广东高考读写任务写作题解读及备考训练策略.doc

广东高考读写任务写作题解读及备考训练策略深圳市宝安中学 程小明一、近三年的命题特点 读写任务是近三年广东省高考英语引进的新题型之一，它要求学生阅读一篇短文，然后完成两项任务：使用约30词概括要点，即要求考生对所给的英语语言材料进行加工，即客观、准确而又全面地理解、判断和转述所给材料的观点；使用约120词写一篇与阅读主题相关的短文。读写任务目的是考查考生综合应用语言能力,反映现代语言学习要求在语言的实际应用中培养和提高听,说,读,写技能的综合应用能力的理念。其命题特点列表如下：项目年份原文体裁话题思想教育意义写作体裁部分或全部概括主题写作内容要点数重点语法项目标题2007应用文/书信感谢父亲的养育之恩学会感恩应用文/书信部分(概括父亲在他信中对你的期望)3多种时态的交叉使用没有2008发言稿回顾中学生活和想像大学生活学会独立生活和与人沟通记叙和议论全文概括3多种时态的交叉使用Preparing Myself for College Life2009议论文该不该禁止游客和动物拍照保护动物议论全文概括3虚拟语气Should tourists take photos with animals 从上表可以得出以下几点结论：1.近三年的读写任务写作题都是无论是原文体裁还是写作体裁都很广泛，话题贴近中学生实际生活或日常生活，时代感强，且寓思想教育于考题之中，注重语言与情感文化等因素的融和。2. 近三年的读写任务写作题语境生活化，这样生活化的情景贴近学生的生活，让学生都有自己的话要说，较好地激活学生的语言表达能力，并具有较好的区分度。3. 近三年的读写任务写作题中的设计旨在最大限度发挥学生的阅读和写作能力，并根据学生的语言产出区分他们之间的能力差异。每个学生在完成读写任务时都可能有不同的表现，这是读写任务设计的一个重要标准。为每个学生发表自己的观点留出了较大的空间，考生可以根据自己的见解和语言表达能力来叙述自己的观点，有利于优秀学生的发挥，而且每个学生都有自己的经历，因此每个学生都可以根据自己的亲身经历和实际的语言水平完成这些读写任务，产出具有较好区分度的英语作文，充分体现了考试行为个性化。4.三年的主题写作内容要点数都是3个，这体现了良好的考试导向作用；考生在表达中需要用到的语法非常丰富，考生若没有扎实的语法基本功是做不好读写任务题。5. 遵循语言学里有关input和output的理论原理，既考查考生的接受技能( receptive skills ),也考查考生的产出技能( productive skills ) ，把读和写有机地的结合起来，改变了以往写作题“为写而写”的被动局面。二、09高考英语(广东卷) 读写任务命题特点和解题思路(一)真题回放第二节 读写任务（共1小题，满分25分）阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。Jackie is perhaps the most easily annoyed koala（考拉）at the Featherdale Wildlife Park in southern Australia. All the koalas there are unhappy and complaining. You would be too if you were used to night activities and someone kept waking you up all day while you were trying to sleep it off. Thats rightsleep it off. The average koala is always half asleep because it feeds on the leaves of a special kind that makes it sleepy. The reason Jackie and her fellow koalas are repeatedly awoken from their deep sleep is so they can be hugged and photographed by tourists，who make the trips to Featherdale and an increasing number of other national parks for just that special experience. Whatever department in the Aussie government in charge of such things is now moving to make the practice illegal，which is understandable. How would you react，my friend，if you were trying to sleep off a dozen times and some round，furry creature smelling of grass kept waking you?* 考拉即树袋熊 写作内容1. 以约30个词概括这段短文的内容；2. 然后以约120个词就“该不该禁止游客和动物拍照”进行议论，内容包括: （1）人们在参观动物园时为什么喜欢和动物拍照；（2）假如你处在那些动物的处境，你会有什么反应；（3）你认为是否应该禁止游客和动物拍照。 写作要求1. 在作文中可以使用自己亲身的经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容但不得直接引用原文中的句子；2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。 评分标准概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。(二)命题特点:1.今年的读写任务写作是以“Should tourists take photos with animals?”为题写一篇关于“该不该禁止游客和动物拍照”, 给定了三个提纲：（1）人们在参观动物园时为什么喜欢和动物拍照；（2）假如你处在那些动物的处境，你会有什么反应；（3）你认为是否应该禁止游客和动物拍照。要求考生在阅读的基础上写一篇相关主题的作文,主要考查考生的篇章概括和语言表达能力,试题要求考生阅读一则英语短文之后,写一篇议论文。 议论文的写作有助于培养学生正确的价值观，纠正不正确的价值观。今年的读写任务暗中旨在培养学生保护野生动物的观念、把多一点的空间还给动物的观念、与动物和谐共存的观念。2. 写作主题“该不该禁止游客和动物拍照？” 涉及“自然”这个话题，也是当今社会的一个热点。通过“人们在参观动物园时为什么喜欢和动物拍照？”这个要点考查学生分析问题的能力。而“假如你处在那些动物的处境，你会有什么反应？”这个考点能引发学生对平日习以为常的行为进行反思，学会换位思考，学会关心别人和尊重别人，这对中学生的性格和品德培养非常重要，对那些常以自己为中心的独生子女更具教育意义。