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不同体裁文章的阅读方法不同体裁的文章，作者的写作手法不同，表达的方式千差万别。体裁不同，要求使用的阅读方法也不一样。因此，掌握不同体裁的文章的阅读方法有助于我们提高阅读效率、加深对文章的理解。下面分别谈谈记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文的阅读方法和技巧。第一节 记叙文的阅读方法 记叙文讲述的是发生在当前或过去或将来事情的经过。简而言之，记叙文就是讲故事，包括人物或故事情节。常见的记叙文根据其用途可分为文学记叙文和说明记叙文：文学记叙文以虚构为主，如趣闻逸事、传说、寓言、传奇故事、短篇小说、科幻小说等；说明记叙文以事实为依据，包括历史、传记、新闻报道、日记等。无论哪一种记叙文作者都要交代何人何时何地为什么、怎么样、干了何事等等，这也就是我们常说的“5Ws and 1H”。这是我们在阅读记叙文时要首先了解的，接着按照线索弄清事情的来龙去脉，就能理解整个故事。特别值得注意的是：记叙文的叙事顺序有顺叙和倒叙两种，有时候作者为了吸引读者会采用倒叙的方法，即不按照事情发展的先后顺序来叙述，而是从最重要、最能引人入胜的事件开始，然后再回过头来追叙故事的开端和经过。阅读时要学会从事情本身的发展去理解故事情节而不要只看事件在文中出现的先后位置。另外，讲故事必定有其目的：或证明某一理论，或阐明某一概念，或赞美某种美德，或谴责某种罪恶等等。我们在阅读时要通过作者的重要细节描写联系故事情节去领会作者的意图，对作者重墨泼就的细节描写要重点关注。概括起来一句话：读记叙文的关键是抓情节。 抓住了故事情节，就理解了文章的脉络，其他的就迎刃而解了。下面请阅读一篇记叙文，看看你能不能抓住故事的主要情节。（05浙江卷 A 篇）Compassion is a desire within us to help othersWith effort, we can translate compassion into actionAn experience last weekend showed me this is trueI work part-time in a supermarket across from a building for the elderlyThese old people are our main customers, and its not hard to lose patience over their slownessBut last Sunday, one aged gentleman appeared to teach me a valuable lessonThis untidy man walked up to my register(收款机) with a box of biscuitsHe said he was out of cash(现金), had just moved into his room, and had nothing in his cupboardsHe asked if we could let him have the food on trustHe promised to repay me the next day I couldnt help staring at himI wondered what kind of person he had been ten or twenty years before, and what he would be like if luck had gone his wayI had a hurt in my heart for this kind of human soul, all alone in the worldI told him that I was sorry, but store rules didnt allow me to do soI felt stupid and unkind saying this, but I valued my joB Just then, another man, standing behind the first, spoke upIf anything, he looked more pitiable“Charge it to me,” was all he saiD What I had been feeling was pityPity is soft and safe and easyCompassion, on the other hand, is caring in actionI thanked the second man but told him that was not allowed eitherThen I reached into my pocket and paid for the biscuits myselfI reached into my pocket because these two men had reached into my heart and taught me compassion.解析：故事采用顺叙的叙事方法，主要情节发展如下：One aged gentleman begged me to have the food on trust and promised to repay the next day.- I told him the store rules didnt allow me to do so.- Another man wanted me to charge the food to him.-I paid for the biscuits myself. 作者用第一人称讲述自己亲身经历的这段故事，让人觉得亲切可信，同时也增强了文章的感染力。作者说自己通过这段故事学会了compassion（同情），事实上也是在号召读者多伸出同情之手，共建和谐社会。 抓住了故事的情节，了解了作者的写作意图。再来做理解题，就容易多了。请看看下面几道理解题：41The aged gentleman who wanted to buy the biscuits _.Apromised to obey the store rulesBforgot to take any money with himChoped to have the food first and pay laterDcould not afford anything more expensive42Which of the following best describes the old gentleman? Akind and luckyBpoor and lonelyCfriendly and helpfulDhurt and disappointed43The writer acted upon the store rules because _.Ahe wanted to keep his present jobBhe felt no pity for the old gentlemanChe considered the old man dishonestDhe expected someone else to pay for the old man44What does the writer learn from his experience? AWealth is more important than anything else.BHelping others is easier said than done. CExperience is better gained through practice. DObeying the rules means more than compassion.（参考答案：CBAB）【实战演练练习十六】（05天津卷 C篇）The house was quiet at 5 Am. and Tims mother was asleep. Only the sound of the big freezer broke the quiet. Hed dreamt of the cave last night? The purring (轻微颤动声) of the freezer had been the sea .Tim pulled on a sweater and put some apples into his schoolbag. It was too early for breakfast. Hed eat after hed been through the cave, sitting on the rocks and staring at the seAHe wished he had a proper pack. His schoolbag would have to do. What else? Sandwiches but his mother might wake up if he started pulling out bread for sandwiches, shed want to know why he had to leave so early. He settled for some biscuits, and left a note stuck to the table.Gone to Michaels Back tonight . Tim .The sky was high and soft and light outside, though the sun still wasnt up. Even the highway up the hill was quiet as he made his way down the street. The wind from the sea was fresh and sweet.The sandhills still breathed heat from yesterdays sun, though the top of the sand was cool. He ran down to the beach impatiently, but there was no one, just dry sand dancing in the early wind and seabirds marching up and down watching the waves.The light changed suddenly. The first rays of sunlight stretched (延伸) across the sea . The sun was pushing its way over the edge of the worlDOver the first rocks, along to the point. Tim glanced back. The beach was still empty. The sun sailed