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定语从句一观察句子：找出定语从句，先行词，关系词。1. She is the old woman whom I saw this morning. 2. Mary is the girl whose parents work in Japan3. Is this the key which you are looking for? 4. Is there any room whose window faces the sea?5. He who/that doesnt reach the great wall is not a true man.6. I dont like the girl whom/that you are talking about.7. This is the house which/that has just been painted.8. The computer (which/that )I bought a month ago broke down yesterday.9. The girl whose English is very good won the first place in the 100- meter race.10. This is my school whose buildings are built on the top of a hill.结论1：引导定语从句的关系代词有_ _ _ _ _。who 指 ，做 。whom 指 ，做 (优先)。that 指 ，做 which 指 做 。whose 指 ，做 。关系代词与先行词的关系1. A plane is a machine that can fly. that = 2. The boy who broke the window is called Tom. who = 3. The boy whose parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather.4. The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday afternoon.Whose= 结论2：关系代词=先行词Whose=先行词的所有格=the +n. +of +whom/ which介词+关系代词引导的定语从句The man to whom you spoke was a scientist.The city in which she lives is far away.结论3:关系代词前有介词时 (介词提前) ，指人只用 , 指物只用 ，不用 和 。三找出下列句子中的先行词,关系词说出关系词在从句中所充当的成分;1.The man who came to our school is Mr. Wang. 2.The girl (whom) I met is Lucy. 3.A child whose parents are dead is called Tom. 4.I like the book (which) you bought yesterday. 语法讲解：一. 定语从句的功用和结构 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句按其语法性质可分为限制性和两种。限定性定语从句用来限定先行词的范围，是不可缺少的成分；非限制性定语从句用来补充说明先行词，添加信息，省略后对全句没有太大的影响。例如：This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.Do you know everybody who came to the party?I still remember the night when I first came to the village?This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.二. 关系代词和关系副词的功用 关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系待客做主语，宾语，定语，关系副词可作状语。1. 作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如：I dont like people who talk much but do little.The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.2. 作宾语：She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”.3. 作定语关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如：Whats the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.4. 作状语Ill never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.This is the house where I was born.三. 各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法（一）由that, which, who, whose关系代词引导的定语从句用法简述如下。1、that指人亦可指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，宾语可以省略；The girl that was crying just now is my best friend.刚才哭的那个女孩是我最好的朋友。2、which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，宾语可以省略；China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个具有悠久历史的国家。3、who 指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，宾语可以省略；The man who was here yesterday is a painter.昨天在这里的那个人是位画家。（who作主语）The man who I saw is called Smith.我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。（who作宾语，亦可省略）4、whose是属格，指人也可指物，在定语从句中作定语 I live in a room(,) (whose windows) =(the windows of which)face south.我住在一个窗户朝南的房间里。【点拨】辨析 that, which； 相同点：都可以指物 不同点：如下1、在下列情况下只能用that而不能用which引导定语从句（1）当先行词是不定代词是不定代词all, little, few, much, none, anything, nothing, everything等时。（2）当先行词被最高级、序数词以及the very, the few, the only修饰时。（即；高代序原则）（3）当先行词被all, little, much, some, any, no, every等词修饰时（4）当先行词由表示人和物的两个并列的名词构成时。（5）当主句是以which或who特殊疑问句时。（6）当引导词在从句中作表语时2、在下列情况下只能用which而不能用that引导定语从句(1) 在非限制性定语从中。例如： The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted. (2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例如：The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.【点拨】辨析 who ,that相同点：都可以指人，在句中作主语不同点：如下 指人时，在下列情况下一般选用who：（1）当先行词为those, one, anyone, nobody等不定代词时。例如：The one who knows me well is Tom.非常了解我的那个人是汤姆。（2）在分隔型定语从句中，若先行词代指人。如：A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.有位新老师明天来教你们德语（3）先行词为there be 结构的主语时例如：There is a man who wants to see you.有个人想见你（二）由when, where或why关系副词以及“介词 + which”结构，引导的定语从句when, where或why在定语从句中分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先行词，在句中作时间、地点或原因状语1）. when 指时间。I still remember the day when I first came to this school.我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。(when = on which)I still remember the day that we spent together in Beijing.我仍然记得我们在北京度过的那一天【点拨】第一个句子先行词day 在定语从句中作状语，when=on which；第二个句子the day在定语从句中作宾语。2）. where指地点。Whats the name of the place where you spent your holiday last year?去年你度假的那个地方叫什么名字？ (where = at which)Whats the name of the place that you visited last year?去年你拜访的那个地方叫什么名字？【点拨】第一个句子the place在定语从句中作地点状语，where-in which; 第二个句子the place在定语从句中作宾语3）. why 指原因，用在名词reason后。The reason why he was late for class is that he got up late.他迟到的原因是他起晚啦。