最后，对“你认为是否应该禁止游客和动物拍照”这个问题的讨论能体现考生独立思考和判断的能力。暗中旨在培养学生保护野生动物、把多一点的空间还给动物、与动物和谐共存的观念。从“应该禁止游客和动物拍照”这一观点入手的话就抓住了出题意图。3.试题题意清晰,对象明确,帖近日常生活,各种水平的学生都有自己的话可说,有感而发,较好地激活了学生的语言表达能力,提供学生较大的自由发挥空间,考生对试题要求的领会把握较好,写作方面较少由于没有领会题意而跑题的现象。考生为表达内容要点所需的语言知识不超出大纲和教材要求,考生在表达时可充分挖掘和调动所学语言知识,并灵活运用语言表达意义,达到语言应用的目的,体现了新课标对测试的要求:以测试能力为主。4.任务写作的概括部分没有审题的陷阱,直接概括整篇材料要点便可。(三)能力要求:1.考查考生对所给阅读材料中的信息进行理解并加以概括的能力，考生能恰当地概括短文,做到完整、切题、言简意赅。2.考查考生转述他人观点、提出自我观点、论证所提观点的思维能力，即概括能力、思辨能力和较高的语篇布局能力。3.要求学生能根据所学语言知识分析和解决问题以及用英语进行思维和书面表达。4.要求考生必须能够具备一定的阅读能力，对材料提纲挈领，用简洁明了的语言客观、准确、全面地转述所给内容。5. 要求考生选材必须切题，能从平时积累的语料和非语言知识中准确而迅速地提取相关的材料。这需要平时知识的积累与考试时敏锐的判断相结合。6. 要求要有明确的文章主题，这个主题必须贯穿整篇文章；文章各段落的主题与整个文章的主题之间相呼应；文章层次分明，有条理；衔接过渡要自然。7. 要求考生使用合乎语法规范的语言, 进而要使用较为地道自然的英语，尽量避免语法错误和中国式英语。(四)解题方法:1.把标题 “Should tourists take photos with animals”写好, 且标题要写在概括的前面;2.用大约五分钟时间阅读所给短文,找出文章的三个要点：1) The tourists like to take pictures with Koalas.2) Koalas are unhappy.3) We should respect animals rights.概括时要认真阅读材料，概括材料的主旨将与任务要求密切相关的内容，用简洁的语言准确地“重组”出来，完成任务一。注意：1)要用自己的语言“重组”与任务相关的主要内容，不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子；同时要注意使表述的信息要与原文材料的内容一致。2)小心离题，不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点或经历，即概括阶段并不需要加上个人的见解。3)概括要全面、完整，不能只写一半；4)避免概括切题，但表达错误太多，这样会前功尽弃,因首先进入阅卷教师眼帘的是概括，错误太多会对下面主题写作的表达评分影响很大。5)关于字数问题，虽然试卷中明文规定summary的字数是“约30字”，但一般写到40个词（不包括标点符号）都不会有什么问题。考生在考试时没有必要逐个字去数，40个词的概念大概就是2至3句话，写入答题纸就是三行到四行多一点。考生最好不要只用一个句子来写summary,对于大部分高三学生来说，用一个长达30个英语单词的句子来撰写摘要，是难以驾驭的、也极度容易弄巧成拙的。因此，宁愿超字数，也尽可能用2个或3个单句来表达，除非你有绝对的把握用一个句子表达准确无误。在写作中，首先要考虑的是保证语法的正确无误。如下面是一个典型的超字数的概括：Koalas at wildlife park in Australia are annoyed because they constantly awoken from their deep sleep to be photographed by visitors so that the park can profit from this. However, the government now is acting to make this pratice illegal, which is quite understandable. (44 words) 但评卷场的老师给了满分!概括有不同的表达,现举几例:1)Koalas in wildlife parks cant fall asleep because tourists keep disturbing them. The government is thinking to make the tourists behaviour illegal to protect the animals.2) The author mainly states that the sleeping koalas feel annoyed and unhappy because the tourists frequently awake them through hugging and photographing them, and he asks how the readers feel about it.3)(参考概要,即省考试院提供)In order to be hugged or photographed by tourists, koalas do not have enough sleeping, which makes them angry. And now the government forbids the tourists to take photos with the koalas.3.概括完以后要按内容要点进行主题写作,写作内容包括:1) 人们在参观动物园时喜欢和动物拍照的原因。可以谈一方面的原因,如：When visiting a wildlife park, people always like taking photos with the lovely animals because they want to remember this moment for their friends and relatives who are also interested in these interesting animals. 最好谈几方面的原因，这样能充实更多的内容，如: When people are visiting wildlife parks, they like to take photographs with animals. Reasons for this are varied. Some contrast with taking photos with animals are funny in contrast with taking photos with other persons. Others may think that it will be interesting experience to take photos with animals during their visit. 