Trueorfalse判断题.doc

1 True or false判断题:1 Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of a particular language. ( )2 Language is arbitrary by nature but it is not completely arbitrary. ( )3 It is generally believed that modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, diachronic, and emphatic on writing. ( )4 Animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species, while human beings don not have this genetic basis. ( )5 Animals cannot talk about the things except those about food, danger, enemy, etc. because the communicative signals of animals don not have the property of displacement. ( )6 We can use the word “word” to talk about a word, we can talk about “talk”, we can think about “thinking”, this shows that language has a metalingual function. ( )7 When someone breaks a bowl or a plate on a special occasion in China the people present are likely to say “sui sui pingan” (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling the magic forces which the believers feel it might affect their lives. This shows that language has an interpersonal function. ( )8 Language is the instrument of thought, record of facts, and people often feel need to speak their thoughts aloud. This indicates that language has an expressive function. ( )9 A babys babbling, widespread use of verbal dueling, poetry writing as well as self-singing all show that language can be used to amuse the speakers. ( )10 The dichotomy “etic” and “emic” is by nature in a contrast of being concrete and abstract, and can be generalized into a wider use of linguistic research in a complementary way in terms of methodology. ( )1. F 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.T1. Phonetics studies the phonic medium of a particular language. ( )2. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds of all human languages form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. ( )3. In English, pill and bill form a minimal pair, and so do life and knife, pin and ping. ( )4. The English liquids are w and j, while the English glides are l and r. ( )5. The English vowel u: can be describe as central, close, rounded, and long, and u central, close, rounded, and short. ( )6. The phoneme /t/ and /d/ can occur in the same position and they distinguish meaning, therefore they are said to be in complementary distribution. ( )7. The distinctive features in English can apply to the other languages, too. For instance, voicing distinguishes meaning in both English and Chinese. ( )8. In English, nasalization of a sound is not a phonological feature, for instance, kAn and kAn, that is to say, it can not tell one word from another. ( )9. In Chinese, the assimilation rule also works as in the words “奔”and “宾”. ( )10. In a standardized English syllable, the onset, the nucleus and the coda, all the three parts are compulsory. ( )1. F2.F3.T4.F5.F6.F7.F8.T9.T10.F1. A morpheme must convey a lexical meaning. ( )2. All words can be said to contain a root morpheme. ( )3. Free morphemes can be further classified into inflectional and derivational morphemes. ( )4. Morphological rules consist of word-formation rules and adjustment rules. ( )5. All words have morphs but not necessarily allomorphs. ( )6. The word “modernizations” is made up of three morphemes. ( )7. Derivational morphemes never change the class of the words to which they are attached. ( )8. Inflections manifest various grammatical relations and lexical relations, such as number, tense, aspect, person and case, etc.9. The morphological rules can be generalized in spite of some exceptions. ( )10. It is hard to believe that there is an interface between phonology and morphology. ( )1. F2. T3. F4. T5. T6. F7. F8. F9. T10. F1. The part of a sentence which comprises an infinite verb or an infinite verb phrase is grammatically called a clause. ( )2. Grammatical sentences are formed by following a set of unlimited syntactic rules. （ ）3. The syntactic rules of a language are finite in number, yet there is no limit to the number of sentences which can be produced. ( )4. Constituents which can be substituted for one another with loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category. ( )5. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured according to the structuralist language view. ( )6. Phrase structure rules provide explanations on how syntactic categories are formed and sentences generated. ( )7. Wh-movement is always obligatory in language when it is intended to change from an affirmative to an interrogative. ( )8. X-bar theory is a typical instance of principle in terms of Chomskys UG. 9. UG is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human species-specific gift which exists in the mind of a normal human being. ( )10. Information theory also plays a role in the Systemic-Functional Grammar ( )1.F2.F 3.T4.F5.T6.T 7.F8.T9.T10.T1. In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol is directly related to the referent. ( )2. Stylistic synonyms differ in style because they come from different regions. ( )3. Homographs are words which are pronounced alike. ( )4. The superordinate term is more inclusive in meaning than its hyponyms. ( )5. In a pair of complementary antonyms, there exist some intermediate forms between the two extremes. ( )6. Antonyms contrast each other only on a single dimension, such as “hot” vs. “cold”. ( )7. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are not necessarily semantically well-formed. ( )8. One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning. ( )9. A predicate is something said about an argument. ( )10. The pursuit of both proposition logic and predicate logic is truth value. ( )1.F2.F3.F4.T5.F6.F7.T8.T9.T10.T 二。填空 1.Language is a system of _ _ symbols used for human communication.2.Linguistics is generally defined as the _ study of _.3.