高考英语语法复习情态动词和虚拟语态.doc

高考英语语法复习-情态动词（一）虚拟语气虚拟语气：表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。 表现形式：虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示 虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法 条件状语从句中：Eg: If I were you, I would study English harder. Even if you had come earlier, you wouldnt have seen the famous singer. If it were to be Sunday tomorrow, I would go to see my friends there. If there should be a meeting, I would come. 归纳总结：时间条件从句的谓语动词主句中的谓语动词现在were/ didwould/ could/ might/ should do 过去had donewould/ could/ might/should have done将来were/ did/were to / shouldwould/ could/ might/should do注意：1. 从句中含有 should/ had/ were, 可以省略if把should/ had/ were 放到主语前。Eg: Should he come, tell him to ring me up.=If he should come, were I in your position, I would ask him for help.=If I were in your position, Had you come earlier, you would have seen the famous singer. =If you had come earlier, If they had not helped us, our experiment would have failed.=Had they not helped us, （否定倒装“not”,放于原位置，不能提前）2.当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。 Eg: If you had really worked hard, you would be very tired. If I were you, I would have gone to the cinema last night.3. 用介词短语代替条件状语从句 Eg: If there werent water, there wouldnt be living things in the world. =Without water, there If it hadnt been for the storm, we should have arrived earlier. =But for the storm, we should虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用：1. 现在 were/ didWish 过去 had done将来 would/ could doEg: I wish I _were_ (be) a bird I wish I _had seen_(see) you yesterday I wish I _would go_(go) with him tonight2.动词order/ command/ demand/ desire/ propose/ request/ require/ insist(主张）suggest (建议)等后的宾语从句用should do Eg: The captain ordered the battle _be ended_ (end) as quickly as possible. He suggested his little brother _stay_ (stay) with his grandparents.3.以上动词相对应的名词的主语/表语/同位语从句依然用虚拟语气 should doEg: The order of the captain was that the battle _be ended_ as quickly as possible. It was suggested that his little brother _stay_ with his grandparents.虚拟语气在其他句式中的应用1. if only 过去 had done现在 were/ didEg: If only I _were_ (be) a bird If only you _had taken_ (take) his advice. 2.It is high time (that) sb. didEg: It is high time you _went_ (go) to bed.3.It is necessary/ natural that sb. (should) doEg: It is necessary that the question be settled at once.4.would rather sb. did 建议 had done 遗憾Eg: I would rather you _stayed_(stay) with me. I would rather I _had spent_(spend) last evening on study instead of on the boring film.5. as if/ as thoughEg: He looked after the girl as if she _were_ (be) his daughter. she talked about the matter as though she _had seen_(see) it herself 6. should/ shouldnt have done need/ neednt have done could have done7.8.（二）情态动词表推测一、can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测。（1）情态动词+动词原形。表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。Eg: I dont know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.（2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。Eg:At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。（3）情态动词+动词完成时。表示对过去情况的推测。Eg:We would have finished this work by the end of next December.明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。The road is wet. It must have rained last night.地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。（4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。Eg:Your mother must have been looking for you. 你妈妈一定一直在找你。（5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用cant, couldnt表示。Eg:Mike cant have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning. 迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can, may。二、情态动词+ have +过去分词(1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。Eg:Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident. Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.(2)must have +done sth (mustnt have +done sth 禁止)对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有肯定，谅必的意思。Eg: Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. She must have gone by bus.(3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示不该做某事而做了。