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U1 现在完成时态由have/ has 过去分词表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果常与already, just , yet , ever, never 连用Have you finished your work yet？你完成了你的工作了吗？Yes, I have. I have just finished it.是的。我刚刚完成了。I have already finished it .我已经完成了。Have you ever been to China?你曾经去过中国吗？No, I have never been there.没有，我从来也没有去过。 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态和表示过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括现在在内）的一段时间的状态连用如：（for + 时间段，since + 时间点，或过去某一动作， 以及how long ） 注：非延续性动词在现在完成 时态中不能和for, since 引导的表示一段时间的状语的肯定句连用。应转为相应的延续性动词 如：buy- have die- be dead join - be in borrow- keep leave- be away I have bought a pen.- I have had a pen for 2 weeks.The dog has died.- The dog has been dead since last week.have (has) been to + 地点 去过某地 已经回来have (has) gone to + 地点 去了某地 没有回来have been in + 地点 一直呆在某地 没有离开过 如：She has been to Shanghai. 她去过上海。(已经回来)She has gone to Shanghai. 她去了上海。(没有回来)She has been in Shanghai for 2 days.她呆上海两天了。(没有离开过上海) how to swim 怎样游泳不定式与疑问词连用：动词不定式可以和what, which, how, where, when 等引导的疑问句连用，构成不定式短语。如： The question is when to start. 问题是什么时候开始。 I dont know where to go. 我不知道去哪。 系动词不能独立作谓语，要和表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有：look, feel, be, become, get, turn, smell, taste, stay(保持), kept等。 连系动词除be 和become 等少数词可接名词 作表语外，一般都是接形容词。如：They are very happy. He became a doctor two years ago. She felt very tired. 短语、句型1. by doing 通过做某事 2. talk about, talk to , talk with 3. 提建议的句子 4. a lot, a lot of , lots of 5. too to 太。以至不能6. aloud, loud, loudly 7. not at all 一点也不8. be/ get excited about sth./ doing sth 对感到兴奋9. end up doing 以结束 10.first of all,首先 to begin with 首先, later on 后来11. also, either, too 12. make mistakes出错13. laugh at sb嘲笑。 14. take notes 做笔记15. enjoy doing 享受做某事 16. native speaker 说本土语言的人17. make up 构成，组成，编造 18. one of+复数名词19. its +形容词+ to do sth. 做某事。.20. practice doing 练习做。.21. decide to do 决定去做 22. unless 除非23 . deal with sth处理某事 24. worry about sth./ sb. 担心. 25.be angry with sb. 生某人的气 26. perhaps, maybe 也许27. go by 时间的流逝 28. see sb. / sth. doing 看见某人做某事29 . each other 互相 30. regard as 把当作, 31. too many,太多. too much ,太多 much too +形容词，太过于。.32. change into 把。.变成 33. with the help of sb.在某人的帮助下34. compare to 把.与.作比较 35. instead, instead of 代替，是 ，而不是36. try ones best to do 尽力去做某事 37. look up sth查找1. by + doing 通过方式如：by studying with a group by 还可以表示：“在旁”、“靠近”、“在期间”、“用、”“经过”、“乘车”等如：I live by the river. I have to go back by ten oclock. The thief entered the room by the window. The student went to park by bus.2. talk about 谈论，议论，讨论如：The students often talk about movie after class. 学生们常常在课后讨论电影。talk to sb. = talk with sb. 与某人说话3. 提建议的句子：What/ how about +doing sth.? 如：What/ How about going shopping? Why dont you + do sth.? 如：Why dont you go shopping? Why not + do sth. ? 