higher in the sky.He could see the cave now, even darker in the morning light. The sand turned silver then dark gold as the water flowed away from it. He had to force himself to go closer. Why was it so much more mysterious (神秘)now? But it would be silly to go back now after so much trouble. He neednt go in all the way 43What did Tim do at the beginning of the story?AHe left the house quietly.BHe had breakfast at home.CHe left a note on the freezer.DHe put a sweater in his schoolbag.44“He settled for some biscuits ” (in Paragraph 3) means that Tim .Ahad to leave the biscuits on the table .Bliked biscuits better than sandwiches Chad to take biscuits instead of sandwiches Dcould only find some biscuits in the kitchen 45What made it possible for Tim to see the entry to the cave?AThe height of the first rocks.BThe ups and downs of the waves.CThe change in the position of the sun.DThe vast stretch of the sunlit beach.46Whish of the following statements is TRUE according to the story?AThe sea looked like a piece of golDBSeabirds flew away when Tim arriveDCTim was the only person on the beach.DThe sky got dark as Tim reached the cave.47In the story , Tims mood (心情) changed from .Aloneliness to crazinessBanxiousness to excitement Chelplessness to happiness Deagerness to nervousness 【实战演练练习十七】（05上海卷 B篇）“Come in. Kim. Have a seat, please.” said Bill Williams, the manager. This was Kims first experience with an assessment. After only six months he was due for a raise if this assessment was satisfactory. “Kim,” began Bill Williams. “I am very pleased with the quality of your work. I have nothing but praise for your devotion and your hard work. My only concern is that you are not active enough in putting forward your suggestions.”“But,” Replied Kim, “I have always completed every assignment you have given me. Mr. Williams.”“I know that, Kim. And please, call me Bill. But what I expect is for you to think independently and introduce new ideas. I need more input from you more feedback on how things are going I dont need a “yes man”. You never tell me what you think. You just smile as though everything is fine.”“But,” said Kim, “I feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.”“Im not asking you to tell me what to do, but what you think we could do. To make suggestions. I employed you because I respect your experience in this field, but you are not communicating your thoughts to me.”“Yes. I see Im not accustomed to this, but I will try to do as you say , Bill”“Good, then, I expect to hear more from you at staff meetings or at any other time you want to discuss an idea with me.”“Yes, of course. Thank you Mr. WillBill.”69Kim is the sort of employee who .Adoes not speak out his own ideas Bis not devoted to the job Claughs too much over work Dcan not finish his work on time 70The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “ ” .Afull of respect Btoo confident and rude Clacking in experience Dtoo shy and quiet 71From the passage, we can learn that .AKim has been invited to take charge of the staff meetingsBthe manager appreciates those who just do what he tells them to doCthe manager is pleased with Kims hard work and his suggestionsDKim is likely to have a higher salary if he can pass the assessment【实战演练练习十八】（06安徽卷 B篇）People fell in love with Elizabeth Taylor in 1944, when she starred in National Velvet-the story of Velvet Brown, a young girl who wins first place in a famous horse race, At first, the producers of the movie told Taylor that she was too small to play the part of Velvet. However, they waited for her for a few months as she exercised and trainedand added three inches to her height in four months! Her acting in National Velvet is still considered the best by a child actress.Elizabeth Taylor was born in London in 1932Her parents, both Americans, had moved there for business reasons. When World war II started, the Taylor moved to Beverly Hills, California, and there Elizabeth started acting in movies. After her success as a child star, Taylor had no trouble moving into adult (成人) roles and won twice for Best Actress: Butterfield 8(1960) and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? (1966)Taylors fame(名声)and popularity gave her a lot of power with the movie industry, so she was able to demand very high pay for her movies. In 1963, she received $1 million for her part in Cleopatrathe highest pay received by any star up to that time.Elizabeth Taylor is a legend (传奇人物) of our time. Like Velvet Brown in National Velvet, she has been lucky, she has beauty, fame and wealth. But she is also a hard worker. Taylor seldom acts in movies any more. Instead, she puts her time and efforts into her businesses, and into helping others several years ago, she founded an organization that has raised more than $40 million for