Eg:You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment. He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）ought to 在语气上比should 要强。(4) neednt have done sth本没必要做某事Eg:I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineednt have done so. The weather was hot.(5) would like to have done sth本打算做某事Eg:I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.（三）情态动词情态动词：有一定的词义，表示说话人的某种语气或者感情，即说话人对动作的观点，如需要，可能，意愿，许可或者怀疑。 can/ could, may/ might, will/ would , must, need, dare, shall, should, ought to, have to, used to注意：1. 不能单独作谓语，要与动词连用构成谓语。 2. 情态动词后加动词原形。 3. 情态动词没有人称和数的变化，而有时态的变化，但是有些情态动词没有时态变化。 4. 情态动词的时态并不都是时间的表示，有些表示语气。5. 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式；1can / could1.表示能力Eg: He can speak English. He could speak English when he was a little boy.They will be able to tell you the news soon.Though the fire spread quickly, everyone was able to escape from it.区别：1.be able to 可以用在任何时态中，而can 只能用在一般现在和一般过去时中。2. be able to 强调“干成”这一结果，而can 只表示能力，不强调结果。2.表示“允许” = mayEg: You can go out as your work is done .They asked if they could smoke in the hall.他们询问可否在大厅吸烟。3.表示“请求”Eg: Can you tell me the way to the post office?-Could I use your bike? -Yes, you can./- No, you cant.注意：could 在此表示委婉的语气，回答时用原形;类似用法的还有would.4.表示“客观的可能性”，根据客观事实做的判断。Eg: It will be sunny in the daytime, but it can rain later on this evening. Even an experienced doctor can make such a mistake.5.表示一种不耐烦、惊讶或者生气的语气Eg: Cant you walk a bit quickly? How can you speak to your teacher in such a rude way?6.can not but docan not help doing can not help (to) do cant too =cant enough2may / might1. 表示请求或者允许 = canEg: -May I join you in playing football?-Yes, you can/may . / - No, you cant /mustnt.These books cant /mustnt be taken out of the library. 这些书不准带出图书馆。2.放在句首，表示祝福。+ 动词原形Eg: May God bless you! May you succeed!3. may as well + do 表示“不妨干某事”Eg: We may as well stay where we are. You may as well tell me the truth. 3will / would1.will表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性，would表示过去的习惯行为Eg: He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by. He would come to see me when he was in Beijing. Without water, fish will die.2.表示“愿意”= be willing to doEg: Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace. He would not let me try it . 3. 表示不肯定的预料或者猜想，“大概。Eg: It would be about ten when he left home. He will have arrived in Beijing now.4.用在过去时的否定句中，表示“不肯，不乐意”Eg: No matter what I said, he wouldnt listen to me. He wouldnt tell the truth to us.5. 表示功能丧失Eg: He tried again, but the door wouldnt open.6. 表示委婉的语气。4shall1.用在一、三人称中，表示征求建议，请求允许。Eg: What shall I wear on the journey? When shall he be able to leave the hospital?2. 用在二、三人称中，表示许诺，命令或者威胁。Eg: She shall get her share. She shall pay attention to her behavior. You shall have it back tomorrow. You shall answer for what you have done.5should1.表示应该干某事，表示劝说或者建议。Eg: You should listen to your parents.2.表示推测，“按理说应该”, 表示某一情况时合理的，正常的，符合逻辑的。 Eg: Its 2:00 p. m,and he should come back. -When can I come to fetch my photos? - They should be ready at the noon.3. 表示出乎意料的惊讶Eg: You should be so stupid to make such a mistake. You should have been fooled by him.4.Why/ how +should 表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外。Eg: How should I know the result? Why should you be so late today?6must 1.表示主观上“必须”Eg: It is too late, and I must leave.His mother is ill, so he has to look after her.（has to 表示客观上“不得不”）2.表示与说话人意愿相反或不耐烦，“偏要”Eg: Why must you ask such silly questions? As I was sitting for supper, the telephone must ring.3.表示主张，“一定要，坚持要”Eg: he must always have his own way.If you must go, at least wait till the storm is over.- Must I hand it in this afternoon?- Yes, you must/ have to .- No, you neednt/ dont have to.7need 1.Vt. dont need sth./ need to do （有时态和人称的区别）2.anx. need do needntEg: Do you need _B_ in advance? （Need you be told in advance?） A. be told B. to be told C. tell D. to tellneed to be done= need doing8dareEg: She dare go out by herself in the evening. She dared go out by herself in the evening when she was a little girl.dare 作为情态动词,有时态的区别, 无人称的区别.1.V. dare (to) do （有时态和人称的区别） 固定句式：I dare say that2.anx. dare doEg: He dare to swim in the sea.（dares） He dares not swim in the sea.（dare）