高二语法讲解复习.doc

英语期末总复习Part 1 过去分词1. 过去分词作定语 a. 单个过去分词作定语前置（但left 和 分词修饰不定代词如anything除外）eg. There is little time left,lets hurry up. Is there anything unsolved? 单个的过去分词作定语时一般兼有被动和完成的意义，常作前置定语。 a lost animal 一只迷路的动物 a used stamp 一枚用过的邮票 an injured finger 一个受伤的手指 a broken coin 一枚破损的硬币 a lighted candle 一支点燃的蜡烛 注意：过去分词作定语时，有时只有被动意义。 spoken English 英语口语 written exercises 书面练习少数表示位移或状态改变的不及物动词的过去分词只有完成的意义 fallen leaves 落叶 the risen sun 升起来的太阳the advanced countries 发达国家 a drunken man 一个醉鬼a returned student 一名留学生 a retired teacher 一名退休教师an escaped prisoner 一名逃跑的囚犯 by-gone days 过去的岁月b. 过去分词短语作后置定语，表示被动和或完成意义。 How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods! 我多懊悔在树林浪费的时光啊 I like wearing clothes made of this kind of cloth 我喜欢穿这种布料做的衣服。 The books written by Lu Xun are popular 鲁迅写的书很受欢迎 Well go to visit the bridge built hundreds of years ago 我们要去看那座建于几百年前的桥。Change the following Past Participle into clauses.（句型转换） 1) He told us of the great wrong done to him. = He told us of the great wrong which had been done to him. 注: 本句中的过去分词作定语，既表被动又表完成。2）The United States is a developed country. = The United Stated is a country which has developed注: 本句中的过去分词作定语，只表示完成3）Have you noticed the bridge being built there?= Have you noticed the bridge which is being built there. 注：本句中的过去分词作定语，表示被动的动作正在进行。2. 用过去分词作表语a.表语的前提就是要有连系动词；如be; get;become;seem;look;remain;keep;etc.get+V-ed: get killed get paid get changed get dressed get fined get caught get trapped remain seated back look worried seem terrifiedbe+V-ed+介词：be worried about be pleased with be absorbed in be lost in be caught in be surprised at be determined to be involved in be aimed at be married to be faced with be covered with be dressed in be dovoted to3. 用过去分词充当宾语补足语1. 在feel, find, hear, notice, see, watch等表示感觉和心理状态的动词之后，表示感受到某人或某事被做。I was sleeping when I heard my name called. He was disappointed to find his suggestions turned down.After waking up, I found everyone gone.2. 在get, have, make, keep, leave , remain使役动词之后, 用过去分词作宾语补足语, 表示“使/ 让 ” 。a.We should keep them informed of what is going on here.b.Jane got her bad tooth pulled out at the dentists.c.He watched TV all the evening, leaving his homework undone.3. 表示“意欲；命令”的动词如like, order, want, wish，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。a.He didnt want such question discussed at the meeting.b.I wish these letters (to be) typed as soon as possible.c.-The price is fine with me.How would you like it paid?- Mm, its up to you. 4. “with 宾语过去分词”结构a.The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.b.With water heated, we can see the steam.c.With the matter settled, we all went home.5. “have + 宾语过去分词”的几种含义在“ have 宾语过去分词”结构中，过去分词作宾语补足语，have 也可用 get 。这一结构有以下几种含义：1. 意为“主语请别人做某事”。 He wants to have his eyes examined tomorrow.2. 意为“主语遭遇、遭受某一不愉快、不测的事情”。 Be careful, or youll have your hands hurt. 3. 意为“使完成某事”，事情既可以是别人做 完，也可以由主语参与完成。 He had the walls painted this morning.区分过去分词作宾语补足语与现在分词作宾语补语1. a.I found him lying on the grass just now. b.I found him knocked down by a car.2. a.I saw her come into the classroom.b.I saw her coming into the classroom.c.I saw her taken out of the classroom.3. a.Fourtheen people lost their lives in the accident, including two babies.b.The total cost is 15 dollars, with postage included.4. a.The professor came into the lab , followed by two students. b.The little gilr entered the supermarket, following her parents.5. a.I dont want the children taken out in such cold weather.b. I want you to finish the homework in time.6 .a. I felt my heart beating very fast after the race.b.She hardly felt herself touched but was aware that the wallet inside her pocket was stolen.7. a.With lots of work to do, I will spend a busy day.b.With my task finished ahead of time, I was praised by my mother.c.With a local boy leading the way, we easily found the place.8. a. Without being invited,I wont attend the party.b.She got angry and left the party without saying good bye.4. 