可以用设问来引入人们在参观动物园时喜欢和动物拍照的原因，如：Why do people like to take photographs with animals? Reasons vary from person to person. Some want to keep their memory of the visit lasting forever and remember their unusual experience of visiting the zoo since they seldom have chances to pay a visit to the zooz, especially wildlife parks. Others take photos with or on animals in order to do some research as these photos can be regarded as information or materials of great value. (笔者所写)2)考生处在那些动物的处境的反应，比如：不高兴，兴奋，攻击游客，逃跑等。表达此要点时一定要用虚拟语气，这能体现考生是否有扎实的语言功底。如：If I were an animal in the wildlife park, I would feel annoyed when people keep photographing with me. My life would be greatly influenced and I wouldt feel happy at all! I think I should have some private space and time to relax myself. 可以用虚拟语气的倒装语序，使表达更加高级、复杂。如：Were I one of these animals, I would be full of anger and very unhappy. The tourists made me uncomfortable when they photographed with me and they interrupted my dream as well.以上是反对与动物拍照的观点，但也可以用相反的观点。如：If I were one of the animals, I would be happy to take photographs with the tourists. On one hand, I wouldnt feel lonely if tourists come to see me and even communicate with me by making some friendly gestures and giving me something nice to eat. On the other hand, the photos taken by the tourists would leave a deep impression on them so that they would copy them in the computer as an ever-lasting memory. Furthermore, they might show the photos to their families, relatives and friends, who might think highly of my beauty,cuteness and friendly behaviour. It feels good to get acquanited with by more and more people. (笔者所写)3)简述是否应该禁止游客和动物拍照及原因。不应该，因为影响了动物的生活，如：I suggest that it should be forbidden to take pictures with animals. Animals are also lives. They also have the right to live well. Every one of us should respect them and not ill-treat them. It is a duty for us all to take good care of each kind of animal.应该，因为可以增加游客人数和动物园的收入等，如： However, I dont agree that it is announced illegal to take photos with animals. Tourist pay for tickets to visit the wildlife park and it will be a pity for them if they cant have a photo with an animal. Perhaps wildlife park can set some special time, during this time, tourists can take photos with animals. It can both satisfy tourists and protect the animas.也可以用一个设问句来引出此要点的表达，如：Should taking photos with animals be forbidden in the zoos? I dont think so. For one thing, tourists go to a lot of trouble to visit the zoos and its really a pity if they leave the zoos without making themselves a wonderful memory since they are not allowed to take photos with animals. For another, some animals like entertaining the tourists by being photographed with them when they are fully awake. So taking photographs with animals surely benefits both the tourists and animals, which is a win-win situation. However, tourists should respect animals right and not disturb them when they are sleeping or relaxing. So the zoos can set some rules to prohibit the tourists from taking photos when the animals are resting or sleeping. (笔者所写)4.