如：Why not go shopping? Lets + do sth. 如： Lets go shopping Shall we/ I + do sth.? 如：Shall we/ I go shopping?4. a lot 许多 常用于句末如：I eat a lot. 我吃了许多。a lot of许多= lots of 许多常与名词连用 5. tooto 太而不能 常用的句型 too+adj./adv. + to do sth. 如：Im too tired to say anything. 我太累了，什么都不想说。6. aloud, loud与loudly的用法 三个词都与大声或响亮有关。 aloud是副词,重点在出声能让人听见,但声音不一定很大,常用在读书或说话上。通常放在动词之后。aloud没有比较级形式。如: He read the story aloud to his son. 他朗读那篇故事给他儿子听。loud可作形容词或副词。用作副词时,常与speak, talk, laugh等动词连用,多用于比较级,须放在动词之后。如: She told us to speak a little louder. 她让我们说大声一点。loudly是副词,与loud同义,有时两者可替换使用,但往往含有令人讨厌或打扰别人的意思,可位于动词之前或之后。如: He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. 他不当众大声谈笑。7. not at all 一点也不 根本不 如：I like milk very much. I dont like coffee at all. 我非常喜欢牛奶。我一点也不喜欢咖啡。 not经常可以和助动词结合在一起，at all 则放在句尾8. be / get excited about sth. =be / get excited about doing sth. = be excited to do sth. 对感兴奋 如： I am / get excited about going to Beijing.=I am excited to go to Beijing. 我对去北京感到兴奋。9. end up doing sth 终止做某事，结束做某事 如：The party ended up singing. 晚会以唱歌而结束。 end up with sth. 以结束 如： The party ended up with her singing. 晚会以她的歌唱而告终。10. first of all 首先. to begin with 一开始 later on 后来、随11. also 也、而且（用于肯定句）常在句子的中间 either 也（用于否定句）常在句末 too 也 (用于肯定句) 常在句末I am also a student. 我也是一个学生 I am a student too. 我也是一个学生。I am not a student either. 我也不是一个学生。12. make mistakes 犯错 如：I often make mistakes. 我经常犯错。make a mistake 犯一个错误 如： I have made a mistake. 我已经犯了一个错误。13. laugh at sb. 笑话；取笑（某人） 如：Dont laugh at me! 不要取笑我!14. take notes 做笔记，做记录 15. enjoy doing sth . 喜欢做乐意做 如：She enjoys playing football. 她喜欢踢足球。enjoy oneself 过得愉快 如：He enjoyed himself. 他过得愉快。16. native speaker 说本族语的人17. make up 组成、构成 18. one of +(the+ 形容词最高级)+名词复数形式 其中之一 如： She is one of the most popular teachers. 她是最受欢迎的教师之一。19. Its +形容词+(for sb. ) to do sth. (对于某人来说)做某事 如：Its difficult (for me ) to study English. 对于我来说学习英语太难了。 句中的it 是形式主语，真正的主语是to study English20. practice doing 练习做某事 如： She often practice speaking English. 她经常练习说英语。21. decide to do sth. 决定做某事 如： LiLei has decided to go to BeiJing . 李雷已经决定去北京。22. unless 假如不，除非 引导条件状语从句 如：You will fail unless you work hard.假如你不努力你会失败。 I wont write unless he writes first. 除非他先写要不我不写23. deal with 处理 如：I dealt with a lot of problem.24. worry about sb./ sth. 担心某人/ 某事 如：Mother worried about her son just now. 妈妈刚才担心她的儿子。25. be angry with sb. 对某人生气 如： I was angry with her. 我对她生气。26. perhaps = maybe 也许27. go by (时间) 过去 如： Two years went by. 两年过去了。28. see sb. / sth. doing 看见某人正在做某事 强调正在发生see sb. / sth. do 看见某人在做某事 如：如： She saw him drawing a picture in the classroom.她看见他正在教室里画画。29. each other 彼此 30. regard as 把看作为. 如：The boys regarded Anna as a fool. 这些男孩把安娜看成傻瓜。31. too many太多修饰可数名词如：too many girls too much太多修饰不可数名词 如：too much milk much too太修饰形容词 如：much too beautiful32. changeinto将变为如：The magician changed the pen into a book. 