The reason that he told me is well-known. 他告诉我的原因是众所周知的。【点拨】第一个句子reason在定语从句中作原因状语; 第二个句子reason在定语从句中作宾语。四、 “介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句修饰物时用which,不用that,修饰人时用whom不用who。The school in which he once worked is a key school.(=The school (which / that) he once worked in is a key school.)他曾经工作过的学校是一所重点学校【拓展延伸】“介词 + 关系代词”的常见结构：1） 介词 + which/whomThis is the famous singer about whom we have often talked.这就是那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家2）名词 + of + which/whomPlease pass me the book the cover of which is blue.请把那本蓝封面的书递给我。3）数词 + of + which/whomIn our school there are about 200 teachers, thirty percent of whom are women.我校大约有200位教师，其中百分之三十是女教师4） 代词 + of + which/whomIn the basket I find many apples, some of which=of which some have gone bad.我发现篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。There are fifty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities.我们班有50个学生，其中大多数来自大城市5）最高级 + of + which/whomChina has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.中国有数千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛 6） 介词 + which + 名词He usually returns home at 10:00, at which hour his father locks all the doors and windows.他通常十点钟回家，这时候他爸爸锁好所有的门窗This is the very book (that) I am looking for. ()这正是我在找的书。【点拨】短语为固定搭配时 (如：look for, look after, take care of)介词不能提前。【点拨】 1）关系代词前介词的选择 根据动词和介词的搭配关系选择。 根据与前面名词的搭配关系选择。 有时需同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配关系。 根据所要表达的意思来确定。2）关系副词和关系代词的选择当先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词时，定语从句用关系副词还是关系代词来引导，要根据关系词在定语从句中所担当的句子成分来决定五、非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有：which(指人，作主语或宾语)，who(指人，作主语)，whom(指人，作宾语)，whose(指人或物，作定语)，关系副词只有where, 非限制性定语从句一般要用逗号跟主句断开。You should go to see Mary, who has been ill for a long time. 你应该去看看玛丽，她病了好长时间了。Last night I saw a very good film, which is about the Second World War. 昨天晚上我看了一部好电影，是关于第二次世界大战的。My brother, whom you saw just now, is an engineer. 我弟弟是个工程师，你刚才见到他了。My cousin, whose English is the best in his school, is going to study in Australia this week. 我的表弟这个星期要去澳大利亚学习，他的英语在他们学校是最好的。The building, whose roof (the roof of which) we can see from here, is a church. 那栋楼是教堂，我们可以从这里看见它的屋顶。He is leaving for Beijing, where he will attend a meeting. 他要去北京，在那里参加一次会议。 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句在语法性质和用法上有区别，有时在意思上也有区别。例如：He has a son, who is a writer. 他有一个儿子，儿子是作家。（他就一个儿子。定语从句起补充说明的作用。）He has a son who is a writer. 他有一个是作家的儿子。（他有几个儿子，其中一个是作家。定语从句起修饰限定范围的作用。）六、定语从句中几个应注意的问题：1、先行词way后的定语从句可用in which引导,也可以用that引导, 也可以省略，不要关系代词或关系副词。That is the way I look at it. 这就是我对这件事的看法。That was the way she looked after us. 她就是这样照顾我们的。The way he talked reminded us of his grandfather. 他讲话的样子使我们想起了他的祖父。2、As 的用法：1）As用作关系代词和关系副词引导限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或状语，构成the same as , such as 等结构。例如：We should publish such good books as will help the young people grow healthily. Pollution is such a big problem as concerns the whole mankind. I like the same book as you do. Such students (Students such) as you have mentioned should be criticized.I shall do it (in) the same way as you did. ( as 为关系副词，作状语。) 2）As 引导非限定性定语从句，as 在定语从句中作主语或宾语，这个定语从句用来说明整个主句，它可以放在主句之前。例如：As is known to all, he is the best student in our class. 大家都知道，他是我们班最好的学生。As we all know, he studies very hard. 正如我们所知道的，他学习很刻苦。3）常用的这种类似插入语的句式还有: As it said above “如上所述”。As it is “按照现状 “ As is often the case “这是常事；正如经常发生的一样”。As it were “似乎、好像、仿佛、可以说”3、关系代词which和as 在定语从句中的区别：1）as作关系代词，代指整个主句；而which在非限制性定语从句中既可以修饰整个主句，又可以修饰主句的一部分。He is a good doctor, which is true. 他是一个好医生，确实是这样。（修饰整个主句） She was very strict with her child, which her husband seldom was. 她对孩子很严格，而她丈夫却很少这样。（which 代指strict with her child）Dont call between 12 oclock and 1 oclock, at which time Im usually having lunch. 别在12点和1点之间打电话，那个时候我通常正在吃午饭。I told him to go to a doctor, which advice he took. ( which= and this ) 我告诉他去找大夫，他听了这个劝告。She is studying economics, which knowledge is very important today. 她在学习经济学，这个知识今天非常重要。2) which不能放在句首，而as则可以。3) as有“正如、就像”之意，而which则没有。4）which 可用作表语。既可以指人，又可以指物；指人时，一般指从事某种职业的或是有特性、品质或才能的人。The modern car is no longer the car which it was in 1930s. 现代汽车不再是20世纪30年代的车了。He will become the man which his father wants him to be. 他将成为父亲所期望的人。She looks like a Russian, which you are not. (= She looks like a Russian, while you are not like a Russian.)总结1.定义：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。2.分类：限制性定语从句（无逗号隔开）和非限制性定语从句（有逗号隔开）。3术语：先行词，关系代词，关系副词4如何确定关系词？1.首先分清主句和定语从句 2.确定定语从句的先行词3.把先行词带回到定语从句中去，看其在定语从句中做什么语法成分（主语，宾语，定语或状语）4.若先行词在从句中做主语、宾语或定语则选择关系代词，若在从句中做状语，则选择关系副词。5等量关系：关系代词（who,whom,that,which）=先行词; whose =先行词的所有格（whose+名词=the+名词+of+whom/which）关系副词(where,when)=介词+先行词=介词+which关系副词(why-reason)=for which 6. 