资源描述
蚄袈羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆袆膂芆蚈虿膈芅螁羅肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃羃袆芃蚅螆膄莂莄羁肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿罿袂荿螁螂芁莈蒁蚅膇莈薃袁肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅蒅蒈蚂膄蒄薀袇肀蒃蚂蚀羅蒂蒂袅羁蒂薄螈芀蒁蚇羄膆蒀蝿螇肂葿蒈羂羈肆薁螅袄膅蚃羀膃膄莃螃聿膃薅罿肅膂蚇袁羁膁螀蚄艿膀葿袀膅膀薂蚃肁腿蚄袈羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆袆膂芆蚈虿膈芅螁羅肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃羃袆芃蚅螆膄莂莄羁肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿罿袂荿螁螂芁莈蒁蚅膇莈薃袁肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅蒅蒈蚂膄蒄薀袇肀蒃蚂蚀羅蒂蒂袅羁蒂薄螈芀蒁蚇羄膆蒀蝿螇肂葿蒈羂羈肆薁螅袄膅蚃羀膃膄莃螃聿膃薅罿肅膂蚇袁羁膁螀蚄艿膀葿袀膅膀薂蚃肁腿蚄袈羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆袆膂芆蚈虿膈芅螁羅肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃羃袆芃蚅螆膄莂莄羁肀莁蒇螄羆莀蕿罿袂荿螁螂芁莈蒁蚅膇莈薃袁肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅蒅蒈蚂膄蒄薀袇肀蒃蚂蚀羅蒂蒂袅羁蒂薄螈芀蒁蚇羄膆蒀蝿螇肂葿蒈羂羈肆薁螅袄膅蚃羀膃膄莃螃聿膃薅罿肅膂蚇袁羁膁螀蚄艿膀葿袀膅膀薂蚃肁腿蚄袈羇芈莄蚁袃芇蒆袆膂芆蚈虿膈芅螁羅肄芄蒀螇羀芄薃羃袆芃蚅螆膄莂莄羁肀 北附高考英语语法 -北附英语教师梁天俊(一) 名词I. 名词的种类:名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词。 专有名词包括国名、地名、人名、团体机构名称,普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词;可数名词又可以分为个体名词和集体名词,不可数名词又包括抽象名词和物质名词。现将名词的种类列表如下:专有名词普通名词国名、地名、人名,团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数和量:1. 规则名词的复数形式:规则名词的复数形式,一般在单词单数形式后面加-s或-es。构成方法:(1) 一般情况在词尾加-s,如下:book-books,map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, chair-chairs,night-nights,etc.(2) 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es, 如下: class-classes, glass-glasses,bus-busses,box-boxes, match-matches, dish-dishes,etc.(3) 以-f或-fe结尾的名词后加-s或变-f和-fe为v再加-es: 以-f结尾的名词后加-s,如下: belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs,etc. 以-f或-fe结尾的名词后变-f和-fe为v再加-es,如下: leaf-leaves,life-lives, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives, etc.(4) 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es, 如下:baby-babies,country-countries,party-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities.(5) 以元音字母加y结尾的名词后加-s, 如下:toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays,key-keys,gay-gays,and so on.(6) 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词后加-es或加-s:以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词后一般加-es, 如下:hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes;以辅音字母加-o结尾的不少外来词后加-s, 如下:piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos,etc;以辅音字母加-o结尾的有的名词后加-es或加-s都可以,如下:zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos(7) 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s,如下: radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos(8) 以-th结尾的名词加-s,如下: truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths;2. 不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:(1) 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式, 如下:child-children foot-feet tooth-teethmouse-miceman-men woman-women 注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。 如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。(2) 单复同形,如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式, 如:a dollar, two dollars.(3) 集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数;如: people,police,cattle; 注意:不能说 a people,a police,a cattle;但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle;the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。如: The Chinese are brave.中国人民是勇敢的。(4) 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:maths,politics,physics, news, the United States,the United Nations;注意: maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 news 是不可数名词。 the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。如:The United Nations was founded in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 是一本非常有趣的故事书。(5) 表示由两部分构成的事物,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词如: glasses,trousers,clothes; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers;(6) 另外一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼(7) 合成名词:将主体名词变为复数, 如:sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends;无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数, 如:grown-ups, housewives;将两部分变为复数, 如:women teachers, men doctors;3. 不可数名词的量:在不可数名词前加of短语,利用量词和容器的数量来表示不可数名词的 “量”, 如:a bottle of milk-two bottles of milk a piece of meat-three pieces of meat注意: 不可数名词用来表示类别时,可用复数,如: drinks各种饮料 vegetables各种蔬菜 foods各种食物 fruits各种水果III. 名词的格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加s构成;二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。所有格的构成: (1) 单数名词词尾加s,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加s,如the boys book,mens room; (2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加,如:the workers struggle; (3) 凡不能加s的名词,都可以用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系,如:the song of the film; (4) 在表示店铺或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barbers 理发店。 (5) 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示分别有;只有一个s,则表示共有。 如:Johns and Marys roomsJohn and Marys room (6) 复合名词或短语,s 加在最后一个词的词尾。 