knowledgeable and able to deliver a speech with a very strong belief. According to a recent job advertisement, a speechwriter needs to have interpersonal skills and able to 42 a deep knowledge of their subject. Some believe that the best speechwriters are born with a talent and have a 43 creative instinct, and that speechwriting is an art form. So what about those of us who do not possess such genius? In an interview with the BBC, Dr Max Atkinson (a communications specialist) outlined a number of speechwriting techniques. He also 44 how these techniques have been used. One such technique is introducing contrast. One of the most famous 45 of this can be seen in a speech given by former American President John F. Kennedy, “Ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country.” Another technique is the use of three-part lists. Dr Atkinson explains that this can be an excellent way of adding conclusion or 46 a statement. Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair was a fan of this technique. One of his most famous 47 slogans was “education, education, education”. These techniques can be used like tools they can be chosen from a toolbox and applied as 48 . A few other techniques you might find in a speechwriters toolbox might be the use of imagery, anecdotes and head rhyme. So next time you have to prepare a speech or presentation, try applying one or more of these techniques and see if you have what it takes to be a 49 speechwriter.
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