句子成分及句子结构.doc

句子结构及成分1. 及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。The door opened. He opened the door.The meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six. 指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。考点1. Most birds can fly.（ ）考点2. The children are flying kites in the park. ( )考点3. It happened yesterday.（ ）考点4. My watch stopped.（ ）考点5. The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( )考点6. She spoke at the meeting this morning. （ ）考点7. Shall I begin at once?（ ）考点8. She began working as a teacher after she left school.（ ）（ ）考点9. When did they leave Beijing?（ ）考点10. They left last week. （ ）2. 实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词。)I like reading. （like “喜欢”，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。）I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买”，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。）助动词助动词的“助”是“帮助”之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。帮助构成时态的：The boy is crying.He has arrived. I have been painting all day. Does he like English?He doesnt have lunch at home.Trees are planted in spring. The house has been pulled down. If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.帮助构成强调意义的He did come yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词。)因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have，它们为基本助动词。一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。He did his homework at seven oclock.Did he do his homework yesterday?He has had breakfast.指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词。i. Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming? ii. He does ( ) like ( ) swimming.iii. Where does( ) he live ( )?iv. He does ( ) some washing after work.v. He has ( ) had ( ) supper already.vi. The bridge has( ) been( ) built( ) now.vii. I have ( ) been ( )waiting( ) for you all day.viii. He was ( ) struck ( ) by a stone.情态动词情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如：He can swim across the river.You must stay at home. I might leave tomorrow.3. 谓语和非谓语在英语中，一个主谓结构中只能有一个谓语，再出现动词时，要变成非谓语形式，即：在前面加to构成动词不定式，或在后面加-ing构成动名词或现在分词，或在后面加-ed构成过去分词。也就是说，非谓语是指：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。先找出句中的谓语，然后改正句中的错误，并说明原因。考点1. Get up early is good for our health.考点2. I want go home now.考点3. My favorite sport is play football.考点4. There is a bird sings in the tree.The boy sits over there likes singing.考点5. The house was built last year has been sold out.The girls are singing over there are my classmates.考点6. My parents wanted him work hard.考点7. I remember saw him that day.8. I saw him walked into the building.4. 主动关系和被动关系先看下面两个题：1. _ wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale.A. TastedB. Being tastedC. TastingD. Having tasted2. The food _ delicious sells well.A. smellsB. smelledC. smellingD. is smelling主动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于主动语态。如：The boy crying over there is Tom.(在那边哭的那个男孩) 从逻辑上讲，the boycry, 男孩哭，相当于主动语态，是主动关系。被动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于被动语态。如：The house built last year is the strongest.(去年建的那座房子) 从逻辑上讲，the house was built,房子被建，相当于被动语态，是被动关系。5. 逻辑上的主谓关系在判断是否是宾语补足语时，一般说，“宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系”。He asked me to lend him some money.他让我借给他一些钱。判断下列句中画线部分是否是宾语补足语。(是的填T，不是的填F)写作专练1. I want him to come at once. ( )写作专练2. He lent me some money. ( )写作专练3. He made the boy cry again. ( )写作专练4. The teacher found him cheating in the exam. ( )写作专练5. Dont leave the door open at night. ( )6. 复合结构He invited us to come to the party.Its important for us to learn English well.Its very kind of you to help me.Toms coming late made our teacher angry7. 没有人称和数的变化先看下列三组句中have、do和be的变化形式I have a bookHe has a book.They have a book.I enjoy watching TV.You enjoy watching TV.We enjoy watching TV.He is sleeping.I am sleeping.They are sleeping.“人称的变化”是指：谓语动词用什么形式，受前面主语是第几人称的影响。主语同为单数（表示一个人）， be在第一人称I后用am, 在you后用are, 在he后用is; do和have在一、二人称后用原形，在第三人称后用为does, has。“数”是指“单数和复数”。“数的变化”是指谓语动词用什么形式，还受前面主语是单数还是复数的影响。如果主语是复数，be要用are的形式，do和have用原形。如果主语是第三人称单数，be用is, do和have要用does和has。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。如：He / I / We can swim.句子成分主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构：1.名词 2.代词 3.数词 4.名词化的形容词（如the rich）5.不定式 6.动名词 7.主语从句等表示。在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class. One-third of the students in this class are girls. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. Smoking does harm to the health. The rich should help the poor. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. It is necessary to master a foreign language. That he isnt at home is not true.改正下列句中的错误，并说明原因。He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.Beyond the mountains lie a small village.Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.Play basketball is my favorite sport.Give up English is not an option.1. 谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.He reads newspapers every day.复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.2. 表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。a) Our teacher of English is an American. b) Is it yours? c) The weather has turned cold. d) The speech is exciting. e) Three times seven is twenty one.f) His job is to teach English.g) His hobby（爱好）is playing football. h) The machine must be under repairs. i) The truth is that he has never been abroad.3. 宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介词结构。画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。