如:a month or twos holiday;(二)冠词和数词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。I. 不定冠词的用法:(1) a用在辅音之前,an用在元音之前, 如: a boy, an orange;(2) 指一类人或事,如: A plane is a machine which can fly in the sky.(3) 第一次提及某人某物,如: A girl is right here waiting for you .(4) 表示“每一”相当于every,one; 如: I study English two hours a day.(5) 表示“相同”相当于the same, 如: We are of an age.(6) 用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事, 如: A Mr. White came to see you .That girl is a Lei Feng.(7) 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后, 如: There is quite a big smile on her face. This tree is rather a big one. Many a student likes English. Half a apple is left on the table. What a kind girl she is ! She is such a good teacher that all of us love and respect her.(8) 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后, 如: Mary is so good a singer that all the fans love her . Michael is as clever a boy as you can wish to see. There is too heavy a box for him to carry. How beautiful a girl you can see !(9) 用于固定词组中, 如: a lot of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time;II. 定冠词的用法:(1) 特指某人或物,其意思接近指示代词this, that, 这种情况称为“特指”; 如: The book is very good for English learners.(2) 前面提到的名词,再度提到时前面要用the; 如: There will be a video show tonight. The video show will begin at seven.(3) 表示在世界上独一无二的事物,如:the sun, the moon, the earth;(4) 定冠词the有时可用于单数可数名词之前,表示某一类人或事物; 如:The horse has four legs.(5) 定冠词还可以与某些形容词或分词连用,表示类别或抽象概念; 如: the poor, the rich,the wounded;(6) 有些乐器的名称(一般指西洋乐器),前面要加the; 如: The boy is learning to play the piano.(7) 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前, 如: He is the taller of the two brothers.(8) 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前, 如:the Peoples Republic of China, the United States, the Communist Party of China,the Yellow River ,the Himlalays;(9) 表示说话双方都了解的人或事, 如: Would you mind opening the window? (10) 用于表示发明物的单数名词前, 如: The compass was invented in China.(11) 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”, 如: The Smiths are waiting for us at the station.(12) 用于表示单位的名词前, 如: The cleaning women are paid by the hour in cities.(13) 在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代, 如: He was born in the 1930s.(14) 用于方位名词,身体部位名词前, 如: Baqiang lies in the east of Xinzheng City. He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法:(1) 称呼之前, 如:Will that be ok, sir?(2) 专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词前, 如:England ,Germany, peace, war, air等。(3) 季节、月份、星期几;节假日,一日三餐等名词前, 如:Autumn, October,Monday,National Day, breakfast等. (4) 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前, 如: Lincoln was made President of America.(5) 学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前, 如: He likes playing football while she likes playing chess.(6) 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前, 如: He goes to school by bus.(7) 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制, 如: I want this book, not that one. Whose book is this?(8) 表示泛指的复数名词前, 如: Dogs are useful animals.(9) 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时, 如: husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night;数词:表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。I. 基数词(1). 基数词写法和读法: 1345one thousand three hundred and forty-five;(2). 基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数: 1). 与of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连用,如:scores of people 指许多人; 2).在一些表示一排或一组的词组里;如:They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到了。 3). 表示几十岁;如: She is in her twenties, so she is young and beautiful . 4). 表示年代,用 in +the +数词复数;如: During the 90s, many people became rich by buying and selling ;that is to say , in the 1990s . 5). 在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.II. 序数词序数词的缩写形式: first-1stsecond-2ndthirty-first-31stIII. 数词的用法(1). 倍数表示法 1). 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ as + adj. + as I have three times as many as you.2). 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount,length) of The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.3). 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。4). 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍 The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年粮食产量增加了4倍。(2). 分数表示法 构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数: 1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths.(三)代词:代词是代替名词的一种词类,大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。1. 英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词七种。(1) 人称代词是表示我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化:数单数 复数格主格 宾格 主格宾格 第一人称 I me we us第二人称youyou you you hehim they them 第三人称she her they them itit they them (2) 物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数的变化见下:数单数 复数人称 第一第二第三 第一第二第三人称 人称 人称 人称人称人称形容词性myyourhisherits our your their物主代词名词性 mine yours hishers its ours yours theirs物主代词(3) 指示代词表示那个、这个、这些、那些等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。