research and education.60The producers didnt let Taylor play the part of Velvet at first because they thought she .Awas small in size Bwas too youngCdid not play well enough Ddid not show much interest61What Elizabeth Taylor and Velvet Brown had in common was that they were both .Apopular all their lives Bfamous actressesCsuecessful when very youngDrich and kind-hearted62Taylor became Best Actress at the age of .A12 B28 C31 D3463In her later life , Elizabeth Taylor devoted herself to .Adoing business and helping othersBturning herself into a legendCcollecting money for the poorDgoing about research and education work第二节 说明文的阅读方法 说明文用平实的语言客观地解释或探讨各种问题，如机器的制造过程、自然或社会现象产生的原因、工程项目的规划或问题的解决方案等等，介绍自然科学、社会科学领域的最新成果，社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物等等。说明事物可采用多种方式：例如举例、分类法或类比、对比法，给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原因以及后果。举例说明文使用例子说明事物阐明观点；分解展开法着重于事物的区别、差异，分类展开法则强调事物的相似之处；类比说明事物如何相似，对比说明事物如何不同；因果说明文表明事物发生的原因及结果。除了用文字说明以外，说明文中常常使用数据、图片等资料。 无论采用什么说明方法，作者都是为了说明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。因此，阅读说明文的关键是：抓住事物的特点，即抓住说明对象的本质特征。 下面具体看看两篇说明文。 （05 重庆卷 B 段） Reading is very important to help you learn English. To learn as much as you can from reading, you need to read different kinds of English. This book provides not only different kinds of English but also a good way to check your reading ability.There are four parts in the book:Part 1 is Messages: In this part somebody wants to send information in writing to somebody else.There is a test on timetables and a test on text messages.Part 2 is People: In this part all the tests are about people. For example, there is an informal letter between friends. There is formal (正式的) English in biography (传记) . There is a job application as a model to help with your writing, as well as testing your reading.Part 3 is Places: In this part, too. Many different kinds of English are shown, some informal and some formal. There is the informal English of a holiday postcarDThere is also the formal English in a letter of complaint.Part 4 is Things: You will find some descriptive writing in this part. There are descriptions of clothes and of a computer.You can do these tests in any order you like, or you can do all the tests with a formal or informal text.I enjoyed writing this book and I hope you enjoy using it.解析：这篇文章使用浅显平实的语言详细介绍了这本书的4个部分的内容。说明的重点在书的内容，这本书的特征体现在它的内容。抓住了这一特点，也就读懂了这篇文章，再来做理解题，就容易多了。看看相关的理解题：59We can find the introduction to a product in . APart 1BPart 2CPart 3DPart 460Which of the following is most probably written in informal English?AA letter of complaint.BA computer handbook.CA letter to a frienDDA story of a president.61The passage is most probably written for .Atest designers Bstudents Ctest-takers Dteachers 62What is the best title of the book?ATest Your Reading BHelp with Your Writing CLearn Different Kinds of English DPractise English in Different Ways （参考答案：DCBA）（05 山东卷 E篇）A device that stops drivers from falling asleep at the wheel is about to undergo testing at Department of Transport laboratories and could go on sale within 12 months.The system, called Driver Alert, aims to reduce deadly road accidents by 20%-40% that are caused by tiredness. Airline pilots can also use it to reduce the 30% of all pilot-error accidents that are related to fatigue.Driver Alert is based on a computerized wristbanDThe device, worn by drivers or pilots, gives out a sound about every four minutes during a car journey. After each sound the driver must respond by squeezing the steering wheel(方向盘). A sensor in the wristband detects this pressing action and measures the time between the sound and the drivers response.Tiredness is directly related to a drivers response time. Usually, a watchful driver would take about 400 milliseconds to respond, but once that falls to more than 500 milliseconds, it suggests that the driver is getting sleepy.In such cases the device gives out more regular and louder sounds, showing that the driver should open a window or stop for a rest. If the drivers response continues to slow down, the sounds become more frequent until a nonstop alarm warns that the driver must stop as soon as possible.The device has been delivered to the departments laboratories for testing. If these tests, scheduled for six months time, are successful, the markets will bring the product to market within about a year.解析：这篇文章说明Driver Alert这一驾驶员警报装置。抓住了它的工作原理、功能作用就抓住了它的本质特点。3、4、5自然段是理解的重点：开车时驾驶员腕带上的警报会每隔4分钟发出声音，驾驶员听到声音按压方向盘作出反应。传感器会探测到从听到声音到作出反应之间的时间差，如果这个时间差大于500毫秒，说明驾驶员疲劳打瞌睡。了解了这个装置的特点，就读懂了这篇文章。