这个魔术师将这支笔变为一本书。33. with the help of sb. = with ones help 在某人的帮助下 如：with the help of LiLei = with LiLeis help 在李雷的帮助下34. compare to 把与相比如：Compare you to Anna, you are lucky.你和安娜相比，你是幸运的。35. instead 代替用在句末，副词（字面上常不译出来）36. instead of sth. / doing sth. 代替，而不是 用在句中，动词如：Last summer I went to Beijing. This year Im going to Shanghai instead.去年夏天我去北京, 今年我将要去上海。I will go instead of you. 我将代替你去。He stayed at home instead of going swimming. 他呆在家里而不是去游泳。36. try ones best to do 尽某人的最大能力去做某事 如：She tried her best to finish every work.37. look up 查阅（字典）如: If you dont understand the word, you can look up this word in the dictionary. 如果你不理解这个单词，你可以在字典中查阅当遇到代词时，应把代词放在中间如：look it /them up U2短语、句型：1. used to do sth. 过去常常做某事 2. be used to do sth 被用来做某事 3. play the piano弹钢琴 4. be interested in sth./ doing sth对感兴趣 5 on the school team 在校队 6.not anymore不再 7. be terrified of sth./ doing sth.害怕（恐惧）. 8the dark 黑夜 9. spend (in) doing sth / spend on sth 花.（时间/钱）做某事 /sb pay (钱)sth 某人花 10. worry about sb./sth.担心/be worried about sb./ sth. 11. walk to 走路去钱 12.chat with sb. 与.聊天 13. all the time 一直 14. take sb. to +地方 15. hardly ever几乎不 16 in the last few years 在过去的几年中 17.miss sb想念某人18. be different from 与.不同/be the same as 和.相同 19. try to do 尽力做某事20. make sb do 让某人做 21.it seems that +从句。看起来似乎 22. help sb. with sth. 帮助某人的某事/help sb.(to)do sth. 帮助某人做某事23 move to 搬到 24.a fifteen-year-old boy 一个15 岁的男孩 25. cant afford to do 买不起，支付不起 26. as well as you can 尽某人能力做好 27. get into trouble with遇到困难爆 28.in the end 最后 29. make a decision 作决定 30.to ones surprise 令某人惊讶的是 31. take pride in sth.=be proud of sth 对.感到骄傲/自豪 32.pay attention to 注意/留意某事. 33. be able to 能够. 34. give up doing 放弃做某事 35 go to sleep 入睡 反意疑问句 1.反意疑问句，前面肯定，后面否定；前面否定，后面肯定。前后要保持主谓事态人称的一致。 1 反意疑问句的提问部分的结构是： 前面肯定，后面否定如：Lily is a student, isnt she? Lily will go to China, wont she? 前面否定，后面肯定 如：She doesnt come from China, does she?You havent finished homework, have you?前面陈述句中含有否定意义的词，后面用肯定如：little, few, never, nothing, hardly等。其反意疑问句用肯定式。 如：He knows little English, does he?他一点也不懂英语，不是吗？They hardly understood it, did they?他们几乎不明白，不是吗?2陈述部分是I think/believe/suppose that+从句结构时，反意疑问句要依从句而定I think he is a doctor,isnt he?2. used to do sth. 过去常常做某事否定形式：didnt use to do sth. / 如：He used to play football after school. 放学后他过去常常踢足球。 Did he use to play football? Yes, I did. No, I didnt. He didnt use to smoke. 他过去不吸烟。3. play the piano/violin/弹钢琴/小提琴4 . be interested in sth. 对感兴趣be interested in doing sth. 对做感兴趣 如：He is interested in math, but he isnt interested in speaking English. 他对数学感兴趣，但是他对说英语不感兴趣。5. interested adj. 感兴趣的，指人对某事物感兴趣，往往主语是人interesting adj.有趣的，指某事物/某人具有趣味，主语往往是物6. still 仍然，还用在be动词的后面如：Im still a student. 用在行为动词的前面如：I still love him.7. the dark 天黑，晚上，黑暗8. 害怕 be terrified of sth. 如：I am terrified of the dog. be terrified of doing sth. 