(4) 反身代词表示我自己、你自己、他自己、我们自己、你们自己和他们自己等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为反身代词。反身代词有myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves; (5) 不指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody, something,no one。 这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。 (6) 疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等,在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句,疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句。 (7) 关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。2. 代词的用法: (1) 人称代词的用法:人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语, 如: John waited a while but eventually he went home.约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。 John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,如: When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.约翰一到就直接去银行了。人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语,如:I saw her with them; I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起,我认为是她。(her做宾 语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语) a. - Who broke the vase?-谁打碎了花瓶? b. - Me.-我。(2) 物主代词的用法:物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用,如: John had cut his finger; there was a broken glass on his desk. 约翰割破了手指,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的-s属格结构,如:Jacks cap 意为 The cap is Jacks.His cap 意为 The cap is his.名词性物主代词的功能:作主语,如:May I use your pen? Yours writes better.我可以用一用你的钢笔吗? 你的比我的好用。作宾语,如:I love my homeland as much as you love yours.我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。 作介词宾语,如:You should explain what I said with my word, not in yours.你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的意义去解释。作主语补语,如:The life I have is yours. Its yours. 我的生命属于你,属于你。(3) 指示代词的用法:指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,如:单数复数限定词:This girl is Lucy.These men are myfriends. That boy is Tom. Those boys are mine.代词:This is Lucy. These are my friends. That is Tom. Those are mine.指示代词的功能:作主语, 如: This is the way of doing it. 这事儿就该这样做。作宾语, 如: I like this better than that. 我喜欢这个甚于那个。作主语补语,如: My point is this. 我的观点就是如此。作介词宾语,如: There is no fear of that. 那并不可怕。注意:指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人,如: That is my teacher.那是我的老师。( that作主语,指人) He is going to marry this girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)I bought this.我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能; 同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较: He likes that which looks beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。 He likes those who look beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人) He admires those who dance well.他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人) He admires those which look beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)(4) 反身代词的用法:Iyouyou she he myself yourself yourselves herselfhimselfwe they it oneourselvesthemselves itself oneself反身代词的功能:作宾语, 如: We enjoyed ourselves very much .我们玩得很开心。 Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。作表语, 如: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。作同位语, 如: He himself comes to see you. 他亲自来看你。注意: 反身代词本身不能单独作主语,但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。第二人称作宾语,要用反身代词。You should be proud of yourself.你应为自己感到骄傲。(5) 不定代词的用法:不定代词有all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone等。不定代词的功能:不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。但every和no在句中只能作定语。1) all和both: all 都,指三者以上;all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。all 通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说 all the book,而说 the whole book。但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如 all day,all night。both都,指两者;both 与复数名词连用,但 both and可与单数名词连用。both, all 都可作同位语。2)neither和nor :neither两者都不,neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数。作定语与单数名词连用,但neither nor 用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用,其谓语采用就近原则。可用于下列句型,避免重复,如:She cant sing,neither (can) he. 如后连续有几个否定句式,则用nor,不用neither。He cant sing,nor dance,nor skate.3)none和no:no等于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数;代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How many students are there in the classroom ? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of snakes .4) other和another: other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others; 如:He held a book in one hand and an apple in the other.Two students in our class failed the exam, but the others passed it. another指“又一个,另一个”,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”,如:I dont like this book, please show me another . Some like football, while others like basketball. 5) each和every:each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a dictionary. Each (of us) has a dictionary. We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. Every one of us has strong and weak points. 