They planted many trees yesterday. (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. I wanted to buy a car. I enjoy listening to popular music.I think（that）he is fit for his office.4. 宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。用下画线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room.We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.I want your homework done on time.5. 主补对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。He was elected monitor.She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.6. 定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。a) 副词用作定语一般要后置。 People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)He didnt like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人）b) 形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）c) 介词短语作定语时要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）d) 现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子） 口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。 The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. We need a place twice larger than this one. She carried a basket full of eggs. Its a book worth no more than one dollar. Its a city far from the coast. He has money enough to buy a car. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home. There are many clothes to be washed. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America. Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.7. 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。He writes carefully. He walks slowly.(认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语)This material is environmentally friendly.（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）He runs very slowly.（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，作状语）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式地点时间一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。如：He worked hard at his lessons last year.I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中的位置位于情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.状语按意义分类在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。I. How about meeting again at six? II. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. III. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. IV. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. V. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. VI. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. VII. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. VIII. The boy needs a pen very much. IX. The boy really needs a pen. 10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 11. She works very hard though she is old. 12. I am taller than he is. 13. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 8. 同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批“学生”）Its good to us students. 选择正确答案，并口头说出句中那个是同位语。The young man, _,works in the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me Our English teacher, _, often helps us with study.A. Mrs. WangB. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wangs.D. of him _, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.A .Them B .They C .He D .Theirs简单句的五种基本结构用符号表示为： （主谓） （主谓宾） （主谓间宾直宾） （主谓宾宾补） （主系表）基本句型一： （主谓）这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语。如: It is raining now. ( )Weve worked for 5 hours. ( )The meeting lasted half an hour. ( )Time flies. ( )分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。1. Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )2. Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( )3. He is smiling all over his face. ( )4. I did well in English. ( )5. He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( )基本句型二： （主系表）系动词主要是be，但还有一些动词有些时候也可作系动词，有人称之为半系动词。如何辨别系动词 She looks beautiful. (looks变为is之后，她是美丽的，句意没有大的变化，looks是系动词。) Look at the picture.(look不能换为be, look为实义动词。) He felt the book with his right hand The silk feels soft.辨别下列斜体动词是系动词还是实义动词。 The door stays open at night. He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious. The book still lies open on the desk. What he said proved true. He cant proved his theory(理论).常见的系动词状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。如： He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。如：He kept silent at the meeting. 他开会时保持沉默。 This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。The food stays fresh in the fridge.食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。The house stood empty for years.房子空了数年。He lies awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒着。表“像”系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。如：Something seems wrong. 好像出差错了。He appears young. 他看起来很年轻。 感官系动词感官系动词主要有look“看起来”，feel“摸起来”, smell“闻起来”, sound“听起来”, taste“尝起来”。This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样。变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。Eggs go bad easily in summer. 蛋夏天容易变坏。His face went red.他的脸变红了。What he had dreamt of came true.他的梦想实现了。Still waters run deep.静水流深。终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达“证实”，“变成”之意。如：The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong.他预言的结果是错的。用下画线画出下列句中的系动词。1. His advice proved right. 2. The shop stays open till 8 oclock. 3. The machine went wrong. 4. All these efforts seem in vain. 5. These words sound reasonable. 6. The room soon became crowded. 7. The days are getting longer and longer. 8. He fell ill yesterday. 9. Trees turn green in spring. 10. What you said sounds great.在一个英语单句中，一般情况要有谓语动词要注意：介词短语和形容词不能单独作谓语，要和系动词一起作谓语。改错：Our school very beautiful and we like it very much.Your book on the desk.基本句型三： （主谓宾）此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。如：She likes English.We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.用下画线画出下列句中的宾语。