如：I am terrified of speaking.9. on 副词，表示（电灯、电视、机械等）在运转中/打开，其反义词off. with the light on 灯开着10. walk to somewhere 步行到某处 walk to school 步行到学校11.spend 动词，表示“花费金钱、时间” spendon sth. 在某事上花费（金钱、时间） spenddoing sth. 花费（金钱、时间）去做某事如：He spends too much time on clothes. 他花费太多的时间在衣着上。He spent 3 months building the bridge.他花费了三个月去建这座桥。 pay for 花费如：I pay 10 yuan for the book. 我花了10元买这本书。12. take 动词有“花费”的意思常用的结构有： take sb. to do sth. 如：It takes me a day to read the book.13. chat with sb. 与某人闲聊如：I like to chat with him. 我喜欢和他聊天。14. worry about sb./ sth. 担心某人/某事worry 是动词 be worried about sb./sth. 担心某人/某事worried 是形容词如：Dont worry about him. 不用担心他。Mother is worried about her son. 妈妈担心他的儿子。15. all the time 一直、始终16. take sb. to + 地方送/带某人去某个地方如：A person took him to the hospital. 一个人把他送到了医院。 Liu took me home. 刘把我送回了家。(home 的前面不能用to)17. hardly adv. 几乎不、没有 hardly ever 很少 hardly 修饰动词时，通常放在助动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前助动词/情态动词hardly hardly + 实义动词如：I can hardly understand them. 我几乎不能够明白他们。I hardly have time to do it. 我几乎没有时间去做了。18. miss v. 思念、想念、错过19. in the last few years. 在过去的几年内常与完成时连用如： I have lived in China in the last few years. 在过去的几年内我在中国住。20. be different from 与不同反义词组：be the same as 与相同21. try to do sth. 尝试做某事22. make sb./ sth. + 形容词make you happy make sb./ sth. + 动词原形 make him laugh23. move to +地方搬到某地如：I moved to Beijing last year.24. it seems that +从句看起来好像如：It seems that he has changed a lot. 看起来他好像变了许多。25. help sb. with sth. 帮某人某事 She helped me with English.help sb. (to ) do sth. 帮某人做某事She helped me (to) study English。她帮助我学习英语。26. fifteen-year-old 作形容词15岁的 fifteen-year-olds 作名词指15岁的人 fifteen years old 指年龄15岁如：a fifteen-year-old boy一个15岁的男孩Fifteen-year-olds like to sing. 15岁的人喜欢唱歌。I am fifteen years old . 我是15岁。27.支付不起 cant /couldnt afford to do sth. cant / couldnt afford sth. 如：I cant/couldnt afford to buy the car. I cant/couldnt afford the car. 我买不起这辆小车。28. as + 形容词./副词as sb. could/can 尽某人的能力如： Zhou run as fast as her could/can. 周尽她最快的能力去跑。29. get into trouble with 遇到麻烦30. in the end 最后31. make a decision 下决定下决心32. to ones surprise 令某人惊讶如：to their surprise令他们惊讶to Li Leis surprise令李雷惊讶33. take pride in sth. 以而自豪如： His father always take pride in him. 他的爸爸总是以他而自豪34. pay attention to sth./ sb. 对注意，留心如：You must pay attention to your friend. 你应该多注意你的朋友。35.be able to do 与can 能/会做某事 be able to do sth. 有各种时态的变化如：She is able to do it. 她能够做到。She will be able to do it. 她将会做得到。can 只有 could 这个形式(一般过去时)的变化 如: I can swim.我会游泳。I could swim. 我会游泳。(指过去)36. give up doing sth. 放弃做某事如：My father has given up smoking. 我爸爸已经放弃吸烟了。37 .不再 no more = no longer 如： I play tennis no more/ longer.我不再打网球。not any more = not any longer如： I dont play tennis any more/longer. 我不再打网球。37. go to sleep 入睡
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