看看理解题：72According to the text, Driver Alert _.Aaims to reduce tiredness-related accidentsBhas gone through testing at laboratoriesCaims to prevent drivers from sleeping Dhas been on sale for 12 months73How should a driver respond to the sounds from Driver Alert?ABy sounding a warning. BBy touching the wristbanDCBy checking the driving time.DBy pressing the steering wheel.74We can learn from the text that the driver needs to stop for a break when his response time is _.Aabout 400 milliseconds Bbelow 500 millisecondsCover 500 milliseconds Dabout 4 minutes75When the driver gets sleepy while driving, Driver Alert _. Amoves more regularlyBstops working properlyCopens the window for the driver Dsounds more frequently and loudly（参考答案：ADCD）【实战演练练习十九】（05辽宁卷 D篇）While income worry is a rather common problem of the aged, loneliness is another problem that aged parents may face. Of all the reasons that explain their loneliness, a large geographical distance between parents and their children is the major one. This phenomenon（现象）is commonly known as “Empty Nest Syndrome”（空巢综合症）.In order to seek better chances outside their countries, many young people have gone abroad, leaving their parents behind with no clear idea of when they will return home. Their parents spend countless lonely days and nights, taking care of themselves, in the hope that someday their children will come back to stay with them. The fact that most of these young people have gone to Europeanized or Americanized societies makes it unlikely that they will hold as tightly to the value of duty as they would have if they had not left their countries. Whatever the case, it has been noted that the values they hold do not necessarily match what they actually do. This geographical and cultural distance also prevents the grown-up children from providing response（回应）in time for their aged parents living by themselves.The situation in which grown-up children live far away from their aged parents has been described as “distant parent phenomenon”, which is common both in developed countries and in developing countries. Our society has not yet been well prepared for “Empty Nest Syndrome”.68According to the passage, the loneliness of aged parents is mainly caused by _. Atheir earlier experience of feeling lonelyBthe unfavorable living conditions in their native countriesCthe common worry about their incomeDthe geographical distance between parents and children69Many young people have gone abroad, leaving their aged parents behind, to _. Alive in the countries with more moneyBseek a better place for their aged parentsCcontinue their studies abroadDrealize their dreams in foreign countries70If young people go abroad, _. Athey do not hold to the value of duty at allBthey can give some help to their parents back homeCthey cannot do what they should for their parentsDthey believe what they actually do is right71From the last paragraph, we can infer that _. Athe situations in the developed and developing countries are differentB“Empty Nest Syndrome” has arrived unexpectedly in our societyCchildren will become independent as soon as they go abroadDthe aged parents are not fully prepared for “Empty Nest Syndrome”【实战演练练习二十】（05辽宁卷 E篇）There are two kinds of physical activity which require special training. The first demands exact careful movements of the muscles（肌肉）. This kind of activity must be strictly controlled because even a slight movement in the wrong direction will lead a mistake. To type quickly, for example, a person needs training; the slightest movement of a finger in the wrong direction may cause a spelling mistake. A dancer who has to dance on the point of her shoes or turn around on one foot must be trained for a long period of time before she can sense her own center and balance herself. You may have seen a girl walking on a rope across an empty space, which, too, requires a lot of practice.The second kind of physical activity needs greater strength or extra effort. Most of us get tired if we try to run half a mile without stopping, but a specially-trained person can do this without much effort. Three years ago, some scientists carried out experiments, which produced meaningful and unexpected results. They wanted to find out whether a certain amount of physical exercise would injure those suffering from heart problems. They selected some male patients and trained them in continuous bicycle riding. They were surprised to find that the harmful effect of given amount of physical effort was actually less on the hearts of these trained patients than on those of the patients who were not similarly traineDThis is important because it shows that regular physical exercise enables us to make better use of the oxygen（氧气）we breathe in and that this training, in fact, reduces the amount of work our hearts do. Many tasks which are hard for untrained people are not hard at all for trained people.72The first kind of physical activity must be strictly controlled because _. Aa mistake in the wrong directio
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