练习1. People all over the world speak English. 练习2. Jim cannot dress himself. 练习3. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 练习4. He did not know what to say. 练习5. He just wanted to stay at home.练习6. He practices speaking English every day.基本句型四： （主谓间宾 直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give“给”，pass“递”，bring“带”，show“显示”。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：He gave me a cup of tea. ( )强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 + 介词 + 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词：动词 + 代词直接宾语 + 介词 + 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me, please. (不能说 Bring me it, please.)常跟双宾语的及物动词有：（需借助to的）allow, bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。（需借助for 的） buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play(演奏), save, sing, spare等。一般用to多些，用for的记住常用的三个就行：get, buy, make。He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She bought John a book. = She bought a book for John.分析下列句子成分，口头说出间接宾语和直接宾语。She ordered herself a new dress.She cooked her husband a delicious meal. He brought you a dictionary. He denies her nothing. I showed him my pictures.I gave my car a wash.I told him that the bus was late.He showed me how to run the machine.基本句型五： （主谓宾宾补）此句型的句子特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。分析下列句子并划分成分，在后面的括号内标明是什么充当句子的宾语补足语。1. They appointed him manager. （ ）2. They painted the door green. （ ）3. He pushed the door open. （ ）4. They found the house deserted. （ ）5. What makes him think so? （ ）6. We saw him out. （ ）7. He asked me to come back soon. （ ）8. I saw them getting on the bus. （ ）9. We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （ ）10. Ill have my bike repaired. （ ）11. We elected him monitor. （ ）12. Dont keep the lights burning. （ ）there be 句型此句型是由“there + be + 主语 + 状语”构成，用以表达“存在有”。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词（也有看作形式主语的），并无实际意义。be 与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和数的变化。现在时 there is / are 过去时 there was / were将来时 there will be/there is / are going to be.完成时 there has / have been可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be / there must have been.过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有 there seem / seems / seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be 可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等词代替be动词。此时还表示存在有，但表意要更具体一些。如：There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.There came a shout for “help”.There exists no air on the moon.There lies a book on the desk. There stands a tree on the hill._ a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of the work.A. It existedB. There existed C. They hadD. There had_ a beautiful palace _ the foot of the hill.A. There stand; atB. There stands; under C. Stands there; underD. There stands; at答案：B, Dthere be 与have 的区别there be “某地有某物，某时有某事”；have 表示“某人拥有某物”。改错：There has a book on the desk. There will have a meeting this evening.答案：把has改为is; 把have改为be。提示：没有there have这种表示“有”的方法。 简单句、并列句和复合句句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。如：He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.（画线部分为并列谓语，只有一个主语，仍为简单句。）并列句由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（;）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。要注意, 逗号是不可以连接句子的，这一点和汉语不同。如：You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等连接。 The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.He not only stole my money, but he also took my watch away.表示选择，常用的连词有or, eitheror, otherwise等。Hurry up, or youll miss the train.表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.复合句复合句含有两个或两个以上主谓结构，其中一个主谓结构作另一个的成分。（而并列句的两个主谓结构间是并列关系， 而不是从属关系。）I. It is wrong. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句。）What he said is wrong.（what he said,是一个主谓结构，he为主语，said为谓语，what是宾语。What he said is wrong. 是另外一个主谓结构，What he said作主语，是主语从句；is wrong系表结构作谓语。因此，本句是复合句。）II. The boy over there is my brother. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句。）The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.（The boy over there is my brother.只有一个主谓结构，是简单句。当over there变为 who is wearing a hat时（也是一个主谓结构），整个句子就变成了复合句，who is wearing a hat是定语从句。）III. I was doing my homework at six. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句。）I was doing my homework when he came in.判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句。We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.There is a chair in this room, isnt there?My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it?The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm.It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors.We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat.Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him.引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别说出下列复合句中，where引导的是什么从句。You can find it where you left it.（ ）Tell me the address where he lives.（ ）I dont know where he comes from.（ ）Where he was born is not known yet.（ ）This place is where they once lived.（ ）一个句子有两个主谓结构时，要考虑它们之间的连接问题改为并列句：我们可以使用and, so, but等并列连词来把它们连接起来。改为复合句：加上从属连词，把其中的一个分句改为状语从句、定语从句或名词性从句。改为简单句：把其中的一个主谓结构的谓语破坏掉，从而使其变成独立主格结构改标点：把逗号改为分号（根据句意有时也可用冒号、破折号等）。I like English, my English is very good. I like English and my English is very good. （并列句）As I like English, my English is very good. （含有原因状语从句的复合句）I like English; my English is good. （用分号）I liking English, my English is very good. (把一个分句改为独立主格结构)I have a house, its windows are very big. I have a house and its windows are very big. (并列句)I have a house, whose windows are very big. (含有定语从句的复合句)I have a house; its windows ar