进行主题写作时要注意以下几点:1) 要注意格式,概括和正文要分段,各要点最好也分段,这样给人的感觉就层次分明,条理清楚;2)各段落要注意衔接和过渡自然,各段落要有主题句,主题句也可以用设问句来表达，这样更能引人入胜。如下面一篇学生写作值得我们借鉴:Koalas at the Featherdale Wildlife Park are constantly awoken from deep sleep by tourists who come to photograph with them. Local government now is planning to ban the practice by law. Why is people fond of taking photos with animals? To begin with, tourists from foreign countries may be curious about local animals that theyve never seen before. It makes them eager to photograph with animals for further memorizing. Moreover, the innocent and lovely appearance of animals arouses the tourists interests of approaching them. Whats more, a photo with an oversea animal may become the evidence for some people to show off their experiences.However, what would the poor animals be thinking? Supposing I were a koala who is always awoken by tourists annoyingly, I would be absolutely unfriendly and bad-tempered to such disturbing invaders! Whats more, I would be in poor condition as well as feeling ill. If we are in their shoes, well surely sympathize the situation of them.So, in my opinion, the practice of photographing with animals should be banned. If we love these pretty animals, if we appreciate their beauty, and if we care about our blue planet, please stop waking them and taking photos with them.3) 谋篇布局方面要突出重点，紧扣主题。避免在120字的“人们在参观动物园时喜欢和动物拍照的原因”中用太多的笔墨描述，收不了尾，杀不住车，以至写第2和第3个要点的文字很少，给评卷教师跑题、离题的印象。 我认为第一要点可简单带过（实质上这点的阐述是为下文作铺垫的），第二要点可稍详一点（可通过一些描述让阅卷老师体会到你处在那些动物的处境的反应），在第三要点里自己提炼出是否应该禁止游客和动物拍照，再谈原因一、二、三。4)表达时一定要句与句之间要分明,既要学会断句,该用句号用句号,该用逗号用逗号,该用连词就要用连词，又要使用分词短语、并列句、从句将句子连接起来，如:Nowadays, more and more tourists want to photograph with animals. Because they want to have the special experience. They can remember the lovely animal forever. Besides, many tourists are very excited to see the animals in their own eyes. It makes them want to photograph with animals.=Nowadays, more and more tourists want to photograph with animals, for they want to have the special experience, and they can remember the lovely animal forever. Besides, many tourists are very excited to see the animals in their own eyes, which makes them eager to photograph with animals.=Nowadays, more and more tourists want to photograph with animals since they want to have the special experience, which they can remember forever. Besides, many tourists are so excited to see the animals in their own eyes that they cant help photographing with animals.= Nowadays, more and more tourists want to photograph with animals because they want to have the special experience, and they can remember the lovely animal forever. Excited to see the animals in their own eyes , they are eager to photograph with animals.5.写草稿和修改草稿。高考要求考生在30分钟内完成一篇读写任务,显然时间比较宽裕,建议考生打个草稿,因为这样可以克服写作中出现的许多问题,写草稿时不要写得太密,行与行之间要留出空来,以便检查时修改方便，考生可根据构思好的词语、句型、句式、衔接词写草稿。起草后检查以下项目1.检查内容要点是否完整, 文章是否连贯、过渡自然;2.