6) one, some与any: one可以泛指任何人,也可特指the one ,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any books? No, I dont have any books.I have some questions to ask. some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。Would you like some apples? Could you lend me some money? some 和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?7) one,that 和it one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it 与所指名词为同一个。I cant find my book. I think I must buy one.The book you bought is bigger than that I bought.I cant find my book. I don t know where I put it.8) one,another和the other: one the other一个另一个(只有两个)some the others 一些其他的(有三个以上)one another,another一个另一个另一个some others,others一些有的 其他的others = other people/thingsthe others = the rest剩余的全部人或物泛指另一个用another,一定范围内两人(物),一个用one,另一个用the other;一定范围内三者,一个用one,另一个用one (another);一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others; 泛指别的人或物时,用others;当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用others。9) anyone和any one;no one和none :anyone仅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。 none 后跟of短语,既可指人又可指物,而no one只单独使用,只指人。 none 作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。None of you could lift it. - Did any one call me up just now?- No one. (6) 疑问代词的用法:疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:指人: who, whom, whose指物: what既可指人又可指物: which 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。疑问代词:Whose are those books on the desk? 限定词:Whose books are those on the desk?无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,如: Which country do you come from,China,America,or Japan ? What country do you like best? Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom, 如:Who(m) did you meet on the street?(作动词宾语)Who(m) are you talking to?(作介词宾语)To whom did you speak ?(作介词宾语,置介词后,不能用who取代。)疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,如: I cant understand what he is talking about. Can you tell me whose blue shirt this is ? Whether we will have a meeting in the afternoon hasnt been decided.(7) 关系代词的用法: 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,如:The girl to whom I spoke is my classmate.(该句中whom既代表先行词the girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。) 关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that 可指人也可指物,:如: 限定性非限定性限定性 指人指物指人或指物主 格who which that宾 格 whom that that属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose This is the pencil whose point is broken.=This is the pencil the point of which is broken. (whose 指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语) This is the book which he had left in the classroom.(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子,如:He said he saw me there, which was not true .关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略,如: Ive forgotten French I once knew. Hes not the man he was. (四)形容词和副词I. 形容词: 形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类, 如:afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake,ill 等。形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:(1) 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时, 如: something nice, nobody absent, everything possible,nothing serious; (2) alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置, 如: the only person awake,the boy asleep; (3) 形容词短语一般后置, 如: a man difficult to get on with,a boy old enough to join the army; (4) 成对的形容词可以后置, 如: a room huge and beautiful, a boy young and handsome; (5) 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后, 如: the best book available, the only solution possible; (6) 和空间、时间、单位连用时, 如: a river 1,000 meters long,a room 3 meters wide;形容词表示类别和整体:(1) 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接, 如:the young,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the wounded; (2) 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用, 如: the Japanese,the English,the French,the Chinese. 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词/指示代词/不定代词/代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone复合形容词的构成: (1) 名词+形容词, 如: world-famous, snow-white , rose-red , sky-blue; (2) 形容词+形容词, 如: light-blue, dark-blue, gray-green , red-hot; (3) 形容词+现在分词, 如: good-looking,ordinary-looking,easygoing,sweet-smelling; (4) 形容词+名词+ed, 如:kind-hearted , white-haired,middle-aged, clear-headed; (5) 名词+现在分词, 如:peace-loving, fun-loving, English-speaking, grass-eating; (6) 名词+过去分词, 如:snow-covered, man-made, handmade, sun-burnt ; (7) 副词+现在分词, 如:hard-working, on-coming, outgoing, outstanding ; (8) 副词+过去分词, 如: newly-built, well-known, widely-used, well-received; (9) 数词+名词+ed, 如: three-egged,one-eyed, ten-storeyed,six-armed; (10) 数词+名词, 如: first-class, one-piece,second-hand,one-way; (11) 数词+名词+形容词, 如: five-year-old,ten-metre-long, six-foot-deep;II. 副词副词的分类:(1) 时间副词, 如:soon, now, early, finally, once, recently;(2) 地点副词, 如:here, there, outside, upwards, above;(3) 方式副词, 如:hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really;(4) 程度副词, 如:almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather;(5) 频度副词, 如:always, often, frequently,
展开阅读全文