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _; if it aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, it is said to be _.4.In modern linguistics, _ study seems to enjoy priority over _ study. The reason is that successful studies of various states of a language would be the foundations of a historical study.5.Langue refers to the _ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; and parole refers to the _ of langue in actual use.6.Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users_ of the rules of his language, and performance, the actual _ of this knowledge in linguistic communication.7.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”. This famous quotation from Shakespeare illustrates that language has the design feature of _.8.The property of _ of language provides a speaker with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.9.Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, one of_, and the other of_. This double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge.10An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use language, but they are not mutually intelligible, which shows that language is culturally _.1. arbitrary, vocal2. scientific, language3. descriptive, prescriptive4. synchronic, diachronic5. abstract, realization6. knowledge, realization7. arbitrariness8. displacement9. sounds, words10. transmittedThe study of sounds is divided into three main branches:_ _ and _ phonetics, each dealing with one part of the process of speech production and perception.2. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are embedded in three important cavities. These three cavities are _ _ and _.cavity3. The difference between a consonant and a vowel lies in whether there is air _in the production of them.4. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called _, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants. When the vocal cords do cause vibration, the sounds produced are _; otherwise they are named _ sounds5. Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are available, broad transcription and narrow transcription. The major difference between them is with or without_.6. When the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point, the speech sound thus produced is a_.7. The basic unit of phonology is a phoneme. It is an abstract collection of _ _.8. When phonemic contrast is mentioned we realize that the two sounds belong to _phoneme(s), when complementary distribution is discussed, the allophones come from _phoneme(s); and finally when free variation is talked about, we understand that the sounds are derived from _ phoneme(s).9. In English, complementary distribution of allophones is required to meet two conditions, one condition is that they never occur in the_ _; the other is that they should share _ _.10. In English, the study of phonology has so far mainly found three phonological rules. They are _ _ and_ rule.1.articulatory,auditory,acoustic2.pharyngeal,oral,nasal3.obstruction4.voicing,voiced,voiceless5.diacritics6.fricative7.distinctive,features8.two,one,one9.same position,phonetic,similarity10.sequential,assimilation,deletion1. Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the _ _ of words and the _ by which words are formed.2. Morphology can be subdivided into two branches:_ morphology and _or _morphology.3. The phonological and orthographical realizations of a morpheme are termed _.4. -t、-d、-id are _of the morpheme -ed.5. “Careless” is the _of the word “carelessness”.6. “Gentle” is the _ of the word “gentlemanliness”.7. A morpheme can convey two kinds of meanings:_ meaning and _ meaning.8._ affixes, _affixes, and _roots are all bound morphemes.9. Compared with a free phrase, a compound has different_ _ _ _ features.10. The allomorphs -s and -iz of the morpheme plural indicates the applications of the _rule and _rule.1. internal structure rules2. inflectional derivational3. morphs4. allomorphs5. Stem6. root7. lexical grammatical8. inflectional derivational bound9. semantic orthographic syntactic phonetic10. epenthesis assimilation 1. The system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker is known as linguistic c_.2. For any natural language, a set of s_ rules are capable of yielding an endless number of sentences.3. Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a f_ verb or a verb phrase.4. The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence is l_.5. The subordinate sentence in a complex is called an e_ clause and the clause into which it is inserted is called a m_ clause.6. In conducting a tree diagram analysis, the principle we have to stick to is called b_ division.7. The r_ property captures the ability of language to generate more constituents to a sentence.8. The p_ structure rules allow us to better understand how phrases and clauses are generated.9. The starting point of an utterance which is known in the given situation and from which the speaker proceeds is named t_.10. J. Firbas thinks that the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication is called communicative d_.1.competence2.syntactic3.finite4.linear5.embedded matrix6.binary7.recursive8.phrase9.theme10.dynamism1. S_ restrictions are constraints on what lexical items can go with others.2. There are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair of g_ antonyms.3. The various meanings of a p_ word are related to some extent.4. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different r_ in different situations.5. According to Wittgenstein, for a large class of cases, the meaning of a word is in its u_ in the language.6. Hyponymy is the relation of entailment, a superordinate entails all h_.7. “Buy” and “sell” are a pair of r_ opposites.8. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p_.9. There is an important difference between entailment and presupposition, that is, presupposition unlike entailment, in not vulnerable to n_.10. A semantically a_ sentence is absurd in the sense that it presupposes a contradiction.1.selection2.gradable3.polysemic4.reference5.use6.hyponyms7.relational8.predication9.negation10.anomalous三名词解释。