作用 功能用于限定性或非限定性定语从句只用于限定性定语从句代替人代替物代替人或物主语whowhichthat宾语whowhichthat定语whose(=of whom)whose(=of which)关系副词：关系副词被代替的先行词在从句中的作用when(=at/in/on/during which)表示时间的名词时间状语where(=in/at/from which)表示地点的名词地点状语why(=for which)只有reason原因状语7.特殊情况：a.只用that和不用that的情况。（见前面的讲解） b.在非限制性定语从句中as “正如”，which“在这一点上”。 c.the way (in which /that/不填)+句子 d.reason作状语用why,作宾语用that, reason后的表语从句用that。8that引导的定语从句和同位语从句的区别：that在从句中充当成分就是定语从句，不充当成分就是同位语从句。The news that you told me just now is true.(定语从句, that充当宾语)The news that he won the first place is true.(同位语从句，that不充当成分，从句中的意思完整。)定语从句习题：1.He is a man of great experience, _ much can be learned. A. who B. from him C. from whom D. whom2.A harvester is a machine _ we harvest crops or a person _ is harvesting. A. which , who B. that , that C. with which , who D./, that3.I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. what4.In the police station I saw the man from _ room the thief had stolen the TV set. A. whom B. which C. that D. whose5.This is the very reason we all know. A. why B. that C. for which D. what 6.Please put the letter _ he can easily find it. A. in which B. where C. the place where D. in the place7.The house _ there is a big tree was built more than 1000 years ago. A. which B. that C. in the front of which D. in front of which8.Antarctic, _ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round. A. which B. where C. that D. about which9.The reason _ I was away from school is _ I was ill yesterday. A. that, that B. why, why C. why, that D. that, why10.It was a meeting _ importance I didnt realize at that time. A. which B. of which C. that D. whose11. This is the store we visited the famous shop assistants. A. where B. there C. that D. which12.They have decided to stay at home, _ , I think , _ a wise choice. A. which , are B. which , is C. that , are D. that , is13.All the apples _ fell down were eaten by the pigs. A. those B. that C. which D. what14.Did you see the man _ ? A.I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now C. whom I nodded to him D. whom I nodded to just now15.I, _ your good friend, will try my best to help you. A. who is B. who am C. that is D. what is16.-How do you like the book? -Its quite different from _ I read last month. A. that B. which C. the one what D. the one17.Is oxygen the only gas _ helps fire burn? A. that B./ C. which D. it18. Ill tell you _ he told me last week. A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all that 19.In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. to whom B who C. from whom D. that 20.Willma won three Olympic gold medals in track, _ made her mother very happy. A. it B. that C. which D. this 21.She heard a terrible noise, _brought her heart into her mouth. A. it B. which C. this D. that 22.His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was poor. A. of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose 23.The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 24.After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when 25.I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the country with the farmers. A. that B. when C. which D./ 26. I dont like the way you speak to her. A. / B. in that C. which D. of which27. Is there any other reader wants to renew his book? A. who B. whom C. whose D. which28. Id like to buy the same bike you are riding. A. that B. that C. as D. like29. He has two sons, are soldiers. A. both of them B. neither of which C. neither of whom D. both of whom30. Is this book you want to borrow from the library? A. that B. which C. the one D. /31._ have plenty of money will help their friend. A. Those who B. He who C. That who D. You who32.This is the longest train _ I have ever seen. A. which B. that C. what D. whom33._ we all know, swimming is a very good sport.A.Which B. That C. As D. Who 34.I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the farm _ you visited last week. A. when, where B. which, which C. when , which D. which , where 35.The radio set _ last week has gone wrong. A.I bought it B. which I bought it C.I bought D. what I bought36.He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. A. these B. them C. that D. which37.The day will come _ the people all over the world will win liberation. A. that B. where C. which D. when38.Mr. Herpin is one of the foreign experts who _ in China. A. works B. is working C. are working D. has been working39.They talked for about an hour of things and persons _ they remembered in the school. A. which B. that C. who D. whom40.My glasses, _ I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke. A. which B. with which C. without which D. that
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