电力专业英语阅读-作业五.doc

作业五：将下列段落翻译成中文History of Artificial IntelligenceThe field of Artificial Intelligence（AI） research was founded at a conference on the campus of Dartmouth College in the summer of 1956. The attendees, including John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell and Herbert Simon, became the leaders of AI research for many decades. They and their students wrote programs that were, to most people, simply astonishing: computers were solving word problems in algebra, proving logical theorems and speaking English. By the middle of the 1960s, research in the U.S. was heavily funded by the Department of Defense and laboratories had been established around the world. AIs founders were profoundly optimistic about the future of the new field: Herbert Simon predicted that machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do and Marvin Minsky agreed, writing that within a generation . the problem of creating artificial intelligence will substantially be solved.They had failed to recognize the difficulty of some of the problems they faced. In 1974, in response to the criticism of Englands Sir James Lighthill and ongoing pressure from Congress to fund more productive projects, the U.S. and British governments cut off all undirected, exploratory research in AI. The next few years, when funding for projects was hard to find, would later be called an AI winter.In the early 1980s, AI research was revived by the commercial success of expert systems, a form of AI program that simulated the knowledge and analytical skills of one or more human experts. By 1985 the market for AI had reached over a billion dollars. At the same time, Japans fifth generation computer project inspired the U.S and British governments to restore funding for academic research in the field. However, beginning with the collapse of the Lisp Machine market in 1987, AI once again fell into disrepute, and a second, longer lasting AI winter began. In the 1990s and early 21st century, AI achieved its greatest successes. Artificial intelligence is used for logistics, data mining, medical diagnosis and many other areas throughout the technology industry. The success was due to several factors: the incredible power of computers today, a greater emphasis on solving specific subproblems, the creation of new ties between AI and other fields working on similar problems, and above all a new commitment by researchers to solid mathematical methods and rigorous scientific standards. 人工智能史人工智能（AI）研究领域建立了在上达特茅斯学院在1956年的与会者，其中包括约翰麦卡锡，马文明斯基，艾伦纽厄尔和赫伯特西蒙夏季校园的会议，成为人工智能研究的领导人很多几十年。他们和他们的学生写道，是，对大多数人来说，简直令人惊讶的方案：电脑是在解决代数应用题，证明逻辑定理和说英语。到了20世纪60年代中期，研究在美国由国防部沉重资助和实验室已经建立了世界各地。 AI的创始人们也十分看好的新领域的未来：赫伯特西蒙预言“的机器将能够，在二十几年，做任何工作，一个人可以做”和马文明斯基认为，编写“中的一代.打造人工智能的问题将大大得到解决“。他们没有认识到一些他们所面临的问题的难度。 1974年，为了应对英国的詹姆斯莱特希尔爵士的批评和持续的压力，国会更多的生产性项目提供资金，美国和英国政府切断所有无方向的，探索性的研究AI。预计未来几年，当项目提供资金是很难找到，后来被称为“人工智能寒冬”。在20世纪80年代初，人工智能研究复兴了专家系统，人工智能程序的形式，模拟的知识和一个或多个人类专家的分析技能的商业成功。到1985年，市场对AI已经达到超过十亿美元。与此同时，日本的第五代计算机项目的灵感来自美国和英国政府恢复资助学术研究领域。然而，随着的Lisp机市场在1987年的崩溃开始，AI再次陷入蒙羞，第二，寿命更长AI的冬天开始了。在20世纪90年代和21世纪初，AI取得了最大的成功。人工智能是用于物流，数据挖掘，医学诊断等诸多领域整个行业的技术。成功是由于以下几个因素：当今计算机的不可思议的力量，通过研究人员扎实的数学方法，更加注重解决具体的子，创造AI和工作类似问题的其他领域之间的新关系，首先是一个新的承诺和严格的科学标准。