检查是否有时态错误(写第一个要点最好用过去时,写第二个要点用一般将来时,写第三个要点用一般现在时)和一些诸如主谓一致、动词重叠、缺词、多词等低级错误;3.检查是否有单词拼写和词组搭配错误;4.检查是否有大小写、标点符号和断句等错误。6.誊写定稿。考生在写了草稿后根据检查情况将草稿誊写到答题卷上是最后一道程序, 誊写时要对写作中由于粗心造成的错误做个别改动,还要用优美的书法、合理的布局使书写工整、卷面整洁而给阅卷老师留下深刻的印象。三、备考训练策略1.注重语言积累，培养语感。在平时的训练中，学生应注重语言积累如通过多阅读和背诵增加语言积累等。如果学生没有掌握足够的英语词汇和句式，便无法写出好文章。此外，应定时写作。例如，可以用英语写日记。开始阶段不要在意能写多少和写得好不好。重点在于培养用英语写的习惯和语感；同时，在写作时应注重运用近期所学的内容。2.注重平时书写的训练，保持卷面的整洁。由于评卷时间紧，评卷量大，评卷人员高度集中注意力。平均每人每天要评四百份试卷，基本上不到一分钟的时间要阅完一份卷并给出一个合理的分数。在这种情况下，倘若考生书写马虎潦草或涂改乱擦，就会影响卷面整洁，给阅卷老师留下不好的印象，得分往往会低于所写材料的应得分。所有考生的读写任务题都要进行二评，有时两位评卷老师的得分可能会相差10分之多（当然这种情况要经过第三位老师进行三评）。究其原因，主要是因为考生的书写潦草，卷面差。书写问题非一日之功，一定要从高三开始就抓好，最好先临摹英文字帖，一定要注意字迹的大小问题，尽量做到不要太小，每次写作时应该先列提纲，想好了再写。总之，考生要做到书写规范、字迹清晰、卷面整洁，使自己的写作“锦上添花”、胜人一筹。3.写好句子，夯实基础。读写任务的话题一般都是贴近学生生活，为考生所熟悉，考生会“有话可说”，在内容上，大部分学生都可以按要求写。但从评卷的情况来看，考生所写的句子错误较多。因此，重视句子写作训练至关重要。这是进行读写任务训练前最基本也是最重要的一环。首先要求学生写好简单句，抓住所要表达的内容的主干，即主语部分和谓语部分，然后添加一些成分，在写好简单句的基础上再进行扩展，例如并列句、复合句以及一些特殊句型的句子。在句子写作时，特别注意时态、语态的正确运用，单复数、语序、人称等问题也需要关注。其次是熟练使用一些特殊的句式，例如强调句型、倒装句型等。 4.加强针对性的训练。在对读写任务进行题型训练时，要做到“要点完整，语言规范，句型多样，词汇丰富”。首先，是写摘要训练。在读写任务提供的读的文章中找到每一段的主题句，然后找出关键词。所写的摘要围绕这些关键词进行组织句子。以08年高考的读写任务为例，文章的第一段的关键词是adjustment和basic life skills, 第二段是love，第三段有 get active in, 评卷教师评分的依据主要在这几个关键词上。另外抓关键词不一定就不用原文的词，不一定就非得用另一个什么词来代替原文的某个词，这与题目要求不直接引用原文的句子是有区别的。其次，是对读写任务写的训练。在高考的评卷中，考生作文的段落是否清晰很重要，评卷老师在较短的时间内要给出一个分数，只能是抓住段落的要点了。因此，在训练写120词的论述或叙述时，一定要按照写作要求的要点进行分段，每段为一个要点。扣紧要求，一步一步来写；这就相当于你按顺序回答问题。每段的内容比例要适当，动笔前为每一部分的内容设定好写几句话。有的同学常常对有话可讲的内容尽情地随意发挥，洋洋洒洒一大段，而把该写的要点部分漏掉或没有足够充分的表达。 5.加强对高级词汇和高级句型的运用。在阅卷速度较快的情况下，要想引起评卷老师的注意，得高分，在保持卷面整洁、书写漂亮的情况下，还必须使用高级词汇、多样的句式和合理的过渡。因为这牵涉到同一档次的得分高低问题，如同属于1820档次，若考生正确运用了一些高级词汇和高级句型，就可以给到20分，否则就有可能只有18分。下面这篇是考场高分作文，评卷场老师评为满分25分。Koalas at wildlife park in Australia are annoyed because they constantly awoken from their deep sleep to be photographed by visitors so that the park can profit from this. However, the government now is acting to make this pratice illegal, which is quite understandable.People tend to take photos with animals in order to satisfy their curiosity to have a better look at the animals. Moreover, keeping photos of cute and lovely animals will surely leave one a beautiful memory. If I were an animal which were being photographed, I would certainly become scared when being touched by so many strangers. Whats more, I would lose my freedom to do whatever I want ed, which would drive me annoyed and crazy! Finally, facing all sorts of cameras would exhaust me or even make me weaker.I believe that taking photos with animals should be banned. For one thing, animals are lives, too and they have the rights to live in freedom and happiness. No one is to take their rights away. For another, taking photos with animals may lead to some unexpected dangers. Terrible virus carried by animals can spread to visitors and visitors may also be hurt by animals attacks.All in all, taking photos with animals should be banned considering the good of both animals and visitors. 作者地址: 广东省深圳市宝安中学 邮政编码: 518101 办公电话：(0755)27788566-8004 电话: 13691836766 电子信箱:sandfordchengyahoo.com.cn