过去分词作时间状语. (When it is) heated, ice will be changed into water. When heated, ice will be changed into water.Since / As she was given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. The hunter left his house,( and he was )followed by his dog. The hunter left his house, followed by his dog. (Although we were )exhausted by the climb, we continued our journey, we continued our journey.Exhausted by the climb, we continued our journey.Part 2 虚拟语气一虚拟语气在if条件从句中的应用虚拟情况条件句结果主句(1)与过去事实相反If +主语 + had + 过去分词主语 + would (should, could, might) + have + 过去分词(2)与现在事实相反If + 主语 + 动词过去式（be 用were）主语 + would (should, could, might) + 动词原形(3)与将来事实相反If +主语+should / were to主语 + would （should, could, might）+ 动词原形(4)错综时间条件句（即主从句表示不同时间的动作）根据句义采用不同时态a .If I had time, I would attend the party.b. If I were you, I would seize the chance to go abroad.c. If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the exams.d. If it were to/should rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off.e. If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were, had 或 should, 可以把if省略,把这几个词放到主语之前, 构成主谓倒装。a. Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night. b. Were I a bird, I could fly freely. c.Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest. 错综时间条件从句的用法a. If you had followed my advice just now, you would be better now.b. If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now, and you would graduate from a college in four years time.含蓄条件从句的用法用介词短语代替条件状语从句a. Without air (If there were no air), there would be no living things.如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。b. But for your help (If it hadnt been for your help) I couldnt have done it.要不是你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。2. 由表示转折语气的词语otherwise, or, or else 构成的句子。 a. I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you. (暗含if I hadnt been so busy) 二虚拟语气中的时态变化： wish 现在did/were if only 过去had done as if/though 将来could/would do e.g. 1. I wish I were (be) you.1. I wish he would (will)come tomorrow.2. I wish they had won (win)the game yesterday.要考虑动词发生的时间的虚拟语气还有：As if if only even if without 等引导的句型。If only I were a bird!If only I had taken his advice,but I didt.Without your help, I could have finished the work in time.Without air,there were no living things.He speaks as if he were an Englishman.He talks as if he had been to American.Even if Lin Tao were (be) here, I should say the same thing.Even though he had been (be) ill, he would have gone to his office. would rather 现在/将来did/were 过去had doneI would rather you paid me now.I would rather you had gone, too.Dont come. I would rather you came tomorrow. 表示要求，命令，建议的虚拟语气1）宾语从句。常见动词： 一坚持，两命令，三建议，四要求。即1. insist 2. order, command 3. advise, suggest, propose4. demand , require, request, desire这些动词后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气用法。即从句中的动词 使用(should) + 动词原形. 在suggestion / proposal / order / plan / advice / idea / request /demand 等名词后的表语和同位语从句中要用“（should）动词原形” 用以上动词相应的名词所引起的表语从句和同位语从句也要用虚拟语气，即eg : My idea is that we (should ) think it over before accepting it.My suggestion that we (should) have a meeting has been accepted by others.We all agree to that suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.