1. Design features: Refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.2. Synchronic: The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study, also called synchronic linguistics.3. Diachronic: The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study, also called diachronic linguistics.4.Prescriptive: If it aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, in other words, to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.5. Descriptive: If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.6. Arbitrariness: It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.7. Duality: It means that language is a system, which consists of two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of words.8. Displacement: Language can be used to refer to things that are not present: real or imagined matters in that past, present, or future or in faraway places.9. Competence: It refers to the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.10. Performance: It refers to the actual realization of the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.11. Langue: It refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.12. Parole: It refers to the realization of langue in actual use.13.Cultural transmission: It refers to, on the one hand, human language has a genetic basis, in other words, we are born with the capacity to acquire human language; on the other hand, the details of any human language are passed from one generation to the next by teaching and learning, rather than by gene.14. Etic: It refers to the linguistic units containing “-etic”, for instance, phonetic, morph etic, which are used to describe linguistic facts in detail without distinctive features, are first used to describe sounds.15. Emic: It refers to the linguistic units containing “-emic”, for instance, phonemic, morphemic, which are used to describe abstract linguistic rules with distinctive features, are first used describe phonemes.16. Phatic: It refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas. For instance, greetings, farewells, talking about weather are all instances of platic function.1.phonetics:It is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making,especially those sounds used in speech,and provides methods for their description,classification and transcription.2.places of articulation:The different vocal organs,or more exactly,the different parts of the vocal organs,which are involved in the production of consonants are known as places of articulation.3.manners of articulation: In the production of consonants,the degrees of vocal organs obstruction,complete,partial,or a mere narrowing,are known as manners of articulation.4.broad transcription:The way to transcribe speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription.5.narrow transcription:The way to transcribe speech sounds with letter-symbols and the diacritics is called narrow transcription.6.phoneme: As a basic unit of phonological study,is an abstract collection of phoneme features which can distinguish meaning.7.minimal pairs: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment in the same place in the strings,the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8.phonemic contrast: It refers to two phonemes in a minimal pair occur in the same place and can distinguish meaning,these two phonemes are said to be in phonemic contrast.9.devoicing epenthesis: Devoicing is a process by which voiced sounds become voiceless usually in normal,connected speech,for example,”five past” faivpa:st can be devoiced into faivpa:st.Epenthesis is a technical term for the process of insertion of a sound in certain phonetic environment,as in the case of “an apple”,the nasal n is inserted in the phrase for the lack of a consonant between a and apple.10.diacritics: It is a set of small symbols with which the IPA provides its users.They are usually added to the letter-symbols to indicate finer phonetic qualities in narrow transcription.11.suprasegmental features: The features that occur above the level of the segments,such as the syllable,the word,and the sentence,and can distinguish meaning are called suprasegmental features,which include stress,intonation,and tone.1.morpheme形态学:Is the branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.morph形素:The phonological and orthographic forms thar represent a morpheme are called morphs.For example,the morpheme sweet is phonologically represented by swi:t and orthographically by sweet.These two forms are morphs of the morpheme sweet.3.allomorph形素变体:The morphs that represent the same morpheme are called the allomorphs of the same morpheme.For example,the noun plural morpheme plural in English has -s,-z,-iz,-ai,-n,-i:,o and other morphs,such morphs are termed the allomorphs of the morpheme plural.free morpheme自由词素:A free morpheme is one that may constitute a word by itself.For example,in the English word ”cats” , ”cats”is a free morpheme since it can be used as a word independently.5.bound morpheme粘着词素:A bound morpheme is one that must appear with at least one other morpheme,bound or free,in a word.For example,in the English word “cats” , ”-s” is a bound morpheme since it can not be used as a word independently.6.root词根:Is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.7. affix词缀:Is the collective term for the type of formation that can be used only when added to another morpheme of a root or a stem. 8. 8.stem词干:Refers to the left morpheme or combination of morphemes when one affix is removed for one time.9. 9.inflection曲折:Any form or any charge of form which distinguishes different grammatical forms of the same lexical unit.For instance,the English word “books” is distinguished from “book” by the grammatical means of “-s” ,so the “-s” is referred to as inflection of plurality.10. 10.derivation派生:Is the process to add an affix to an already existing form to create a word ,which includes prefixation ,suffixation, and even both.1.substitution relation: It refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in the same sentence.2.category: Any class or system of grammatical or lexical units distinguishe