注意：suggest 当表示“暗示、表明”时，insist 表示”坚持认为“之意时，应用陈述语气。Eg : The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.3). Its necessary /strange/ natural/ important + that-Clause 从句中的动词要用虚拟，即（should）+动词原形It is important that we should master a foreign language. Its necessary that we should work hard.4). It is a pitya shameno wonder + that 从句从句中的谓语动词用(should)+动词原形省略 eg : It is a pity that he should be so careless. 真可惜他竟然如此粗心5).Its high time that we went/(should go) to help him.Part 3 倒装句第一类 完全倒装1.以here, there, now, then等副词位于句首时Then followed the Civil War.There stands a weather station at the top of the hill.2.表示方位的副词away, off, down, up, in, out, round等位于句首时Up he came3.作地点状语的介词短语放句首时,In front of the building stands a tall tree4.强调表语时,Present at the meeting were professor Zhan, and many other famous people第二类 部分倒装1.当only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句置于句首时要用倒装。Only by practising a few hours every day can you be able to use it.Only when he saw it , did he believe what I saidOnly in this way can yousolvetheproblems2.否定副词或含有否定意义的词组置于句首. 如 not, never, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, nowhere, few, not until, no soonerthan, neithernor, hardlywhen, scarcelywhen, notuntil, at no time, in no case, by no means等位于句首时，Hardly had he entered the office when he realized that he had forgotten his report. 3.副词so放在句首，表示前面肯定句中所说的情况也适用于另外一个人时，句子要倒装；当neither，nor在句首，表示前面的否定也适用于另外一个人时句子要倒装；so, nor, neither表示相同概念的肯定或否定时，“I dont think I can walk any farther.” “Neither can I.”“Id rather stay at home than go to see a film.” “So would I .”4.虚拟语气的条件从句中，省略了if后，had, were, should等放在条件句主语前，Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off visiting Beijing.5.由as, 构成的让步状语从句Tired as he is he wont stop to have a rest.6.当“so (such)that”结构中的“so, such”用于句首加强语气时，Such was what he saidSo angry was he that he couldnt speak.7.一些表祝愿的句子中的倒装。例如：1.Long live China! 2.May you succeed! Part 4 it 的用法一、it 作人称代词1. it的最基本用法是作代词，主要指刚提到的 事物，以避免重复。 Xian isabeautifulcity, isntit?2. 也可以指动物或婴儿 Is this your dog？No, it isnt.二、it作非人称代词 1. it有时并不指具体的东西，而泛指天气、时间、 日期、距离、价值、度量、温度、环境等， 称为非人称的it：指天气：It is a lovely day, isntit? It is a bit windy.指时间:It was nearly midnight when she came back.指环境: It was very quiet inthecaf. 指距离:It is half an hourswalkto the city centre from my home.指日期： - Whats the date today? - Its May 1, 2007.指季节：It is summer now.指度量：It is about 5 kilograms.指价值：- Whats the cost of the T-shirt? - It is 150 yuan.三、it用作形式主语(1) It be + adj.+ (for/of sb.) to do sth.(2)Its no good/use doing(3)Its（well）worth doing(4)It is clear/obvious/true/possible/certain that .(5)It is said /reported/ learned/believed /thought/known/told/hoped . that . (6)It is a pity /a shame /an honor /a good thing/a fact /a surprise/. that . (7) It takes sb some time to do sth (8)It will be/was some time before . (9) Its/has been sometime since (10)It seems/appears/happens/occurs that(11) Its high time that sb did sth (12)It is/was not untilthat. 结构 强调句 It is (was) + 所强调的成分 (主语/宾语/状语) +that（it在这种句型中本身无实际意义）注意： 1. 除谓语动词以外的成分都可用于强调句中; 2. 如原句时态为现在时或将来时，则be 用 is, 如原句时态为过去时,则 be用 was; 3. 当被强调部分为人，引导词还可以用 who即: It is (was) + 所强调的成分 +who四、it作形式宾语该句型中的it 作形式宾语，常用的动词有think, believe, make, find, consider, feel等。 I think it no use arguing with him. 我认为和他争吵没有用。 I found it very interesting to study English. 我发现学英语非常有趣。He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject. 他非常清楚地表示他对那门学科不感兴趣。省略句a.-Did you father use to be a driver? -Yes,he used to be.b.Please make some change if (it is)necessary./possiblec.-Look!These flowers are dead.You should have watered them. -Yes, I should have.